125-589: See subgroups of the order Coleoptera Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera ( / k oʊ l iː ˈ ɒ p t ər ə / ), in the superorder Holometabola . Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra , distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 described species, is the largest of all orders, constituting almost 40% of described insects and 25% of all known animal species; new species are discovered frequently, with estimates suggesting that there are between 0.9 and 2.1 million total species. However,
250-984: A click beetle Family Eucnemidae Eschscholtz, 1829 Family Lampyridae Rafinesque, 1815 (fireflies) Family Lycidae Laporte, 1836 Family Omethidae LeConte, 1861 (includes former Telegeusidae) Family Phengodidae LeConte, 1861 Family Rhagophthalmidae Olivier, 1907 Family Sinopyrophoridae Bi, 2018 Family Throscidae Laporte, 1840 nomen protectum Family † Berendtimiridae Winkler, 1987 Family † Praelateriidae Dolin, 1973 Superfamily Rhinorhipoidea Lawrence, 1988 Family Rhinorhipidae Lawrence, 1988 Infraorder Bostrichiformia Superfamily Derodontoidea LeConte, 1861 Family Derodontidae LeConte, 1861 Family Nosodendridae Erichson, 1846 Family Jacobsoniidae Heller, 1926 Superfamily Bostrichoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Dermestidae Latreille, 1804 (carpet beetles) [REDACTED] Anthrenus verbasci , in
375-1288: A darkling beetle Family Prostomidae Thomson, 1859 Family Synchroidae Lacordaire, 1859 Family Stenotrachelidae Thomson, 1859 Family Oedemeridae Latreille, 1810 Family Meloidae Gyllenhal, 1810 (blister beetles) [REDACTED] Lytta magister , in the Meloidae Family Mycteridae Perty, 1840 (palm beetles and flower beetles) Family Boridae Thomson, 1859 Family Trictenotomidae Blanchard, 1845 Family Pythidae Solier, 1834 Family Pyrochroidae Latreille, 1806 Family Salpingidae Leach, 1815 Family Anthicidae Latreille, 1819 Family Aderidae Csiki, 1909 Family Scraptiidae Gistel, 1848 Clade Phytophaga Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Latreille, 1802 Family Oxypeltidae Lacordaire, 1868 Family Vesperidae Mulsant, 1839 Family Disteniidae Thomson, 1861 Family Cerambycidae Latreille, 1802 (longhorn beetles) Family Megalopodidae Latreille, 1802 Family Orsodacnidae Thomson, 1859 Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802 (leaf beetles) [REDACTED] Colorado potato beetle , Leptinotarsa decemlineata ,
500-570: A gymnasium and a colonnade ( peripatos ), from which the school acquired the name Peripatetic . Aristotle conducted courses and research at the school for the next twelve years. He often lectured small groups of distinguished students and, along with some of them, such as Theophrastus , Eudemus , and Aristoxenus , Aristotle built a large library which included manuscripts, maps, and museum objects. While in Athens, his wife Pythias died and Aristotle became involved with Herpyllis of Stagira. They had
625-1553: A leaf beetle Superfamily Curculionoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Nemonychidae Bedel, 1882 Family Anthribidae Billberg, 1820 Family † Ulyanidae Zherikhin, 1993 Family Belidae Schönherr, 1826 Family Caridae Thompson, 1992 Family Attelabidae Billberg, 1820 Family Brentidae Billberg, 1820 Family Brachyceridae Billberg, 1820 Family Curculionidae Latreille, 1802 (snout beetles, weevils, and bark beetles) References [ edit ] ^ Bouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Davies, Anthony E.; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.; et al. (2011). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)" . ZooKeys (88). Pensoft Publishers: 1–972. doi : 10.3897/zookeys.88.807 . ISSN 1313-2989 . PMC 3088472 . PMID 21594053 . ^ Bouchard, P.; Bousquet, Y. (2020). "Additions and corrections to "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)" " . ZooKeys (922): 65–139. doi : 10.3897/zookeys.922.46367 . PMC 7113323 . PMID 32256157 . ^ " Coleoptera information page" . BugGuide.net . Retrieved 2018-08-27 . ^ Mckenna, Duane D.; Farrell, Brian D.; Caterino, Michael S.; Farnum, Charles W.; Hawks, David C.; Maddison, David R.; Seago, Ainsley E.; Short, Andrew E. Z.; Newton, Alfred F.; Thayer, Margaret K. (2015). "Phylogeny and evolution of Staphyliniformia and Scarabaeiformia: forest litter as
750-584: A rove beetle Infraorder Scarabaeiformia Superfamily Scarabaeoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Pleocomidae LeConte, 1861 (rain beetles) Family Geotrupidae Latreille, 1802 (earth-boring scarab beetles) Family Belohinidae Paulian, 1959 Family Passalidae Leach, 1815 (bess beetles) Family Trogidae MacLeay, 1819 (hide beetles) Family Glaresidae Prudhomme de Borre, 1886 Family Diphyllostomatidae Holloway, 1972 Family Lucanidae Latreille, 1804 (stag beetles) [REDACTED] Lucanus cervus ,
875-2218: A stag beetle Family Ochodaeidae Streubel, 1846 (sand-loving scarab beetles) Family Hybosoridae Erichson, 1847 Family Glaphyridae MacLeay, 1819 (bumble bee scarab beetles) Family Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802 (scarab beetles) Family † Coprinisphaeridae Genise, 2004 ( ichnotaxon ) Family † Pallichnidae Genise, 2004 (ichnotaxon) Infraorder Elateriformia Superfamily Scirtoidea Fleming, 1821 Family Decliniidae Nikitsky, Lawrence, Kirejtshuk and Gratshev, 1994 Family Eucinetidae Lacordaire, 1857 Family Clambidae Fischer von Waldheim, 1821 Family Scirtidae Fleming, 1821 Family † Elodophthalmidae Kirejtshuk and Azar, 2008 Family † Mesocinetidae Kirejtshuk and Ponomarenko, 2010 Superfamily Dascilloidea Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (1834) Family Dascillidae Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (1834) Family Rhipiceridae Latreille, 1834 Superfamily Buprestoidea Leach, 1815 Family Schizopodidae LeConte, 1859 Family Buprestidae Leach, 1815 [REDACTED] Buprestidae Superfamily Byrrhoidea Latreille, 1804 Family Byrrhidae Latreille, 1804 Family Protelmidae Jeannel, 1950 Family Elmidae Curtis, 1830 Family Dryopidae Billberg, 1820 (1817) Family Lutrochidae Kasap and Crowson, 1975 Family Limnichidae Erichson, 1846 Family Heteroceridae MacLeay, 1825 Family Psephenidae Lacordaire, 1854 Family Cneoglossidae Champion, 1897 Family Ptilodactylidae Laporte, 1836 Family Podabrocephalidae Pic, 1930 Family Chelonariidae Blanchard, 1845 Family Eulichadidae Crowson, 1973 Family Callirhipidae Emden, 1924 Superfamily Elateroidea Leach, 1815 Family Artematopodidae Lacordaire, 1857 Family Brachypsectridae Horn, 1881 Family Cantharidae Imhoff, 1856 (1815) (soldier beetles) Family Cerophytidae Latreille, 1834 Family Elateridae Leach, 1815 (click beetles; includes former Drilidae, Omalisidae, and Plastoceridae) [REDACTED] Agrypnus murinus ,
1000-418: A "surprisingly narrow range" spanning all four estimates from a minimum of 0.9 to a maximum of 2.1 million beetle species. The four estimates made use of host-specificity relationships (1.5 to 1.9 million), ratios with other taxa (0.9 to 1.2 million), plant:beetle ratios (1.2 to 1.3), and extrapolations based on body size by year of description (1.7 to 2.1 million). This immense diversity led
1125-541: A "survival of the fittest" origin of living things and their organs, and ridiculed the idea that accidents could lead to orderly results. To put his views into modern terms, he nowhere says that different species can have a common ancestor , or that one kind can change into another , or that kinds can become extinct . Aristotle did not do experiments in the modern sense. He used the ancient Greek term pepeiramenoi to mean observations, or at most investigative procedures like dissection. In Generation of Animals , he finds
1250-446: A beetle is quite uniform, although specific organs and appendages vary greatly in appearance and function between the many families in the order. Like all insects, beetles' bodies are divided into three sections: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. Because there are so many species, identification is quite difficult, and relies on attributes including the shape of the antennae, the tarsal formulae and shapes of these small segments on
1375-474: A beetle's environment. Beetle families may use antennae in different ways. For example, when moving quickly, tiger beetles may not be able to see very well and instead hold their antennae rigidly in front of them in order to avoid obstacles. Certain Cerambycidae use antennae to balance, and blister beetles may use them for grasping. Some aquatic beetle species may use antennae for gathering air and passing it under
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#17328526950791500-519: A complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. His teachings and methods of inquiry have had a significant impact across the world, and remain a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion. Aristotle's views profoundly shaped medieval scholarship . The influence of his physical science extended from late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance , and
1625-552: A daughter whom they also named Pythias. In 343/42 BC, Aristotle was invited to Pella by Philip II of Macedon in order to become the tutor to his thirteen-year-old son Alexander ; a choice perhaps influenced by the relationship of Aristotle's family with the Macedonian dynasty. Aristotle taught Alexander at the private school of Mieza , in the gardens of the Nymphs , the royal estate near Pella. Alexander's education probably included
1750-438: A fertilized hen's egg of a suitable stage and opens it to see the embryo's heart beating inside. Instead, he practiced a different style of science: systematically gathering data, discovering patterns common to whole groups of animals, and inferring possible causal explanations from these. This style is common in modern biology when large amounts of data become available in a new field, such as genomics . It does not result in
1875-742: A few fossils from North America before the middle Permian , although both Asia and North America had been united to Euramerica . The first discoveries from North America made in the Wellington Formation of Oklahoma were published in 2005 and 2008. The earliest members of modern beetle lineages appeared during the Late Permian . In the Permian–Triassic extinction event at the end of the Permian, most "protocoleopteran" lineages became extinct. Beetle diversity did not recover to pre-extinction levels until
2000-497: A fluid such as air. In this system, heavy bodies in steady fall indeed travel faster than light ones (whether friction is ignored, or not ), and they do fall more slowly in a denser medium. Newton's "forced" motion corresponds to Aristotle's "violent" motion with its external agent, but Aristotle's assumption that the agent's effect stops immediately it stops acting (e.g., the ball leaves the thrower's hand) has awkward consequences: he has to suppose that surrounding fluid helps to push
2125-455: A house is the bricks, stones, timbers, etc., or whatever constitutes the potential house, while the form of the substance is the actual house, namely 'covering for bodies and chattels' or any other differentia that let us define something as a house. The formula that gives the components is the account of the matter, and the formula that gives the differentia is the account of the form. Like his teacher Plato, Aristotle's philosophy aims at
2250-597: A linear scale, and noted various exceptions, such as that sharks had a placenta like the tetrapods. To a modern biologist, the explanation, not available to Aristotle, is convergent evolution . Philosophers of science have generally concluded that Aristotle was not interested in taxonomy, but zoologists who studied this question in the early 21st century think otherwise. He believed that purposive final causes guided all natural processes; this teleological view justified his observed data as an expression of formal design. Aristotle's psychology , given in his treatise On
2375-404: A mass of at least 115 g (4.1 oz) and a length of 11.5 cm (4.5 in). Adult male goliath beetles are the heaviest beetle in its adult stage, weighing 70–100 g (2.5–3.5 oz) and measuring up to 11 cm (4.3 in). Adult elephant beetles , Megasoma elephas and Megasoma actaeon often reach 50 g (1.8 oz) and 10 cm (3.9 in). The longest beetle
2500-450: A mobile tooth on their left mandible. The consistency of beetle morphology , in particular their possession of elytra , has long suggested that Coleoptera is monophyletic , though there have been doubts about the arrangement of the suborders , namely the Adephaga , Archostemata , Myxophaga and Polyphaga within that clade . The twisted-wing parasites, Strepsiptera , are thought to be
2625-480: A number of subjects, such as ethics and politics , as well as standard literary texts, like Euripides and Homer . It is likely that during Aristotle's time in the Macedonian court, other prominent nobles, like Ptolemy and Cassander , would have occasionally attended his lectures. Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest, and his own attitude towards Persia was strongly ethnocentric . In one famous example, he counsels Alexander to be "a leader to
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#17328526950792750-435: A part of particular things. For example, it is possible that there is no particular good in existence, but "good" is still a proper universal form. Aristotle disagreed with Plato on this point, arguing that all universals are instantiated at some period of time, and that there are no universals that are unattached to existing things. In addition, Aristotle disagreed with Plato about the location of universals. Where Plato spoke of
2875-484: A particularly hard exoskeleton and hard forewings ( elytra ) not usable for flying. Almost all beetles have mandibles that move in a horizontal plane. The mouthparts are rarely suctorial, though they are sometimes reduced; the maxillae always bear palps. The antennae usually have 11 or fewer segments, except in some groups like the Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) and the Rhipiceridae (cicada parasite beetles). The coxae of
3000-498: A priori principles. Aristotle's "natural philosophy" spans a wide range of natural phenomena including those now covered by physics, biology and other natural sciences. In Aristotle's terminology, "natural philosophy" is a branch of philosophy examining the phenomena of the natural world, and includes fields that would be regarded today as physics, biology and other natural sciences. Aristotle's work encompassed virtually all facets of intellectual inquiry. Aristotle makes philosophy in
3125-418: A property or a relation to other things. When one looks at an apple, for example, one sees an apple, and one can also analyse a form of an apple. In this distinction, there is a particular apple and a universal form of an apple. Moreover, one can place an apple next to a book, so that one can speak of both the book and apple as being next to each other. Plato argued that there are some universal forms that are not
3250-591: A series of conspicuous and relatively abrupt changes in body structure between hatching and becoming adult after a relatively immobile pupal stage. Some, such as stag beetles , have a marked sexual dimorphism , the males possessing enormously enlarged mandibles which they use to fight other males. Many beetles are aposematic , with bright colors and patterns warning of their toxicity, while others are harmless Batesian mimics of such insects. Many beetles, including those that live in sandy places, have effective camouflage . Beetles are prominent in human culture , from
3375-602: A set of six books called the Organon around 40 BC by Andronicus of Rhodes or others among his followers. The books are: The order of the books (or the teachings from which they are composed) is not certain, but this list was derived from analysis of Aristotle's writings. It goes from the basics, the analysis of simple terms in the Categories, the analysis of propositions and their elementary relations in On Interpretation , to
3500-621: A sister group to the beetles, having split from them in the Early Permian . Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirms that the Coleoptera are monophyletic. Duane McKenna et al. (2015) used eight nuclear genes for 367 species from 172 of 183 Coleopteran families. They split the Adephaga into 2 clades, Hydradephaga and Geadephaga, broke up the Cucujoidea into 3 clades, and placed the Lymexyloidea within
3625-549: A son whom Aristotle named after his father, Nicomachus . This period in Athens, between 335 and 323 BC, is when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his philosophical works. He wrote many dialogues, of which only fragments have survived. Those works that have survived are in treatise form and were not, for the most part, intended for widespread publication; they are generally thought to be lecture aids for his students. His most important treatises include Physics , Metaphysics , Nicomachean Ethics , Politics , On
3750-1142: A stepping stone for diversification of nonphytophagous beetles" . Systematic Entomology . 40 (1): 35–60. doi : 10.1111/syen.12093 . ISSN 1365-3113 . S2CID 83304675 . ^ Short, Andrew Edward Z. (2018). "Systematics of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera): current state and future directions" . Systematic Entomology . 43 (1): 1–18. doi : 10.1111/syen.12270 . ISSN 1365-3113 . S2CID 90159079 . ^ Chamorro, Maria Lourdes; Medeiros, Bruno A. S. de; Farrell, Brian D. (2021). "First phylogenetic analysis of Dryophthorinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) based on structural alignment of ribosomal DNA reveals Cenozoic diversification" . Ecology and Evolution . 11 (5): 1984–1998. doi : 10.1002/ece3.7131 . ISSN 2045-7758 . PMC 7920784 . PMID 33717436 . Lawrence, J.F., Newton, A.F. Jr. (1995) Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references, and data on family-group names), pp. 779–1006. In: Pakaluk, J., Slipinski, S.A. (eds.), Biology, phylogeny, and classification of Coleoptera: Papers celebrating
3875-408: A string of beads , comb-like (either on one side or both, bipectinate), or toothed . The physical variation of antennae is important for the identification of many beetle groups. The Curculionidae have elbowed or geniculate antennae. Feather like flabellate antennae are a restricted form found in the Rhipiceridae and a few other families. The Silphidae have a capitate antennae with a spherical head at
Beetle - Misplaced Pages Continue
4000-549: A thrown stone, in the Physics (254b10), and "natural motion", such as of a falling object, in On the Heavens (300a20). In violent motion, as soon as the agent stops causing it, the motion stops also: in other words, the natural state of an object is to be at rest, since Aristotle does not address friction . With this understanding, it can be observed that, as Aristotle stated, heavy objects (on
4125-544: A woman with origins from Chalcis , Euboea . Nicomachus was said to have belonged to the medical guild of Asclepiadae and was likely responsible for Aristotle's early interest in biology and medicine. Ancient tradition held that Aristotle's family descended from the legendary physician Asclepius and his son Machaon . Both of Aristotle's parents died when he was still at a young age and Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian. Although little information about Aristotle's childhood has survived, he probably spent some time in
4250-425: Is a change where the substrate of the thing that has undergone the change has itself changed. In that particular change he introduces the concept of potentiality ( dynamis ) and actuality ( entelecheia ) in association with the matter and the form. Referring to potentiality, this is what a thing is capable of doing or being acted upon if the conditions are right and it is not prevented by something else. For example,
4375-454: Is a historical accident: his works on botany have been lost, but two books on plants by his pupil Theophrastus have survived. Aristotle reports on the sea-life visible from observation on Lesbos and the catches of fishermen. He describes the catfish , electric ray , and frogfish in detail, as well as cephalopods such as the octopus and paper nautilus . His description of the hectocotyl arm of cephalopods, used in sexual reproduction,
4500-419: Is also a final cause or end. Then Aristotle proceeds and concludes that the actuality is prior to potentiality in formula, in time and in substantiality. With this definition of the particular substance (i.e., matter and form), Aristotle tries to solve the problem of the unity of the beings, for example, "what is it that makes a man one"? Since, according to Plato there are two Ideas: animal and biped, how then
4625-484: Is as agricultural, forestry, and horticultural pests . Serious pest species include the boll weevil of cotton, the Colorado potato beetle , the coconut hispine beetle , the mountain pine beetle , and many others. Most beetles, however, do not cause economic damage and some, such as numerous species of lady beetles , are beneficial by helping to control insect pests. The name of the taxonomic order, Coleoptera, comes from
4750-433: Is found, from trees and their bark to flowers, leaves, and underground near roots - even inside plants in galls, in every plant tissue, including dead or decaying ones. Tropical forest canopies have a large and diverse fauna of beetles, including Carabidae , Chrysomelidae , and Scarabaeidae . The heaviest beetle, indeed the heaviest insect stage, is the larva of the goliath beetle , Goliathus goliatus , which can attain
4875-468: Is known about Aristotle's life. He was born in the city of Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical period . His father, Nicomachus , died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At around eighteen years old, he joined Plato 's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty seven ( c. 347 BC ). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at
5000-541: Is man a unity? However, according to Aristotle, the potential being (matter) and the actual one (form) are one and the same. Aristotle's immanent realism means his epistemology is based on the study of things that exist or happen in the world, and rises to knowledge of the universal, whereas for Plato epistemology begins with knowledge of universal Forms (or ideas) and descends to knowledge of particular imitations of these. Aristotle uses induction from examples alongside deduction , whereas Plato relies on deduction from
5125-540: Is the Hercules beetle Dynastes hercules , with a maximum overall length of at least 16.7 cm (6.6 in) including the very long pronotal horn. The smallest recorded beetle and the smallest free-living insect (as of 2015), is the featherwing beetle Scydosella musawasensis which may measure as little as 325 μm in length. The oldest known beetle is Coleopsis , from the earliest Permian ( Asselian ) of Germany, around 295 million years ago. Early beetles from
Beetle - Misplaced Pages Continue
5250-413: Is the fulfilment of the end of the potentiality. Because the end ( telos ) is the principle of every change, and potentiality exists for the sake of the end, actuality, accordingly, is the end. Referring then to the previous example, it can be said that an actuality is when a plant does one of the activities that plants do. For that for the sake of which ( to hou heneka ) a thing is, is its principle, and
5375-435: Is the largest suborder, containing more than 300,000 described species in more than 170 families, including rove beetles (Staphylinidae), scarab beetles ( Scarabaeidae ), blister beetles (Meloidae), stag beetles (Lucanidae) and true weevils ( Curculionidae ). These polyphagan beetle groups can be identified by the presence of cervical sclerites (hardened parts of the head used as points of attachment for muscles) absent in
5500-787: The Carabidae Family Haliplidae Aubé, 1836 (crawling water beetles) Family † Triaplidae Ponomarenko, 1977 Family † Colymbotethidae Ponomarenko, 1994 Family † Parahygrobiidae Ponomarenko, 1977 Family † Coptoclavidae Ponomarenko, 1961 Family † Liadytidae Ponomarenko, 1977 Family Meruidae Spangler and Steiner, 2005 Family Noteridae Thomson, 1860 (burrowing water beetles) Family Amphizoidae LeConte, 1853 Family Aspidytidae Ribera, Beutel, Balke and Vogler, 2002 Family Hygrobiidae Régimbart, 1879 (1837) Family Dytiscidae Leach, 1815 (predaceous diving beetles) [REDACTED] Dytiscus latissimus , in
5625-598: The Carabidae predominantly occurred in the warm regions, while the Staphylinidae and click beetles (Elateridae) preferred temperate climates. Likewise, predatory species of Cleroidea and Cucujoidea hunted their prey under the bark of trees together with the jewel beetles (Buprestidae). The diversity of jewel beetles increased rapidly, as they were the primary consumers of wood, while longhorn beetles ( Cerambycidae ) were rather rare: their diversity increased only towards
5750-425: The Colorado potato beetle , while others such as Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybugs) eat aphids , scale insects , thrips , and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops. Some others also have unusual characteristics, such as fireflies , which use a light-emitting organ for mating and communication purposes. Beetles typically have a particularly hard exoskeleton including the elytra , though some such as
5875-3713: The Dermestidae Family Endecatomidae LeConte, 1861 Family Bostrichidae Latreille, 1802 Family Ptinidae Latreille, 1802 Infraorder Cucujiformia Superfamily Lymexyloidea Fleming, 1821 Family Lymexylidae Fleming, 1821 Superfamily Cleroidea Latreille, 1802 Family Phloiophilidae Kiesenwetter, 1863 Family Trogossitidae Latreille, 1802 Family Chaetosomatidae Crowson, 1952 Family Metaxinidae Kolibáč, 2004 Family Thanerocleridae Chapin, 1924 Family Cleridae Latreille, 1802 (checkered beetles) Family Acanthocnemidae Crowson, 1964 Family Phycosecidae Crowson, 1952 Family Prionoceridae Lacordaire, 1857 Family Mauroniscidae Majer, 1995 Family Melyridae Leach, 1815 (soft-winged flower beetles) Superfamily Cucujoidea Latreille, 1802 Family † Parandrexidae Kirejtshuk, 1994 Family † Sinisilvanidae Hong, 2002 Family Boganiidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966 Family Byturidae Gistel, 1848 Family Helotidae Chapuis, 1876 Family Protocucujidae Crowson, 1954 Family Sphindidae Jacquelin du Val, 1860 Family Biphyllidae LeConte, 1861 Family Erotylidae Latreille, 1802 Family Monotomidae Laporte, 1840 Family Hobartiidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966 Family Cryptophagidae Kirby, 1826 Family Agapythidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1969 Family Priasilphidae Crowson, 1973 Family Phloeostichidae Reitter, 1911 Family Silvanidae Kirby, 1837 Family Cucujidae Latreille, 1802 Family Myraboliidae Lawrence and Britton, 1991 Family Cavognathidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966 Family Lamingtoniidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1969 Family Passandridae Blanchard, 1845 Family Phalacridae Leach, 1815 Family Propalticidae Crowson, 1952 Family Laemophloeidae Ganglbauer, 1899 Family Tasmosalpingidae Lawrence and Britton, 1991 Family Cyclaxyridae Gimmel, Leschen and Ślipiński, 2009 Family Kateretidae Kirby, 1837 Family Nitidulidae Latreille, 1802 Family Smicripidae Horn, 1880 Family Bothrideridae Erichson, 1845 Family Cerylonidae Billberg, 1820 Family Alexiidae Imhoff, 1856 Family Discolomatidae Horn, 1878 Family Endomychidae Leach, 1815 Family Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807 (ladybirds or lady beetles) [REDACTED] Asian multicolored lady beetle , Harmonia axyridis Family Corylophidae LeConte, 1852 Family Akalyptoischiidae Lord, Hartley, Lawrence, McHugh, Whiting and Miller, 2010 Family Latridiidae Erichson, 1842 Superfamily Tenebrionoidea Latreille, 1802 [REDACTED] Tenebrionoidea - Tenebrio molitor Family Mycetophagidae Leach, 1815 Family Archeocrypticidae Kaszab, 1964 Family Pterogeniidae Crowson, 1953 Family Ciidae Leach, 1819 Family Tetratomidae Billberg, 1820 Family Melandryidae Leach, 1815 Family Mordellidae Latreille, 1802 (tumbling flower beetles) Family Ripiphoridae Laporte, 1840 Family Zopheridae Solier, 1834 Family Ulodidae Pascoe, 1869 Family Promecheilidae Lacordaire, 1859 Family Chalcodryidae Watt, 1974 Family Trachelostenidae Lacordaire, 1859 Family Tenebrionidae Latreille, 1802 (darkling beetles) [REDACTED] Heliotautus ruficollis ,
6000-1120: The Dytiscidae Suborder Polyphaga Infraorder Staphyliniformia Superfamily Histeroidea Gyllenhal, 1808 Family Histeridae Gyllenhal, 1808 Family Sphaeritidae Shuckard, 1839 Family Synteliidae Lewis, 1882 Superfamily Hydrophiloidea Latreille, 1802 Family Epimetopidae Zaitzev, 1908 Family Georissidae Laporte, 1840 Family Helophoridae Leach, 1815 Family Hydrochidae Thomson, 1859 Family Hydrophilidae Latreille, 1802 (water scavenger beetles) Family Spercheidae Erichson, 1837 Superfamily Staphylinoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Hydraenidae Mulsant, 1844 Family Ptiliidae Erichson, 1845 Family Agyrtidae Thomson, 1859 Family Leiodidae Fleming, 1821 Family Silphidae Latreille, 1806 Family Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802 (rove beetles) [REDACTED] Devil's coach horse beetle , Ocypus olens ,
6125-800: The Dytiscidae (diving beetles) , Haliplidae , and many species of Hydrophilidae , the legs, often the last pair, are modified for swimming, typically with rows of long hairs. Male diving beetles have suctorial cups on their forelegs that they use to grasp females. Other beetles have fossorial legs widened and often spined for digging. Species with such adaptations are found among the scarabs, ground beetles, and clown beetles ( Histeridae ). The hind legs of some beetles, such as flea beetles (within Chrysomelidae) and flea weevils (within Curculionidae), have enlarged femurs that help them leap. Subgroups of
6250-634: The Early Modern period. John Philoponus (in Late antiquity ) and Galileo (in Early modern period ) are said to have shown by experiment that Aristotle's claim that a heavier object falls faster than a lighter object is incorrect. A contrary opinion is given by Carlo Rovelli , who argues that Aristotle's physics of motion is correct within its domain of validity, that of objects in the Earth 's gravitational field immersed in
6375-515: The Great Comet of 371 BC . Aristotle was one of the first people to record any geological observations. He stated that geological change was too slow to be observed in one person's lifetime. The geologist Charles Lyell noted that Aristotle described such change, including "lakes that had dried up" and "deserts that had become watered by rivers", giving as examples the growth of the Nile delta since
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#17328526950796500-518: The Greek koleopteros (κολεόπτερος), given to the group by Aristotle for their elytra , hardened shield-like forewings, from koleos , sheath, and pteron , wing. The English name beetle comes from the Old English word bitela , little biter, related to bītan (to bite), leading to Middle English betylle . Another Old English name for beetle is ċeafor , chafer, used in names such as cockchafer , from
6625-471: The History of Animals in a graded scale of perfection, a nonreligious version of the scala naturae , with man at the top. His system had eleven grades of animal, from highest potential to lowest, expressed in their form at birth: the highest gave live birth to hot and wet creatures, the lowest laid cold, dry mineral-like eggs. Animals came above plants , and these in turn were above minerals. He grouped what
6750-538: The Macedonian capital, making his first connections with the Macedonian monarchy . At the age of seventeen or eighteen, Aristotle moved to Athens to continue his education at Plato's Academy . He became distinguished as a researcher and lecturer, earning for himself the nickname "mind of the school" by his tutor Plato . In Athens, he probably experienced the Eleusinian Mysteries as he wrote when describing
6875-637: The Middle Triassic . During the Jurassic ( 210 to 145 mya ), there was a dramatic increase in the diversity of beetle families, including the development and growth of carnivorous and herbivorous species. The Chrysomeloidea diversified around the same time, feeding on a wide array of plant hosts from cycads and conifers to angiosperms . Close to the Upper Jurassic, the Cupedidae decreased, but
7000-451: The Milky Way was made up of "those stars which are shaded by the earth from the sun's rays," pointing out partly correctly that if "the size of the sun is greater than that of the earth and the distance of the stars from the earth many times greater than that of the sun, then... the sun shines on all the stars and the earth screens none of them." He also wrote descriptions of comets, including
7125-508: The Physics (215a25), Aristotle effectively states a quantitative law, that the speed, v, of a falling body is proportional (say, with constant c) to its weight, W, and inversely proportional to the density, ρ, of the fluid in which it is falling:; Aristotle implies that in a vacuum the speed of fall would become infinite, and concludes from this apparent absurdity that a vacuum is not possible. Opinions have varied on whether Aristotle intended to state quantitative laws. Henri Carteron held
7250-400: The rove beetles have very short elytra while blister beetles have softer elytra. The general anatomy of a beetle is quite uniform and typical of insects, although there are several examples of novelty, such as adaptations in water beetles which trap air bubbles under the elytra for use while diving. Beetles are holometabolans , which means that they undergo complete metamorphosis , with
7375-431: The sacred scarabs of ancient Egypt to beetlewing art and use as pets or fighting insects for entertainment and gambling. Many beetle groups are brightly and attractively colored making them objects of collection and decorative displays. Over 300 species are used as food , mostly as larvae ; species widely consumed include mealworms and rhinoceros beetle larvae. However, the major impact of beetles on human life
7500-412: The telephone-pole beetle . The Archostemata have an exposed plate called the metatrochantin in front of the basal segment or coxa of the hind leg. Myxophaga contains about 65 described species in four families, mostly very small, including Hydroscaphidae and the genus Sphaerius . The myxophagan beetles are small and mostly alga-feeders. Their mouthparts are characteristic in lacking galeae and having
7625-412: The universal . Aristotle's ontology places the universal ( katholou ) in particulars ( kath' hekaston ), things in the world, whereas for Plato the universal is a separately existing form which actual things imitate. For Aristotle, "form" is still what phenomena are based on, but is "instantiated" in a particular substance. Plato argued that all things have a universal form , which could be either
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#17328526950797750-513: The "extreme view" that Aristotle's concept of force was basically qualitative, but other authors reject this. Archimedes corrected Aristotle's theory that bodies move towards their natural resting places; metal boats can float if they displace enough water ; floating depends in Archimedes' scheme on the mass and volume of the object, not, as Aristotle thought, its elementary composition. Aristotle's writings on motion remained influential until
7875-8338: The 80th birthday of Roy A. Crowson . Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa. Ross H. Arnett, Jr. and Michael C. Thomas , American Beetles ( CRC Press , 2001–2002) v t e Extant Coleoptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola Suborder Archostemata Crowsoniellidae ( Crowsoniella relicta ) Cupedidae (reticulated beetles) Jurodidae ( Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae ) Micromalthidae Ommatidae Suborder Adephaga Extant families Amphizoidae (trout-stream beetles) Aspidytidae Carabidae (ground beetles) Cicindelidae (tiger beetles) Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Hygrobiidae Meruidae ( Meru phyllisae ) Noteridae (burrowing water beetles) Trachypachidae (false ground beetles) Suborder Myxophaga Hydroscaphidae (skiff beetles) Lepiceridae Sphaeriusidae Torridincolidae Suborder Polyphaga Bostrichiformia Bostrichoidea Bostrichidae (auger beetles) Dermestidae (skin beetles) Endecatomidae Jacobsoniidae (Jacobson's beetles) Nosodendridae (wounded-tree beetles) Ptiniidae (furniture beetles, death watch beetles, spider beetles) Derodontoidea Derodontidae (tooth-necked fungus beetles) Cucujiformia Chrysomeloidea Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Disteniidae Megalopodidae Orsodacnidae Oxypeltidae Vesperidae Cleroidea Acanthocnemidae ( Acanthocnemus nigricans ) Biphyllidae (false skin beetles) Byturidae (fruitworm beetles) Chaetosomatidae Cleridae (checkered beetles) Lophocateridae Mauroniscidae Melyridae (soft-wing flower beetles) Metaxinidae ( Metaxina ornata ) Peltidae Phloiophilidae ( Phloiophilus edwardsi ) Phycosecidae Prionoceridae Protopeltidae Rentoniidae Rhadalidae Thanerocleridae Thymalidae Trogossitidae (bark-gnawing beetles) Coccinelloidea Akalyptoischiidae Alexiidae Anamorphidae Bothrideridae (dry bark beetles) Cerylonidae (minute bark beetles) Coccinellidae (lady beetles, or God's cows) Corylophidae (minute fungus beetles) Discolomatidae Endomychidae (handsome fungus beetles) Eupsilobiidae Euxestidae (well polished beetles) Latridiidae (minute brown scavenger beetles) Murmidiidae Mycetaeidae Teredidae Cucujoidea Agapythidae ( Agapytho foveicollis ) Boganiidae Cavognathidae Cryptophagidae (silken fungus beetles) Cucujidae (flat bark beetles) Cybocephalidae Cyclaxyridae Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles) Helotidae Hobartiidae Kateretidae (short-winged flower beetles) Laemophloeidae (lined flat bark beetles) Lamingtoniidae ( Lamingtonium binnaberrense ) Monotomidae (root-eating beetles) Myraboliidae Nitidulidae (sap beetles) Passandridae (parasitic flat bark beetles) Phalacridae (shining flower beetles) Phloeostichidae Priasilphidae Propalticidae Protocucujidae Silvanidae (silvanid flat bark beetles) Smicripidae (palmetto beetles) Sphindidae (dry-fungus beetles) Tasmosalpingidae Curculionoidea (weevils) Anthribidae (fungus weevils) Attelabidae (leaf-rolling weevils) Belidae (primitive weevils) Brentidae (straight snout weevils, New York weevil) Caridae Curculionidae (true weevils, bark beetles, ambrosia beetles) Nemonychidae (pine flower weevils) Lymexyloidea Lymexylidae (ship-timber beetles) Tenebrionoidea Aderidae (ant-like leaf beetles) Anthicidae (ant-like flower beetles) Archeocrypticidae (cryptic fungus beetles) Boridae (conifer bark beetles) Chalcodryidae Ciidae (minute tree-fungus beetles) Melandryidae (false darkling beetles) Meloidae (blister beetles) Mordellidae (tumbling flower beetles) Mycetophagidae (hairy fungus beetles) Mycteridae (palm and flower beetles) Oedemeridae (false blister beetle) Perimylopidae, or Promecheilidae Prostomidae (jugular-horned beetles) Pterogeniidae Pyrochroidae (fire-coloured beetles) Pythidae (dead log bark beetles) Ripiphoridae (wedge-shaped beetles) Salpingidae (narrow-waisted bark beetles) Scraptiidae (false flower beetles) Stenotrachelidae (false longhorn beetles) Synchroidae (synchroa bark beetles) Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles) Tetratomidae (polypore fungus beetles) Trictenotomidae Ulodidae Zopheridae (ironclad beetles, cylindrical bark beetles) Elateriformia Buprestoidea Buprestidae (jewel beetles, or metallic wood-boring beetles) Schizopodidae Byrrhoidea Byrrhidae (pill beetles) Callirhipidae (cedar beetles) Chelonariidae (turtle beetles) Cneoglossidae Dryopidae (long-toed water beetles) Elmidae (riffle beetles) Eulichadidae (forest stream beetles) Heteroceridae (variegated mud-loving beetles) Limnichidae (minute mud beetles) Lutrochidae (travertine beetles) Psephenidae (water-penny beetles) Ptilodactylidae Dascilloidea Dascillidae (soft bodied plant beetles) Rhipiceridae (cicada beetle, cicada parasite beetles) Elateroidea Artematopodidae (soft-bodied plant beetles) Brachypsectridae (Texas beetles) Cantharidae (soldier beetles) Cerophytidae (rare click beetles) Elateridae (click beetles) Eucnemidae (false click beetles) Jurasaidae Lampyridae (fireflies) Lycidae (net-winged beetles) Omethidae (false fireflies, long-lipped beetles) Phengodidae (glowworm beetles) Rhagophthalmidae Sinopyrophoridae Throscidae (false metallic wood-boring beetles) Rhinorhipoidea Rhinorhipidae ( Rhinorhipus tamborinensis ) Scirtoidea Clambidae Decliniidae ( Declinia relicta ) Eucinetidae (plate-thigh beetles) Scirtidae Scarabaeiformia Scarabaeoidea Belohinidae ( Belohina inexpectata ) Bolboceratidae Diphyllostomatidae (false stag beetles) Geotrupidae (dor beetles) Glaphyridae (bumble bee scarab beetles) Glaresidae (enigmatic scarab beetles) Hybosoridae (scavenger scarab beetles) Lucanidae (stag beetles) Ochodaeidae (sand-loving scarab beetles) Passalidae (betsy beetles) Pleocomidae (rain beetles) Scarabaeidae (scarabs) Trogidae (hide beetles) Staphyliniformia Histeroidea Histeridae (clown beetles) Sphaeritidae (false clown beetles) Synteliidae Hydrophiloidea Epimetopidae Georissidae (minute mud-loving beetles) Helophoridae Hydrochidae Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Spercheidae Staphylinoidea Agyrtidae (primitive carrion beetles) Hydraenidae Leiodidae (round fungus beetles) Ptiliidae (feather-winged beetles) Silphidae (carrion beetles) Staphylinidae (rove beetles) List of subgroups of
8000-616: The Cenozoic; by the Quaternary (up to 1.6 mya), fossil species are identical to living ones, while from the Late Miocene (5.7 mya) the fossils are still so close to modern forms that they are most likely the ancestors of living species. The large oscillations in climate during the Quaternary caused beetles to change their geographic distributions so much that current location gives little clue to
8125-518: The Colonies , were composed by the philosopher for the young prince. After Philip II's assassination in 336 BC, Aristotle returned to Athens for the second and final time a year later. As a metic , Aristotle could not own property in Athens and thus rented a building known as the Lyceum (named after the sacred grove of Apollo Lykeios ), in which he established his own school. The building included
8250-880: The Crato fossil beds in the Araripe basin in the Ceará , North Brazil, as well as overlying Santana formation; the latter was near the equator at that time. In Spain, important sites are near Montsec and Las Hoyas . In Australia, the Koonwarra fossil beds of the Korumburra group, South Gippsland , Victoria, are noteworthy. Major sites from the Upper Cretaceous include Kzyl-Dzhar in South Kazakhstan and Arkagala in Russia. Beetle fossils are abundant in
8375-829: The Cretaceous. The first scarab beetles were not coprophagous but presumably fed on rotting wood with the help of fungus; they are an early example of a mutualistic relationship. There are more than 150 important fossil sites from the Jurassic, the majority in Eastern Europe and North Asia. Outstanding sites include Solnhofen in Upper Bavaria , Germany, Karatau in South Kazakhstan , the Yixian formation in Liaoning , North China, as well as
8500-602: The Greeks and a despot to the barbarians". Alexander's education under the guardianship of Aristotle likely lasted for only a few years, as at around the age of sixteen he returned to Pella and was appointed regent of Macedon by his father Philip. During this time, Aristotle is said to have gifted Alexander an annotated copy of the Iliad , which reportedly became one of Alexander's most prized possessions. Scholars speculate that two of Aristotle's now lost works, On kingship and On behalf of
8625-914: The Jiulongshan formation and further fossil sites in Mongolia . In North America there are only a few sites with fossil records of insects from the Jurassic, namely the shell limestone deposits in the Hartford basin, the Deerfield basin and the Newark basin. The Cretaceous saw the fragmenting of the southern landmass, with the opening of the southern Atlantic Ocean and the isolation of New Zealand, while South America, Antarctica, and Australia grew more distant. The diversity of Cupedidae and Archostemata decreased considerably. Predatory ground beetles (Carabidae) and rove beetles (Staphylinidae) began to distribute into different patterns;
8750-557: The Permian, which are collectively grouped into the " Protocoleoptera " are thought to have been xylophagous (wood eating) and wood boring . Fossils from this time have been found in Siberia and Europe, for instance in the red slate fossil beds of Niedermoschel near Mainz, Germany. Further fossils have been found in Obora, Czech Republic and Tshekarda in the Ural mountains, Russia. However, there are only
8875-750: The Persians, and philosophical questions, like the definition of braveness. A widespread speculation in antiquity suggested that Aristotle played a role in Alexander's death, but the only evidence of this is an unlikely claim made some six years after the death. Following Alexander's death, anti-Macedonian sentiment in Athens was rekindled. In 322 BC, Demophilus and Eurymedon the Hierophant reportedly denounced Aristotle for impiety, prompting him to flee to his mother's family estate in Chalcis, Euboea , at which occasion he
9000-469: The Proto-Germanic * kebrô ("beetle"; compare German Käfer , Dutch kever , Afrikaans kewer ). Beetles are by far the largest order of insects: the roughly 400,000 species make up about 40% of all insect species so far described, and about 25% of all animal species. A 2015 study provided four independent estimates of the total number of beetle species, giving a mean estimate of some 1.5 million with
9125-487: The Soul and Poetics . Aristotle studied and made significant contributions to "logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance, and theatre." While Alexander deeply admired Aristotle, near the end of his life, the two men became estranged having diverging opinions over issues, like the optimal administration of city-states, the treatment of conquered populations, such as
9250-1993: The Tenebrionoidea. The Polyphaga appear to date from the Triassic. Most extant beetle families appear to have arisen in the Cretaceous. The cladogram is based on McKenna (2015). The number of species in each group (mainly superfamilies) is shown in parentheses, and boldface if over 10,000. English common names are given where possible. Dates of origin of major groups are shown in italics in millions of years ago (mya). Archostemata 160 mya (40) [REDACTED] Myxophaga 220 mya (94) [REDACTED] Hydradephaga (5,560) e.g. Dytiscidae (diving beetles) [REDACTED] Geadephaga ( 35,000 ) e.g. Carabidae (ground beetles) [REDACTED] Scirtoidea (800) + Derodontoidea (29) 200 mya [REDACTED] Staphylinidae 195 mya ( 48,000 , rove beetles) [REDACTED] Scarabaeoidea 145 mya ( 35,000 , scarabs, stag beetles, etc.) [REDACTED] Hydrophiloidea (2,800, water scavenger beetles) [REDACTED] Histeroidea (3,800, clown beetles) [REDACTED] Nosodendridae (70) Dascilloidea (180) [REDACTED] Buprestoidea ( 14,000 , jewel beetles) [REDACTED] Byrrhoidea (400, pill and turtle beetles, etc.) [REDACTED] Elateroidea ( 23,000 , click and soldier beetles, fireflies) [REDACTED] Bostrichoidea (3150, deathwatch, powderpost and skin beetles) [REDACTED] Coccinelloidea (6,000, ladybirds or lady beetles) [REDACTED] Tenebrionoidea 180 mya ( 35,000 , leaf/flower beetles, etc.) and Lymexyloidea [REDACTED] Cleroidea (9,900, checkered beetles and allies) [REDACTED] Cucujoidea (8,000) [REDACTED] Chrysomelidae ( 35,000 , leaf beetles) [REDACTED] Cerambycidae ( 25,000 , longhorn beetles) [REDACTED] Curculionoidea ( 97,000 , weevils) [REDACTED] Beetles are generally characterized by
9375-454: The aquatic whirligig beetles ( Gyrinidae ), where they are split to allow a view both above and below the waterline. A few Longhorn beetles ( Cerambycidae ) and weevils as well as some fireflies ( Rhagophthalmidae ) have divided eyes, while many have eyes that are notched, and a few have ocelli , small, simple eyes usually farther back on the head (on the vertex ); these are more common in larvae than in adults. The anatomical organization of
9500-446: The back part of the thorax is concealed by the beetle's wings . This further segmentation is usually best seen on the abdomen. The multisegmented legs end in two to five small segments called tarsi. Like many other insect orders, beetles have claws, usually one pair, on the end of the last tarsal segment of each leg. While most beetles use their legs for walking, legs have been variously adapted for other uses. Aquatic beetles including
9625-489: The ball along to make it continue to rise even though the hand is no longer acting on it, resulting in the Medieval theory of impetus . Aristotle suggested that the reason for anything coming about can be attributed to four different types of simultaneously active factors. His term aitia is traditionally translated as "cause", but it does not always refer to temporal sequence; it might be better translated as "explanation", but
9750-399: The becoming is for the sake of the end; and the actuality is the end, and it is for the sake of this that the potentiality is acquired. For animals do not see in order that they may have sight, but they have sight that they may see. In summary, the matter used to make a house has potentiality to be a house and both the activity of building and the form of the final house are actualities, which
9875-480: The biogeographical history of a species. It is evident that geographic isolation of populations must often have been broken as insects moved under the influence of changing climate, causing mixing of gene pools, rapid evolution, and extinctions, especially in middle latitudes. The very large number of beetle species poses special problems for classification . Some families contain tens of thousands of species, and need to be divided into subfamilies and tribes. Polyphaga
10000-432: The body whilst submerged. Equally, some families use antennae during mating, and a few species use them for defense. In the cerambycid Onychocerus albitarsis , the antennae have venom injecting structures used in defense, which is unique among arthropods . Antennae vary greatly in form, sometimes between the sexes, but are often similar within any given family. Antennae may be clubbed , threadlike , angled , shaped like
10125-574: The broad sense coextensive with reasoning, which he also would describe as "science". However, his use of the term science carries a different meaning than that covered by the term "scientific method". For Aristotle, "all science ( dianoia ) is either practical, poetical or theoretical" ( Metaphysics 1025b25). His practical science includes ethics and politics; his poetical science means the study of fine arts including poetry; his theoretical science covers physics, mathematics and metaphysics. In his On Generation and Corruption , Aristotle related each of
10250-433: The cause of earthquakes was a gas or vapor ( anathymiaseis ) that was trapped inside the earth and trying to escape, following other Greek authors Anaxagoras , Empedocles and Democritus . Aristotle also made many observations about the hydrologic cycle. For example, he made some of the earliest observations about desalination: he observed early – and correctly – that when seawater is heated, freshwater evaporates and that
10375-410: The composite natural ones, the study of nature would be the primary kind of knowledge; but if there is some motionless independent thing, the knowledge of this precedes it and is first philosophy, and it is universal in just this way , because it is first. And it belongs to this sort of philosophy to study being as being, both what it is and what belongs to it just by virtue of being. Aristotle examines
10500-540: The compound eyes may be modified and depends on whether a species is primarily crepuscular, or diurnally or nocturnally active. Ocelli are found in the adult carpet beetle (as a single central ocellus in Dermestidae ), some rove beetles ( Omaliinae ), and the Derodontidae . Beetle antennae are primarily organs of sensory perception and can detect motion, odor and chemical substances, but may also be used to physically feel
10625-406: The concepts of substance ( ousia ) and essence ( to ti ên einai , "the what it was to be") in his Metaphysics (Book VII), and he concludes that a particular substance is a combination of both matter and form, a philosophical theory called hylomorphism . In Book VIII, he distinguishes the matter of the substance as the substratum , or the stuff of which it is composed. For example, the matter of
10750-399: The data to come to the theory of evolution . Aristotle's writings can seem to modern readers close to implying evolution, but while Aristotle was aware that new mutations or hybridizations could occur, he saw these as rare accidents. For Aristotle, accidents, like heat waves in winter, must be considered distinct from natural causes. He was thus critical of Empedocles's materialist theory of
10875-450: The details of Aristotle's life are not well-established. The biographies written in ancient times are often speculative and historians only agree on a few salient points. Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira , Chalcidice , about 55 km (34 miles) east of modern-day Thessaloniki . He was the son of Nicomachus , the personal physician of King Amyntas of Macedon , and Phaestis,
11000-643: The diversity of the early plant-eating species increased. Most recent plant-eating beetles feed on flowering plants or angiosperms, whose success contributed to a doubling of plant-eating species during the Middle Jurassic . However, the increase of the number of beetle families during the Cretaceous does not correlate with the increase of the number of angiosperm species. Around the same time, numerous primitive weevils (e.g. Curculionoidea ) and click beetles (e.g. Elateroidea ) appeared. The first jewel beetles (e.g. Buprestidae ) are present, but they remained rare until
11125-486: The earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th-century advances in mathematical logic . Kant stated in the Critique of Pure Reason that with Aristotle, logic reached its completion. Most of Aristotle's work is probably not in its original form, because it was most likely edited by students and later lecturers. The logical works of Aristotle were compiled into
11250-478: The end of the Upper Cretaceous. The first coprophagous beetles are from the Upper Cretaceous and may have lived on the excrement of herbivorous dinosaurs. The first species where both larvae and adults are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle are found. Whirligig beetles (Gyrinidae) were moderately diverse, although other early beetles (e.g. Dytiscidae) were less, with the most widespread being the species of Coptoclavidae , which preyed on aquatic fly larvae. A 2020 review of
11375-579: The evolutionary biologist J. B. S. Haldane to quip, when some theologians asked him what could be inferred about the mind of the Christian God from the works of His Creation, "An inordinate fondness for beetles". However, the ranking of beetles as most diverse has been challenged. Multiple studies posit that Diptera (flies) and/or Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants and bees) may have more species. Beetles are found in nearly all habitats, including freshwater and coastal habitats, wherever vegetative foliage
11500-442: The first century AD editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works to create the treatise we know by the name Metaphysics . Aristotle called it "first philosophy", and distinguished it from mathematics and natural science (physics) as the contemplative ( theoretikē ) philosophy which is "theological" and studies the divine. He wrote in his Metaphysics (1026a16): If there were no other independent things besides
11625-437: The first part is called the scape and the second part is the pedicel. The other segments are jointly called the flagellum. Beetles have mouthparts like those of grasshoppers . The mandibles appear as large pincers on the front of some beetles. The mandibles are a pair of hard, often tooth-like structures that move horizontally to grasp, crush, or cut food or enemies (see defence , below). Two pairs of finger-like appendages,
11750-533: The following. Brood size decreases with (adult) body mass, so that an elephant has fewer young (usually just one) per brood than a mouse. Lifespan increases with gestation period , and also with body mass, so that elephants live longer than mice, have a longer period of gestation, and are heavier. As a final example, fecundity decreases with lifespan, so long-lived kinds like elephants have fewer young in total than short-lived kinds like mice. Aristotle distinguished about 500 species of animals , arranging these in
11875-531: The forms as existing separately from the things that participate in them, Aristotle maintained that universals exist within each thing on which each universal is predicated. So, according to Aristotle, the form of apple exists within each apple, rather than in the world of the forms. Concerning the nature of change ( kinesis ) and its causes, as he outlines in his Physics and On Generation and Corruption ( 319b–320a), he distinguishes coming-to-be ( genesis , also translated as 'generation') from: Coming-to-be
12000-509: The four elements proposed earlier by Empedocles , earth , water , air , and fire , to two of the four sensible qualities, hot, cold, wet, and dry. In the Empedoclean scheme, all matter was made of the four elements, in differing proportions. Aristotle's scheme added the heavenly aether , the divine substance of the heavenly spheres , stars and planets. Aristotle describes two kinds of motion: "violent" or "unnatural motion", such as that of
12125-428: The ground, say) require more force to make them move; and objects pushed with greater force move faster. This would imply the equation incorrect in modern physics. Natural motion depends on the element concerned: the aether naturally moves in a circle around the heavens, while the 4 Empedoclean elements move vertically up (like fire, as is observed) or down (like earth) towards their natural resting places. In
12250-618: The head of the Lyceum, who in turn passed them down to Neleus of Scepsis in Asia Minor. There, the papers remained hidden for protection until they were purchased by the collector Apellicon . In the meantime, many copies of Aristotle's major works had already begun to circulate and be used in the Lyceum of Athens, Alexandria , and later in Rome . With the Prior Analytics , Aristotle is credited with
12375-440: The image. According to Aristotle, spontaneity and chance are causes of some things, distinguishable from other types of cause such as simple necessity. Chance as an incidental cause lies in the realm of accidental things , "from what is spontaneous". There is also more a specific kind of chance, which Aristotle names "luck", that only applies to people's moral choices. In astronomy , Aristotle refuted Democritus 's claim that
12500-430: The legs are usually located recessed within a coxal cavity. The genitalic structures are telescoped into the last abdominal segment in all extant beetles. Beetle larvae can often be confused with those of other holometabolan groups. The beetle's exoskeleton is made up of numerous plates, called sclerites , separated by thin sutures. This design provides armored defenses while maintaining flexibility. The general anatomy of
12625-405: The legs, the mouthparts, and the ventral plates (sterna, pleura, coxae). In many species accurate identification can only be made by examination of the unique male genitalic structures. The head, having mouthparts projecting forward or sometimes downturned, is usually heavily sclerotized and is sometimes very large. The eyes are compound and may display remarkable adaptability, as in the case of
12750-488: The maxillary and labial palpi, are found around the mouth in most beetles, serving to move food into the mouth. In many species, the mandibles are sexually dimorphic, with those of the males enlarged enormously compared with those of females of the same species. The thorax is segmented into the two discernible parts, the pro- and pterothorax. The pterothorax is the fused meso- and metathorax, which are commonly separated in other insect species, although flexibly articulate from
12875-468: The modern zoologist would call vertebrates as the hotter "animals with blood", and below them the colder invertebrates as "animals without blood". Those with blood were divided into the live-bearing ( mammals ), and the egg-laying ( birds , reptiles , fish ). Those without blood were insects, crustacea (non-shelled – cephalopods, and shelled ) and the hard-shelled molluscs ( bivalves and gastropods ). He recognised that animals did not exactly fit into
13000-409: The number of beetle species is challenged by the number of species in dipterans (flies) and hymenopterans (wasps). Found in almost every habitat except the sea and the polar regions , they interact with their ecosystems in several ways: beetles often feed on plants and fungi , break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates . Some species are serious agricultural pests, such as
13125-404: The oceans are then replenished by the cycle of rainfall and river runoff ("I have proved by experiment that salt water evaporated forms fresh and the vapor does not when it condenses condense into sea water again.") Aristotle was the first person to study biology systematically, and biology forms a large part of his writings. He spent two years observing and describing the zoology of Lesbos and
13250-428: The order Coleoptera Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_subgroups_of_the_order_Coleoptera&oldid=1227550214 " Category : Beetle taxonomy Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Aristotle Aristotle ( Attic Greek : Ἀριστοτέλης , romanized: Aristotélēs ; 384–322 BC)
13375-2746: The order Coleoptera (Redirected from Subgroups of the order Coleoptera ) This article classifies the subgroups of the order Coleoptera ( beetles ) down to the level of families , following the system in "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)", Bouchard, et al. (2011), with corrections and additions from 2020, with common names from bugguide.net. Order Coleoptera Suborder † Protocoleoptera Superfamily † Tshekardocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1944 Family † Tshekardocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1944 Family † Labradorocoleidae Ponomarenko, 1969 Family † Oborocoleidae Kukalová, 1969 Superfamily † Permocupedoidea Martynov, 1933 Family † Permocupedidae Martynov, 1933 Family † Taldycupedidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Superfamily † Permosynoidea Tillyard, 1924 Family † Ademosynidae Ponomarenko, 1968 Family † Permosynidae Tillyard, 1924 Suborder Archostemata Superfamily Cupedoidea Laporte, 1836 Family Crowsoniellidae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1983 Family Cupedidae Laporte, 1836 Family Micromalthidae Barber, 1913 [REDACTED] Micromalthus debilis Family Ommatidae Sharp and Muir, 1912 Family Jurodidae Ponomarenko, 1985 Family † Triadocupedidae Ponomarenko, 1966 Family † Magnocoleidae Hong, 1998 Family † Obrieniidae Zherikhin and Gratshev, 1994 Superfamily † Asiocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1961 Family † Asiocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Family † Tricoleidae Ponomarenko, 1969 Superfamily † Rhombocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1961 Family † Rhombocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Superfamily † Schizocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1961 (formerly Schizophoroidea Ponomarenko, 1968 ) Family † Phoroschizidae Bouchard and Bousquet, 2020 (formerly Schizophoridae Ponomarenko, 1968 ) Family † Catiniidae Ponomarenko, 1968 Family † Schizocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Suborder Myxophaga Superfamily Lepiceroidea Hinton, 1936 (1882) Family Lepiceridae Hinton, 1936 (1882) Superfamily Sphaeriusoidea Erichson, 1845 Family Torridincolidae Steffan, 1964 Family Hydroscaphidae LeConte, 1874 Family Sphaeriusidae Erichson, 1845 Suborder Adephaga Family † Tritarsusidae Hong, 2002 (formerly Tritarsidae Hong, 2002 ) Family Gyrinidae Latreille, 1810 (whirligig beetles) Family Trachypachidae Thomson, 1857 (false ground beetles) Family Rhysodidae Laporte, 1840 Family Carabidae Latreille, 1802 (ground beetles) [REDACTED] Harpalus , in
13500-488: The other suborders. Adephaga contains about 10 families of largely predatory beetles, includes ground beetles (Carabidae), water beetles ( Dytiscidae ) and whirligig beetles (Gyrinidae). In these insects, the testes are tubular and the first abdominal sternum (a plate of the exoskeleton ) is divided by the hind coxae (the basal joints of the beetle's legs). Archostemata contains four families of mainly wood-eating beetles, including reticulated beetles (Cupedidae) and
13625-453: The palaeoecological interpretations of fossil beetles from Cretaceous ambers has suggested that saproxylicity was the most common feeding strategy, with fungivorous species in particular appearing to dominate. Many fossil sites worldwide contain beetles from the Cretaceous. Most are in Europe and Asia and belong to the temperate climate zone during the Cretaceous. Lower Cretaceous sites include
13750-407: The poet Dante called him "the master of those who know". His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and were studied by medieval scholars such as Peter Abelard and Jean Buridan . Aristotle's influence on logic continued well into the 19th century. In addition, his ethics , although always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics . In general,
13875-409: The prothorax. When viewed from below, the thorax is that part from which all three pairs of legs and both pairs of wings arise. The abdomen is everything posterior to the thorax. When viewed from above, most beetles appear to have three clear sections, but this is deceptive: on the beetle's upper surface, the middle section is a hard plate called the pronotum , which is only the front part of the thorax;
14000-453: The request of Philip II of Macedon , tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established a library in the Lyceum, which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls . Though Aristotle wrote many treatises and dialogues for publication, only around a third of his original output has survived , none of it intended for publication. Aristotle provided
14125-433: The same certainty as experimental science, but it sets out testable hypotheses and constructs a narrative explanation of what is observed. In this sense, Aristotle's biology is scientific. From the data he collected and documented, Aristotle inferred quite a number of rules relating the life-history features of the live-bearing tetrapods (terrestrial placental mammals) that he studied. Among these correct predictions are
14250-439: The seed of a plant in the soil is potentially ( dynamei ) a plant, and if it is not prevented by something, it will become a plant. Potentially, beings can either 'act' ( poiein ) or 'be acted upon' ( paschein ), which can be either innate or learned. For example, the eyes possess the potentiality of sight (innate – being acted upon), while the capability of playing the flute can be possessed by learning (exercise – acting). Actuality
14375-690: The sights one viewed at the Mysteries, "to experience is to learn" ( παθεĩν μαθεĩν ). Aristotle remained in Athens for nearly twenty years before leaving in 348/47 BC after Plato's death. The traditional story about his departure records that he was disappointed with the Academy's direction after control passed to Plato's nephew Speusippus , although it is possible that the anti-Macedonian sentiments in Athens could have also influenced his decision. Aristotle left with Xenocrates to Assos in Asia Minor , where he
14500-747: The study of more complex forms, namely, syllogisms (in the Analytics ) and dialectics (in the Topics and Sophistical Refutations ). The first three treatises form the core of the logical theory stricto sensu : the grammar of the language of logic and the correct rules of reasoning. The Rhetoric is not conventionally included, but it states that it relies on the Topics . What is today called Aristotelian logic with its types of syllogism (methods of logical argument), Aristotle himself would have labelled "analytics". The term "logic" he reserved to mean dialectics . The word "metaphysics" appears to have been coined by
14625-549: The surrounding seas, including in particular the Pyrrha lagoon in the centre of Lesbos. His data in History of Animals , Generation of Animals , Movement of Animals , and Parts of Animals are assembled from his own observations, statements given by people with specialized knowledge, such as beekeepers and fishermen, and less accurate accounts provided by travellers from overseas. His apparent emphasis on animals rather than plants
14750-470: The time of Homer , and "the upheaving of one of the Aeolian islands , previous to a volcanic eruption ."' Meteorologica lends its name to the modern study of meteorology, but its modern usage diverges from the content of Aristotle's ancient treatise on meteors . The ancient Greeks did use the term for a range of atmospheric phenomena, but also for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Aristotle proposed that
14875-478: The tip. The Scarabaeidae typically have lamellate antennae with the terminal segments extended into long flat structures stacked together. The Carabidae typically have thread-like antennae. The antennae arises between the eye and the mandibles and in the Tenebrionidae, the antennae rise in front of a notch that breaks the usually circular outline of the compound eye. They are segmented and usually consist of 11 parts,
15000-473: The traditional rendering will be employed here. Aristotle describes experiments in optics using a camera obscura in Problems , book 15. The apparatus consisted of a dark chamber with a small aperture that let light in. With it, he saw that whatever shape he made the hole, the sun's image always remained circular. He also noted that increasing the distance between the aperture and the image surface magnified
15125-533: Was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath . His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences , philosophy , linguistics , economics , politics , psychology , and the arts . As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens , he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science . Little
15250-413: Was invited by his former fellow student Hermias of Atarneus ; he stayed there for a few years and left around the time of Hermias' death. While at Assos, Aristotle and his colleague Theophrastus did extensive research in botany and marine biology , which they later continued at the near-by island of Lesbos . During this time, Aristotle married Pythias , Hermias's adoptive daughter and niece, and had
15375-766: Was not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics were developed. He influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophies during the Middle Ages, as well as Christian theology , especially the Neoplatonism of the Early Church and the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church . Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as "The First Teacher", and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply "The Philosopher", while
15500-513: Was said to have stated "I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy" – a reference to Athens's trial and execution of Socrates . He died in Chalcis, Euboea of natural causes later that same year, having named his student Antipater as his chief executor and leaving a will in which he asked to be buried next to his wife. Aristotle left his works to Theophrastus, his successor as
15625-588: Was widely disbelieved until the 19th century. He gives accurate descriptions of the four-chambered fore-stomachs of ruminants , and of the ovoviviparous embryological development of the hound shark . He notes that an animal's structure is well matched to function so birds like the heron (which live in marshes with soft mud and live by catching fish) have a long neck, long legs, and a sharp spear-like beak, whereas ducks that swim have short legs and webbed feet. Darwin , too, noted these sorts of differences between similar kinds of animal, but unlike Aristotle used
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