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28-454: The river Gimone runs through the town. Beaumont-de-Lomagne, bastide , was founded in 1276 following the act of coregency between the abbey of Grandselve and King Philip III of France – the King was represented by his seneschal for the former County of Toulouse , Eustache de Beaumarchais . In 1278 the town was granted a very liberal charter of laws, by the standards of the period, defining

56-584: A /r/ at the beginning of words, resolved by means of a prothetical vowel. Although some linguists deny the plausibility of the Basque substrate theory, it is widely assumed that Basque, the "Circumpyrenean" language (as put by Basque linguist Alfonso Irigoyen and defended by Koldo Mitxelena , 1982), is the underlying language spreading around the Pyrenees onto the banks of the Garonne River, maybe as far east as

84-470: A sociolect of Gascon with special phonetic and lexical features, which linguistics named Judeo-Gascon . It has been superseded by a sociolect of French that retains most of the lexical features of this former variety. Béarnais , the official language when Béarn was an independent state, does not correspond to a unified language: the three forms of Gascon are spoken in Béarn (in the south, Pyrenean Gascon, in

112-478: A river in France is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gascon language Gascon ( English: / ˈ ɡ æ s k ə n / ; Gascon: [ɡasˈku(ŋ)] , French: [ɡaskɔ̃] ) is the vernacular Romance variety spoken mainly in the region of Gascony , France . It is often considered a variety of Occitan , although some authors consider it a different language. Gascon

140-606: A single language. Gascon, in particular, is distinct enough linguistically to have been described as a language in its own right. The language spoken in Gascony before Roman rule was part of the Basque dialectal continuum (see Aquitanian language ); the fact that the word 'Gascon' comes from the Latin root vasco / vasconem , which is the same root that gives us 'Basque', implies that the speakers identified themselves at some point as Basque. There

168-523: Is a 136-kilometre (85 mi) river in south-western France , left tributary of the Garonne . Its source is in the foothills of the Pyrenees , near Lannemezan . It flows north through the following départements and towns: The Gimone flows into the Garonne near Castelsarrasin . This Occitania geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

196-435: Is a proven Basque substrate in the development of Gascon. This explains some of the major differences that exist between Gascon and other Occitan dialects. A typically Gascon feature that may arise from this substrate is the change from "f" to "h". Where a word originally began with [f] in Latin, such as festa 'party/feast', this sound was weakened to aspirated [h] and then, in some areas, lost altogether; according to

224-502: Is mostly spoken in Gascony and Béarn ( Béarnese dialect ) in southwestern France (in parts of the following French départements : Pyrénées-Atlantiques , Hautes-Pyrénées , Landes , Gers , Gironde , Lot-et-Garonne , Haute-Garonne , and Ariège ) and in the Val d'Aran of Catalonia. Aranese , a southern Gascon variety, is spoken in Catalonia alongside Catalan and Spanish . Most people in

252-539: The plague which killed 500 inhabitants. By the sixteenth century, Beaumont, a catholic town, was surrounded by three protestant towns: Montauban , Mas-Grenier and Mauvezin . In 1577, Henri III sold Beaumont to Henri III of Navarre (future Henri IV ), leader of the Protestants and whose troops came to massacre a hundred Beaumontois. In December 1580, 600 mercenaries of Montauban demobilized and took Beaumont. They remained for two months, and caused much damage to

280-498: The 11th century over the coastal fringe of Gipuzkoa extending from Hondarribia to San Sebastian , where Gascon was spoken up to the early 18th century and often used in formal documents until the 16th century, with evidence of its continued occurrence in Pasaia in the 1870s. A minor focus of influence was the Way of St James and the establishment of ethnic boroughs in several towns based on

308-660: The Mediterranean in Roman times ( niska cited by Joan Coromines as the name of each nymph taking care of the Roman spa Arles de Tech in Roussillon , etc.). Basque gradually eroded across Gascony in the High Middle Ages (Basques from the Val d'Aran cited still circa 1000), with vulgar Latin and Basque interacting and mingling, but eventually with the former replacing the latter north of

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336-454: The center and in the east, Eastern Gascon; to the north-west, Western Gascon). A poll conducted in Béarn in 1982 indicated that 51% of the population could speak Gascon, 70% understood it, and 85% expressed a favourable opinion regarding the protection of the language. However, use of the language has declined dramatically over recent years as a result of the Francization taking place during

364-547: The centre of the town square, was designed for the markets that took place every Saturday. The fourteenth century marked the beginning of the Hundred Years' War . Taken by the English in 1345, Beaumont was recaptured in 1350 but continued to be plundered by " Great Companies " and experienced civil war due to the opposition of two military chiefs: Count of Foix and John I, Count of Armagnac . The century ended with an epidemic of

392-463: The concerned region. It is mainly in Béarn that the population uses concurrently the term "Béarnais" to designate its Gascon forms. This is because of the political past of Béarn, which was independent and then part of a sovereign state (the shrinking Kingdom of Navarre ) from 1347 to 1620. In fact, there is no unified Béarnais dialect, as the language differs considerably throughout the province. Many of

420-441: The cultivation of garlic . It retains much of its history through its old buildings: the church, its fortress – whose imposing mass dominates the town – the large market with its distinctive roof, as well as approximately fifteen private mansions, the majority of which date from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. List of mayors: Gimone The Gimone ( French pronunciation: [ʒimɔn] ; Gascon : Gimona )

448-435: The differences in pronunciation can be divided into east, west, and south (the mountainous regions). For example, an 'a' at the end of words is pronounced "ah" in the west, "o" in the east, and "œ" in the south. Because of Béarn's specific political past, Béarnais has been distinguished from Gascon since the 16th century, not for linguistic reasons. Probably as a consequence of the linguistic continuum of western Romania and

476-533: The east and middle Pyrenees and developing into Gascon. However, modern Basque has had lexical influence from Gascon in words like beira ("glass"), which is also seen in Galician-Portuguese . One way for the introduction of Gascon influence into Basque came about through language contact in bordering areas of the Northern Basque Country , acting as adstrate. The other one has taken place since

504-489: The king. The incident ended without conflict, but Beaumont, ruined, had to pay a large fine; another plague epidemic also occurred during this event. In 1702, the town had only 2,400 inhabitants but during this period of peace, it undertook various works and became prosperous again. In 1777, the ramparts were destroyed. After sending a delegate to the Estates General , Beaumont created a revolutionary club, but from 1790

532-564: The last centuries, as Gascon is rarely transmitted to young generations any longer (outside of schools, such as the Calandretas ). By April 2011, the Endangered Languages Project estimated that there were only 250,000 native speakers of the language. The usual term for Gascon is "patois", a word designating in France a non-official and usually devaluated dialect (such as Gallo ) or language (such as Occitan ), regardless of

560-550: The privileges bestowed on the Francs by the Kingdom of Navarre from the 12th to the early 14th centuries, but the variant spoken and used in written records is mainly the Occitan of Toulouse. The énonciatif (Occitan: enunciatiu ) system of Gascon, a system that is more colloquial than characteristic of normative written Gascon and governs the use of certain preverbal particles (including

588-433: The region are trilingual in all three languages, causing some influence from Spanish and Catalan. Both these influences tend to differentiate it more and more from the dialects of Gascon spoken in France. Most linguists now consider Aranese a distinct dialect of Occitan and Gascon. Since the 2006 adoption of the new statute of Catalonia , Aranese is co-official with Catalan and Spanish in all of Catalonia (before, this status

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616-507: The rights and duties of its inhabitants. In 1280, work commenced on a large church; its flat apse shows the influence of Cîteaux . The bell-tower , was made in the fifteenth century and resembles that of Saint-Sernin in Toulouse. Construction finished around 1430 and the Bishop of Montauban , driven out of his city by the English, made it his episcopal seat until 1432. The market hall, in

644-463: The sometimes emphatic affirmative que , the occasionally mitigating or dubitative e , the exclamatory be , and the even more emphatic ja / ye , and the "polite" se ) has also been attributed to the Basque substrate. Gascon is divided into three varieties or dialect sub-groups: The Jews of Gascony, who resided in Bordeaux , Bayonne and other cities, spoke until the beginning of the 20th century

672-464: The substrate theory, this is due to the Basque dialects' lack of an equivalent /f/ phoneme , causing Gascon hèsta [ˈhɛsto] or [ˈɛsto] . A similar change took place in Spanish . Thus, Latin facere gives Spanish hacer ( [aˈθer] ) (or, in some parts of southwestern Andalusia , [haˈsɛɾ] ). Another phonological effect resulting from the Basque substrate may have been Gascon's reluctance to pronounce

700-523: The town became part of the Haute-Garonne department and became isolated, to the advantage of Grenade , its neighbour and rival. Grenade became the chief town of district. In 1808, new department divisions were brought in by Napoleon and Beaumont began to be within the Tarn-et-Garonne region. Though the importance of large fairs has decreased, Beaumont remains an important agricultural market due to

728-470: The town. When peace returned, many Beaumontois adopted the policy of religious tolerance as advocated by Henri IV. The eminent mathematician Pierre de Fermat , famous for Fermat's Last Theorem , was born in Beaumont in either 1601 or 1607. There is a statue and museum to him in the town. In the seventeenth century, Louis XIII besieged several cities in the south-west including Beaumont; the "Chateau de Roi"

756-501: Was destroyed by royal decree . In 1639 Louis sold Beaumont to the Prince of Condé. Under Louis XIV , Beaumont was still under the jurisdiction of viscount Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti , one of the nobility involved in the Fronde , Beaumont was therefore part of the rebellion and this caused considerable losses to the town. There was an occupation in 1651 by Conti troops, rebelling against

784-577: Was valid for the Aran Valley only). It was also one of the mother tongues of the English kings Richard the Lionheart and his younger brother John Lackland . While many scholars accept that Occitan may constitute a single language, some authors reject this opinion and even the name Occitan : instead, they argue that the latter is a cover term for a family of distinct lengas d'òc rather than dialects of

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