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49-562: Beaulieu Castle (French: Château de Beaulieu ) is a château in the municipality of Lausanne of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland . It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance . This article about a castle in Switzerland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ch%C3%A2teau A château ( French pronunciation: [ʃɑto] ; plural: châteaux )

98-456: A family that, with some official rank, locally represents the royal authority; thus, the word château often refers to the dwelling of a member of either the French nobility or royalty. However, some fine châteaux, such as Vaux-le-Vicomte , were built by the essentially high- bourgeois —people but recently ennobled : tax-farmers and ministers of Louis XIII and his royal successors. The quality of

147-460: A close friend and advisor he had even acted as deputy for Augustus when he was abroad. It was in 38 BC that Horace was introduced to Maecenas, who had before this received Lucius Varius Rufus and Virgil into his intimacy. In the "Journey to Brundisium", in 37, Maecenas and Marcus Cocceius Nerva – great-grandfather of the future emperor Nerva – are described as having been sent on an important mission, and they were successful in patching up, by

196-970: A woman." Expressions in the Odes of Horace seem to imply that Maecenas was deficient in the robustness of fibre which Romans liked to imagine was characteristic of their city. Maecenas is most famous for his support of young poets; hence, in most European languages, his name has become an eponym for "patron of arts": in French, mécène ; in Italian, mecenate ; in Spanish, mecenas ; in German, Mäzen ; in Polish, mecenas ; in Czech, mecenáš ; in Hungarian, mécenás ; in Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian, меценат . The eponym has been in use since at least

245-543: Is a manor house , or palace , or residence of the lord of the manor , or a fine country house of nobility or gentry , with or without fortifications , originally, and still most frequently, in French-speaking regions. Nowadays, a château may be any stately residence built in a French style; the term is additionally often used for a winegrower's estate, especially in the Bordeaux region of France . The word château

294-538: Is a French word that has entered the English language, where its meaning is more specific than it is in French. The French word château denotes buildings as diverse as a medieval fortress, a Renaissance palace and a fine 19th-century country house. Care should therefore be taken when translating the French word château into English, noting the nature of the building in question. Most French châteaux are " palaces " or fine " country houses " rather than "castles", and for these,

343-514: Is a royal château in Versailles , in the Île-de-France region of France. When the château was built, Versailles was a country village; today, however, it is a wealthy suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of the French capital. The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to

392-448: Is needed in French, the term château fort is used to describe a fortified castle, such as the Château fort de Roquetaillade . The urban counterpart of a château is a palais in French, which is usually applied only to very grand residences in a city. This usage is again different from that of the term "palace" in English, where there is no requirement that a palace must be in a city, but

441-593: Is not entirely chronological, and their composition followed both books of Satires and the Epodes , this argument is plainly specious; but doubtless the milieu of Maecenas's circle influenced the writing of the Roman Odes (III.1–6) and others such as the ode to Pollio, Motum ex Metello (II.1). Maecenas endeavoured also to divert the less masculine genius of Propertius from harping continually on his love to themes of public interest, an effort which to some extent backfired in

490-571: Is said to have been the first to construct a swimming bath of hot water in Rome, which may have been in the gardens. The luxury of his gardens and villas incurred the displeasure of Seneca the Younger . Though the approximate site is known, it is not easy to reconcile literary indications to determine the gardens' exact location, whether or not they lay on both sides of the Servian ager and both north and south of

539-710: The Elegiae in Maecenatem , which were written after his death and collected in the Appendix Vergiliana . In various languages, Maecenas' name has given rise to a word for private patronage , mainly cultural but sometimes wider, usually perceived as more altruistic than sponsorship . A verse of the Latin-language student song Gaudeamus igitur wishes longevity upon the charity of the students' benefactors ("Maecenatum", genitive plural of "Maecenas"). Phillis Wheatley ,

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588-399: The Château de Dampierre is a French Baroque château of manageable size. Protected behind fine wrought iron double gates, the main block and its outbuildings ( corps de logis ), linked by balustrades, are ranged symmetrically around a dry paved and gravelled cour d'honneur . Behind, the central axis is extended between the former parterres , now mown hay. The park with formally shaped water

637-548: The Eclogues and the Georgics of Virgil was in a great measure the result of the direction given by the statesman to the poet's genius. A similar change between the earlier odes of Horace, in which he declares his epicurean indifference to affairs of state, and the great national odes of the third book has been ascribed by some to the same guidance. However, since the organization of the Odes

686-483: The Gilded Age resort town of Newport, Rhode Island , large manor homes were called "cottages", but north of Wilmington, Delaware , in the rich, rural "Château Country" centred upon the powerful Du Pont family , the word château is used with its original definition. In Canada, especially in English, château usually denotes a hotel, not a house, and applies only to the country's most elaborate railway hotels , built during

735-497: The Palatine Hill via his Domus Transitoria , and viewed the burning of that from the turris Maecenatiana. This turris was probably the "molem propinquam nubibus arduis" ("the pile, among the clouds") mentioned by Horace. Whether the horti Maecenatiani bought by Fronto actually were the former gardens of Maecenas is unknown, and the domus Frontoniana mentioned in the twelfth century by Magister Gregorius may also refer to

784-620: The Treaty of Tarentum , a reconciliation between the two claimants for supreme power. During the Sicilian war against Sextus Pompeius in 36, Maecenas was sent back to Rome, and was entrusted with supreme administrative control in the city and in Italy. He was vicegerent of Octavian during the campaign that led to the Battle of Actium , when, with great promptness and secrecy, he crushed the conspiracy of Lepidus

833-507: The garçonnière ). Besides the cour d'honneur (court of honour) entrance, the château might have an inner cour ("court"), and inside, in the private residence, the château faces a simply and discreetly enclosed park. In the city of Paris, the Louvre (fortified) and the Luxembourg Palace (the latter originally suburban) were originally referred to as châteaux, but became "palaces" when

882-720: The porta Esquilina . Common graves of the archaic Esquiline necropolis have been found near the north-west corner of the modern Piazza Vittorio Emanuele , that is, outside the Esquiline gate of antiquity and north of the via Tiburtina vetus ; most probably the horti Maecenatiani extended north from this gate and road on both sides of the ager . The " Auditorium of Maecenas ", a probable venue for dining and entertainment, may still be visited (upon reservation ) on Largo Leopardi near Via Merulana . The gardens became imperial property after Maecenas's death, and Tiberius lived there after his return to Rome in 2 AD. Nero connected them with

931-461: The 18th-century poet and the first African-American writer to publish a book, published a poem "To Maecenas" as the first poem in her 1773 book Poems on Various subjects, Religious and Moral . In Poland and Western Ukraine, a lawyer would customarily be addressed with the honorific Pan Mecenas . In F. Scott Fitzgerald 's novel The Great Gatsby , Maecenas is one of the three famous wealthy men, along with Midas and J. P. Morgan , whose secrets

980-968: The Canadian railroad golden age, such as the Château Lake Louise in Lake Louise, Alberta , the Château Laurier in Ottawa, the Château Montebello in Montebello, Quebec , and most famously, the Château Frontenac in Quebec City . There are many estates with true châteaux on them in the Bordeaux wine regions , but it is customary for any wine-producing estate since the 19th century, no matter how humble, to prefix its name with "Château". This term became

1029-662: The French kings followed soon thereafter by the nobility; hence, the Valley is termed " The Valley of the Kings ". Alternatively, due to its moderate climate, wine-growing soils and rich agricultural land, the Loire Valley is referred to as " The Garden of France ". The châteaux range from the very large (often now in public hands) to more 'human-scale' châteaux such as the Château de Beaulieu in Saumur or

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1078-476: The Sabine Mountains. Propertius and the minor poets Varius Rufus , Plotius Tucca , Valgius Rufus , and Domitius Marsus also were his protégés. His character as a munificent patron of literature – which has made his name a household word – is gratefully acknowledged by the recipients of it and attested by the regrets of the men of letters of a later age, expressed by Martial and Juvenal . His patronage

1127-460: The Younger ; during the subsequent absences of his chief in the provinces he again held the same position. During the latter years of his life as recorded by Suetonius he fell somewhat out of favour with his master. The historian attributes the loss of the imperial favour to Maecenas' having indiscreetly revealed to Terentia, his allegedly beautiful but difficult wife, the discovery of the conspiracy in which her brother Lucius Licinius Varro Murena

1176-448: The campaigns of Mutina , Philippi , and Perugia . He prided himself on his ancient Etruscan lineage, and claimed descent from the princely house of the Cilnii , who excited the jealousy of their townsmen by their preponderant wealth and influence at Arretium in the 4th century BC. Horace makes reference to this in his address to Maecenas at the opening of his first books of Odes with

1225-824: The capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution . Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime . Maecenas During the reign of Augustus, Maecenas served as a quasi- culture minister to the Roman emperor but in spite of his wealth and power he chose not to enter the Senate , remaining of equestrian rank. Expressions in Propertius seem to imply that Maecenas had taken some part in

1274-461: The city enclosed them. In other French-speaking European regions, such as Wallonia ( Belgium ), the word château is used with the same definition as in France. In Belgium, a strong French architectural influence is evident in the seventeenth-century Château des Comtes de Marchin and the eighteenth-century Château de Seneffe . In the United States, the word château took root selectively – in

1323-619: The composition of Laus Pisonis ("Praise of Piso") by an unknown author in the first century CE. Edmund Spenser 's shepherds complain that there is no "Mecoenas" in England in the 1570s. Maecenas supported Virgil , who wrote the Georgics in his honour. It was Virgil, impressed with examples of Horace 's poetry, who introduced Horace to Maecenas. Indeed, Horace begins the first poem of his Odes ( Odes I.i) by addressing his new patron. Maecenas gave him full financial support as well as an estate in

1372-578: The default way of designating an estate in Bordeaux , in the same way that Domaine did in Burgundy . Both Château and Domaine are aristocratic in implication, but Bordeaux had a better claim to the association: nobles had owned Bordeaux's best vineyards for centuries. Most of Burgundy's best vineyards, in contrast, had been owned by the Church. The term Château became a permanent verbal fixture in Bordeaux, and it

1421-531: The establishment of the new order of things, of reconciling parties, and of carrying the new empire safely through many dangers. To his influence especially were attributed the more humane policies of Octavian after his first alliance with Antony and Lepidus . The best summary of his character as a man and a statesman, by Marcus Velleius Paterculus , describes him as "of sleepless vigilance in critical emergencies, far-seeing and knowing how to act, but in his relaxation from business more luxurious and effeminate than

1470-504: The expression "atavis edite regibus" (descendant of kings). Tacitus refers to him as "Cilnius Maecenas"; it is possible that "Cilnius" was his mother's nomen – or that Maecenas was in fact a cognomen . The Gaius Maecenas mentioned in Cicero as an influential member of the equestrian order in 91 BC may have been his grandfather, or even his father. The testimony of Horace and Maecenas's own literary tastes imply that he had profited from

1519-424: The gardens of Maecenas. His name has become a byword in many languages for a well-connected and wealthy patron. For instance, John Dewey , in his lectures Art as Experience , said: "Economic patronage by wealthy and powerful individuals has at many times played a part in the encouragement of artistic production. Probably many a savage tribe had its Maecenas." Maecenas is celebrated for this role in two poems,

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1568-408: The highest education of his time. His great wealth may have been in part hereditary, but he owed his position and influence to his close connection with the emperor Augustus. He first appears in history in 40 BC, when he was employed by Octavian in arranging his marriage with Scribonia , and afterwards in assisting to negotiate the Treaty of Brundisium and the reconciliation with Mark Antony . As

1617-501: The ironic elegies of Book III. But if the motive of his patronage had been merely political, it never could have inspired the affection which it did in its recipients. The great charm of Maecenas in his relation to the men of genius who formed his circle was his simplicity, cordiality and sincerity. Although not particular in the choice of some of the associates of his pleasures, he admitted none but men of worth to his intimacy, and when once admitted they were treated like equals. Much of

1666-629: The king soon after the end of the Hundred years war. The French dramatist Alexandre Dumas made the château de Montsoreau world famous with his trilogy on the French Wars of Religion of which the lady of Monsoreau is the second volume. The Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte is a baroque French château located in Maincy , near Melun , 55 km southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne département of France. It

1715-546: The medieval Château du Rivau close to Chinon which were built of the local tuffeau stone. The Château de Chenonceau is a French château spanning the river Cher, near the small village of Chenonceaux in the Indre-et-Loire department of the Loire Valley in France. It is one of the best-known châteaux of the Loire Valley. The estate of Chenonceau is first mentioned in writing in the 11th century. The current château

1764-496: The novel's narrator Nick Carraway hopes to find in the books he buys for his home library. Maecenas is a supporting character in William Shakespeare 's play Antony and Cleopatra , in which he is presented as a level-headed and loyal lieutenant to Octavian; Enobarbus describes him as 'half the heart of Caesar'. Maecenas was portrayed by Alex Wyndham in the second season of the 2005 HBO television series Rome . He

1813-506: The residences could vary considerably, from grand châteaux owned by royalty and the wealthy elite near larger towns to run-down châteaux vacated by poor nobility and officials in the countryside, isolated and vulnerable. A château was historically supported by its terres (lands), composing a demesne that rendered the society of the château largely self-sufficient, in the manner of the historic Roman and early medieval villa system (cf. manorialism , hacienda ). The open villas of Rome in

1862-506: The times of Pliny the Elder , Maecenas , and Emperor Tiberius began to be walled-in, and then fortified in the 3rd century AD, thus evolving to castellar "châteaux". In modern usage, a château retains some enclosures that are distant descendants of these fortifying outworks : a fenced, gated, closeable forecourt, perhaps a gatehouse or a keeper's lodge, and supporting outbuildings (stables, kitchens, breweries, bakeries, manservant quarters in

1911-599: The use of rare words and awkward transpositions. According to Dio Cassius , Maecenas was also the inventor of a system of shorthand . Maecenas sited his famous gardens, the first gardens in the Hellenistic - Persian garden style in Rome, on the Esquiline Hill , atop the Servian Wall and its adjoining necropolis , near the gardens of Lamia. It contained terraces , libraries, and other aspects of Roman culture. Maecenas

1960-707: The wisdom of Maecenas probably lives in the Satires and Epistles of Horace. It has fallen to the lot of no other patron of literature to have his name associated with works of such lasting interest as the Georgics of Virgil, the first three books of Horace's Odes , and the first book of his Epistles. Two poems in the Appendix Vergiliana are elegies to him. Virgil cannot have written them, as he died eleven years before Maecenas; they may have been written by Albinovanus Pedo . Maecenas also wrote literature himself in both prose and verse, which are now lost literary work . The some twenty fragments that remain show that he

2009-521: The word palais is rarely used for buildings other than the grandest royal residences. The term hôtel particulier is used in French for an urban "private house" of a grand sort. A château is a "power house", as Sir John Summerson dubbed the British and Irish " stately homes " that are the British Isles' architectural counterparts to French châteaux. It is the personal (and usually hereditary) badge of

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2058-459: The word "château" is appropriate in English. Sometimes the word "palace" is more appropriate. To give an outstanding example, the Château de Versailles , also called in French le palais de Versailles , is so-called because it was located in the countryside when it was built, but it does not bear any resemblance to a castle, so it is usually known in English as the Palace of Versailles. When clarification

2107-473: Was built by Louis Le Vau from 1658 to 1661 for Nicolas Fouquet , Marquis de Belle-Isle ( Belle-Île-en-Mer ), Viscount of Melun and Vaux, the superintendent of finances of Louis XIV . The interior was lavishly decorated by painter Charles Le Brun . Louis Le Vau as well as Charles Le Brun were later called by Louis XIV to work at Versailles. The Palace of Versailles , or in French Château de Versailles ,

2156-467: Was built in 1514–1522 on the foundations of an old mill and was later extended to span the river. The bridge over the river was built from 1556 to 1559 to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l'Orme , and the gallery on the bridge, built from 1570 to 1576 to designs by Jean Bullant . Built by Jules Hardouin-Mansart , 1675–1683 for the duc de Chevreuse , Colbert 's son-in-law,

2205-412: Was emulated in other French regions and outside France. The winery denomination Château is now protected by French law, and confirmed in 1981 by European Union law, as "traditional appellation". The term Château may be used only if two conditions are fulfilled: The Loire Valley (Vallée de la Loire) is home to more than 300 châteaux . They were built between the 10th and 20th centuries, firstly by

2254-416: Was exercised, not from vanity or a mere dilettante love of letters, but with a view to the higher interest of the state. He recognized in the genius of the poets of that time not only the truest ornament of the court, but the power of reconciling men's minds to the new order of things, and of investing the actual state of affairs with an ideal glory and majesty . The change in seriousness of purpose between

2303-407: Was implicated, but according to Cassius Dio (writing in the early 3rd century AD) it was due to the emperor's relations with Terentia. Maecenas died in 8 BC, leaving the emperor sole heir to his wealth. Opinions were much divided in ancient times as to his personal character; but the testimony as to his administrative and diplomatic ability was unanimous. He enjoyed the credit of sharing largely in

2352-448: Was laid out by André Le Notre . The Château de Montsoreau is the only Château of the Loire Valley to have been built directly in the Loire riverbed. It is also one of the first example of a renaissance architecture in France. Montsoreau was built in 1453 by Jean II de Chambes (first counsellor of Charles VII of France and ambassador of France to Venice and to Turkey ) by order of

2401-428: Was less successful as an author than as a judge and patron of literature. His prose works on various subjects – Prometheus , dialogues like Symposium (a banquet at which Virgil, Horace, and Messalla were present), De cultu suo (on his manner of life), and a poem In Octaviam ("Against Octavia ") of which the content is unclear – were ridiculed by Augustus, Seneca , and Quintilian for their strange style ,

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