Misplaced Pages

#80919

30-573: The Bayandur are known from Arab and Persian sources. The Bayandur was one of the 7 original tribes that made up the Kimek confederation, along with the Imur/Imi, Imak Tatar , Kipchak , Lanikaz and Ajlad . The Kimek tribes originated in the Central Asian steppes, and had migrated to the territory of present-day Kazakhstan . The Bayandur, as part of the Kimek, were mentioned by Gardizi . The Bayandur left

60-411: A dynastic tribe of Turkic-speaking monoglots . This may suggest that Indo-European peoples underwent language replacement , in the form of " Turkification ", had occurred. The Azi were also alternatively proposed to be Yeniseian -speaking, as Vasily Bartold noted the similarities between Old Turkic 𐰔 Az and the ethnonym Assan of a people who spoke an extinct Yeniseic Kott dialect. In 448

90-518: A grandson of Oghuz Khagan , the legendary ancestor of Oghuz Turks . Professor G. L. Lewis: The Ak-koyunlu Sultans claimed descent from Bayindir Khan and it is likely, on the face of it, that the Book of Dede Korkut was composed under their patronage. The snag about this is that in the Ak-koyunlu genealogy Bayindir's father is named as Gok ('Sky') Khan, son of the eponymous Oghuz Khan, whereas in our book he

120-414: Is named as Kam Ghan, a name otherwise unknown. In default of any better explanation, I therefore incline to the belief that the book was composed before Ak-koyunlu rulers had decided who their ancestors where. It was in 1403 that they ceased to be tribal chiefs and became Sultans, so we may assume that their official genealogy was formulated round about that date. Uzun Hasan used to assert the claim that he

150-608: The Čigil , a Middle Turkic -speaking tribe "opposing Rūm " mentioned by 10th century Karakhanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari ; still, Atwood (2010) doubts this Chuyue-Chigil identification and notes that Chuyue is phonetically closer to the Chunghyl "bones" of the Yugurs . The Chumi (處密) tribe may be identified with the Čömül , another tribe opposing Rūm and spoke both Middle Turkic and their own "gibberish" (Ar. رَطَانَة‎ raṭāna ). The Chumukun (處木昆) were identified by Gumilyov with

180-615: The Altï Čub Soğdak with the Sogdian-populated "Six Barbarian Prefectures" (六胡州 Liùhúzhōu) of Lu 魯, Li 麗, Han 含 (or She 舍), Sai 塞, Yi 依, and Qi 契, established by Tang Chinese in 679 from "surrendered Turks" (降突厥), "originally a Sogdian people who had submitted collectively to the Eastern Turks" Later on, Altï Čub Soğdak were mentioned in Kul Tegin inscription as enemies of

210-670: The Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei received an envoy from the Yueban to negotiate a war with the Rouran . If the Yueban would pressure them from the west, the Rouran would lose any freedom to maneuver. Though no direct records exist about the war in Dzungaria, by the course of the events, there was no peace, and the nomadic empire of Rouran began to decline. In the late 5th century the Yueban were attacked by

240-510: The Ibilkur , and associated them with Külüg-Külchur. They were the only Chuy tribe that in the middle of the 8th century preserved their independence, in spite of being sandwiched between Karluks and Turgesh. Their possessions were on the west side of the Tarbagatai range. Chinese chroniclers listed Chumukun (處木昆), led by a * Külüg čor ([屈]律啜 [Qu]lü chuo ), as the first of five Duolu tribes in

270-667: The Second Turkic Khaganate , and they were conquered by Bilge Khagan in 701. The Six Prefectures also revolted against Tang, until Tang army dispersed them in 722. According to the Book of Wei , the Yuebans' language and customs were the same as the Gaoche , who were Turkic speakers . Yuebans cut their hair and trimmed their ghee-smeared, sun-dried, glossy eyebrows evenly, and washed before meals three times every day. Between 155 and 166,

300-681: The Tiele , who had split from the Rouran in 487. The Yueban principality ceased to existed during the 480s and split into four tribes, known as the Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun, and Chuban. The dominance of Yueban's Tiele enemies was short-lived: first, the Hephthalites conquered the Tiele (495-496), followed by the Rouran in 530s and finally in 551, the Turks, as Rouran's vassals, again quelled Tiele's rebellion. Nevertheless,

330-703: The Toquz Tatars , in alliance with the Sekiz-Oghuz (i.e. "Eight Oghuzes", denoting the eight tribes who revolted against the leading Uyghur tribe ), unsuccessfully revolted against Uyghur Khagan Bayanchur , who was consolidating power between 744 and 750 CE. After being defeated three times, half of the Oghuz & Tatar rebels rejoined the Uyghurs, while the other half fled to an unknown people, who were identified as Khitans or Karluks . According to Senga and Klyashtorny, part of

SECTION 10

#1732852683081

360-582: The Turkmen tribes of Gökleň and Çandyr . Tatars (Kimek) The Tatar were one of the seven original Turkic tribes that made up the Kimek confederation , along with the Imur, Yemek , Bayandur , Kipchak , Lanikaz and Ajlad . The Tatār were the third in order. The Kimek tribes originated in the Central Asian steppes, and had migrated to the territory of present-day Kazakhstan . The Tatar, as part of

390-501: The Xianbei (* Särpi ) (Ch. 鮮卑, Wade–Giles Hsien-pi, Hsien-pei), a former vassal tribe of the Xiongnu , united under Tanshihuai conducted a series of campaigns against Northern Xiongnu , eventually defeating them and forcing them to flee west, which started a series of Xiongnu migrations (93 CE - circa 380 CE) westward to southern Siberia and Central Asia. The defeat ended the prominence of

420-571: The Xiongnu confederation. About 480s, the Yueban split into four Chuy tribes: Chuyue (處月), Chumi (處密), Chumukun (處木昆), and Chuban (處半). One Yueban branch, Chuyue, later intermixing with Göktürks , formed the Shatuo of the Western Göktürk Khaganate . The Yueban-descended Shatuo played an important role in Chinese dynastic history. In the 10th century the remaining Shatuo branch of

450-620: The prefecture 咽麫 Yànmiàn (supposedly from MC < * iet-mien < * ermen ~ örmen ?) at the Irtysh headwaters in the 7th century. Meanwhile, Vladimir Tishin compared 咽麫 Yànmiàn (< LMC * ʔjianˊ-mjianˋ < EMC * ʔɛn -mjian < * Emän ) to the names of the Chumukun's "town of Yan" (咽城) and the Emel River . Gumilyov further identified Yueban with the Altï Čub Soğdak "Six Prefectures' Sogdians". Meanwhile, Sergey Klyashtorny identified

480-964: The Chinese state Hou Tang (923-936) in Northern China, and adopted a Chinese surname Li (李). The Shatuo had a predominant Dragon cult. Later Tang's founder Li Keyong also came from the Dragon tribe. The annals even noted that the Shatuo were praying "old services following the custom of the North" at the Thunder-mountain, at the Gates of Dragon. Within China, Chuy Shatuo became active adherents and protectors of Buddhism and Taoism , and initiated construction of many Buddhist temples. Subsequent to Shatuo, most of these temples were demolished. The Chuyue (處月) were often identified with

510-632: The Chuy tribe possibly joined Mongolic-speaking Tatar confederation in the territory of the modern Mongolia , and became known as Ongud or White Tatars branch of the Tatars. Another Yueban-descended tribe, Chumukun, might be associated with the Kimek confederation . Yury Zuev reconstructed 悅般 Yueban' s underlying form as * Örpen ~ Ürpen , identifiable with the toponym Örpün mentioned in Bilge Khagan inscription . Zuev also compared * Örpen ~ Ürpen to

540-654: The Kimek and joined the Oghuz . After disintegrating, half of the tribe united with the Kipchaks . While part of the Oghuz, they were mentioned by Kashgari . They were described in the Russian Annals on 11th-century events while part of the Kipchaks. The Aq Qoyunlu was referred to as Bayanduriyye in Iranian and Ottoman sources. Their Sultans claimed descent from Bayindir Khan, which was

570-553: The Kimek, were mentioned by Gardizi (d. 1061). According to R. Fakhroutdinov, these Tatars 'were a branch of the ancient Tatar population that went to the west after the collapse of the Eastern Turkic kaganate'. Mahmud al-Kashgari noted that the Tatars are bilingual, speaking in Turkic alongside their own language. Golden proposed that Tatars were Turkified Mongolic speakers. Mahmut Kashgari , an 11th-century historian, lists

600-524: The Northern Xiongnu in Zhetysu , now part of modern-day Kazakhstan . In Chinese literature they are commonly called Yueban. The Yuebans gained their own visibility after disintegration of the Northern Xiongnu state, because unlike the main body of the Northern Xiongnu, who escaped from the Chinese sphere of knowledge, the Yueban tribes remained closer to China. The Yueban emerged after the disintegration of

630-572: The On-Ok union. Based on a reconstruction of Yueban history, Lev Gumilev argued against a then-widespread view that the Rouran were synonymous with the " Avars " or "Pseudo-Avars" (who attacked the Sabirs before invading Eastern Europe), because the Rouran would have had to pass through the Yueban state to attack the Sabirs. No records address the Yueban religion, though Chinese annals depict some manifestations of religious rites and magic. A narration about

SECTION 20

#1732852683081

660-631: The Tatārs as one of ten prominent Turkic tribes and enumerates the locations of the Turkic polities from the borders of the Eastern Roman Empire to the borders of China in the following sequence: Kashgari also noted that "Among the nomadic peoples are the Čömül - they have a gibberish ( raṭāna [رَطَانَة]) of their own, but also know Turkic; also Qāy , Yabāqu , Tatār and Basmil - each of these groups has its own language, but they also know Turkic well". The Shine Usu inscription mentioned that

690-823: The Tianshan slopes in the 2nd century, retaining their independence for some time as the Western Xianbei Horde. Zhetysu was also populated by the Azi (who lived between Suyab and Uzkent ) and the Tuhsi . The Azi and Tuhsi are sometimes linked to Asii and Tukharas ; Indo-European peoples who had conquered Bactria six centuries earlier, and formed the Kushan Empire . According to Persian historian Gardizi , Azi and Tuhsi were remnants of Türgesh , along with Khalaj . Karakhanid linguist Mahmud Kashgari described Tuhsi as

720-493: The Toquz-Tatar rebels fled westwards from the Uyghurs to the Irtysh river basin, where they later organized the Kipchaks and other tribal groupings (either already there or also newly arrived) into the Kimek tribal union. Yueban Yueban ( Chinese : 悅般 ) ( Middle Chinese : */jiuᴇt̚-pˠan/ < Late Han Chinese : */jyat-pɑn/ ), colloquially: "Weak Xiongnu ", was the name used by Chinese historians for remnants of

750-737: The Xiongnu as a major power in inner Asia. Tanshihuai expelled the Xiongnu from Dzungaria to beyond the Tarbagatai Mountains , and pushed the Dingling beyond the Sayan Mountains . The defeat had cost the Xiongnu their revenue from the Silk Road in the agricultural dependencies in the Tarim Basin ("Western Territories", Xiyu or Xinjian of the Chinese annals), forcing them to find new dependencies, and

780-461: The Xiongnu split again. Tribes known as the "Weak Xiongnu" or Yueban took advantage of the vulnerability of the neighboring Uar (a people possibly linked to the Hephthalites and/or the " Avars " who later invaded Eastern Europe) and conquered Zhetysu , where they established the principality of Yueban. Later, some Uar returned to Zhetysu, and in cooperation with the Mukrins , a Xianbei tribe, occupied

810-551: The Yuebans tells about sorcerers, able to cause frost and rainstorm. During a war with the Rouran, Chuban sorcerers incited a snowstorm against them, making the Rouran so frostbitten they had to stop their campaign and retreat. A similar legend is later told about the Eurasian Avars sorcerers in their war with the Franks , and Naiman sorcerers against Chingis-Khan . The Manichaean Chuyue tribe's descendants, Shatuo, later founded

840-854: The four splinter tribes still became major players in the First Turkic Khaganate . After the First Khaganate's disintegration, Chumukun were in the Duolu wing, whereas Chuban were in both Duolu and Nushibi wings of the Western Turkic Khaganate On Oq (Ten Arrows) elites. Much later, Chuyue branch, intermixing with Göktürk remnants, formed the Shatuo tribe in Southern Dzungaria , west of Lake Barkol . An 8th-century Tibetan geographer mentioned Chumuhuns in Altai and south of it as

870-826: The tamga of the Bayandur tribe the symbol of his state. For this reason, the Bayandur tamga is found in Aq Qoyunlu coins, their official documents, inscriptions and flags. Today in Turkmenistan , there is a village called Baýyndyroý in the Konye-Urgench district of the Daşoguz Region and a spring called Bagandar in Magtymguly District of the Balkan Region . There are also urug s (small clans) called Baýyndyr among

900-412: Was an "honorable descendant of Oghuz Khan and his grandson, Bayandur Khan". In a letter dating to the year 1470, which was sent to Şehzade Bayezid , the-then governor of Amasya , Uzun Hasan wrote that those from the Bayandur and Bayat tribes, as well as other tribes that belonged to the "Oghuz il", and formerly inhabited Mangyshlak , Khwarazm and Turkestan , came and served in his court. He also made

#80919