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58-561: Batumi ( / b ɑː ˈ t uː m i / ; Georgian : ბათუმი pronounced [ˈbatʰumi] ), historically Batum or Batoum , is the second-largest city of Georgia and the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara , located on the coast of the Black Sea in Georgia's southwest, 20 kilometers north of the border with Turkey . It is situated in a subtropical zone at

116-451: A vigesimal numeric system like Basque and (partially) French . Numbers greater than 20 and less than 100 are described as the sum of the greatest possible multiple of 20 plus the remainder. For example, "93" literally translates as 'four times twenty plus thirteen' ( ოთხმოცდაცამეტი , otkhmotsdatsamet’i ). One of the most important Georgian dictionaries is the Explanatory dictionary of

174-552: A Roman grammarian from the 2nd century AD. The first direct attestations of the language are inscriptions and palimpsests dating to the 5th century, and the oldest surviving literary work is the 5th century Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik by Iakob Tsurtaveli . The emergence of Georgian as a written language appears to have been the result of the Christianization of Georgia in the mid-4th century, which led to

232-665: A capital-like effect called Mtavruli for titles and inscriptions. Georgian is an agglutinative language with a complex verb structure that can include up to eight morphemes , exhibiting polypersonalism . The language has seven noun cases and employs a left-branching structure with adjectives preceding nouns and postpositions instead of prepositions. Georgian lacks grammatical gender and articles, with definite meanings established through context. Georgian's rich derivation system allows for extensive noun and verb formation from roots, with many words featuring initial consonant clusters. The Georgian writing system has evolved from ancient scripts to

290-631: A century later and inflicted a decisive defeat on the Georgian armies at Sokhoista . Batumi was recaptured by the Georgians several times, first in 1546 by prince Rostom Gurieli , who lost it soon afterwards, and again in 1609 by Mamia II Gurieli . In 1703, Batumi again became part of the Ottoman Empire. In the one-and-a-half century of Ottoman rule it grew into a provincial port serving the Empire's hinterlands on

348-490: A ri means 'friend'; megobrebi ( megob Ø rebi ) means 'friends', with the loss of a in the last syllable of the word stem. Georgian has seven noun cases: nominative , ergative , dative , genitive , instrumental , adverbial and vocative . An interesting feature of Georgian is that, while the subject of a sentence is generally in the nominative case and the object is in the accusative case (or dative), one can find this reversed in many situations (this depends mainly on

406-399: A row, as may be seen in words like გვფრცქვნ ი gvprtskvni 'you peel us' and მწვრთნ ელი mts’vrtneli 'trainer'. Vicenik has observed that Georgian vowels following ejective stops have creaky voice and suggests this may be one cue distinguishing ejectives from their aspirated and voiced counterparts. Georgian has been written in a variety of scripts over its history. Currently

464-678: A squadron of four galleys built or hired at Nice and Venice , commanded by Waleran de Wavrin, to join Pope Eugene IV 's planned Crusade. De Wavrin's four galleys sailed in July 1444 but failed to stop Murad II 's Anatolian army from crossing the Bosporus . De Thoisy joined de Wavrin's squadron at Constantinople , where the latter had gone to spend the winter. In the meantime, the crusading army led by Wladyslaw III of Poland (Ulaszlo I as king of Hungary ) and Janos Hunyadi had been severely defeated by

522-589: A word. Georgian vowels in non-initial syllables are pronounced with a shorter duration compared to vowels in initial syllables. long polysyllabic words may have a secondary stress on their third or fourth syllable. Georgian contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (voiced, aspirated, or ejective) that are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. ბგ ერა bgera 'sound', ცხ ოვრება tskhovreba 'life', and წყ ალი ts’q’ali 'water'. There are also frequent consonant clusters , sometimes involving more than six consonants in

580-426: Is Eastern Orthodox Christian , and they primarily adhere to the national Georgian Orthodox Church . Muslims make up 25,3% of population, while there are also Catholic , Armenian Apostolic , Jehovah's Witness, Seventh-day Adventist , and Jewish communities. The main places of worship in the city are: Batumi has 18 various museums, including State Art Museum of Adjara . Rugby Union club Batumi RC competes in

638-613: Is because syllables in the language often begin with two consonants. Recordings are available on the relevant Wiktionary entries, linked to below. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Geoffroy de Thoisy Geoffroy de Thoisy , chevalier seigneur de Mimeure , was a Burgundian naval commander and Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece involved in Philip

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696-493: Is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony in Colchis called " Bathus" or " Bathys" , derived from ( Ancient Greek : βαθύς λιμεν , bathus limen ; or βαθύς λιμήν , bathys limēn ; lit. the 'deep harbor'). Under Hadrian ( c.  117–138 AD ), it was converted into a fortified Roman port and later deserted for the fortress of Petra founded in the time of Justinian I ( c.  527–565 ). Garrisoned by

754-512: Is most closely related to the Zan languages ( Megrelian and Laz ) and more distantly to Svan . Georgian has various dialects , with standard Georgian based on the Kartlian dialect, and all dialects are mutually intelligible. The history of Georgian spans from Early Old Georgian in the 5th century, to Modern Georgian today. Its development as a written language began with the Christianization of Georgia in

812-585: Is one of the contemporary buildings with unique architecture by the beach. Novelty architecture in Batumi includes: Attractions include Of the 4,970 inhabitants in 1872, about 4,500 were Muslim ( Adjarians , Turks , Circassians , and Abkhazians ). In the 1897 census, the Orthodox Christian population was 15,495 (mostly Slavs) while Muslims numbered 3,156, including some of whom were citizens of Turkey. As of 2014, out of 152,839 inhabitants of Batumi, 68,7%

870-947: Is rather light, and in fact Georgian transliterates the tenuis stops in foreign words and names with the ejectives. The coronal occlusives ( /tʰ tʼ d n/ , not necessarily affricates) are variously described as apical dental, laminal alveolar, and "dental". Per Canepari, the main realizations of the vowels are [ i ], [ e̞ ], [ ä ], [ o̞ ], [ u ]. Aronson describes their realizations as [ i̞ ], [ e̞ ], [ ä ] (but "slightly fronted"), [ o̞ ], [ u̞ ]. Shosted transcribed one speaker's pronunciation more-or-less consistently with [ i ], [ ɛ ], [ ɑ ], [ ɔ ], [ u ]. Allophonically, [ ə ] may be inserted to break up consonant clusters, as in /dɡas/ [dəɡäs] . In casual speech, /iV, Vi/ sequences can be realized phonetically as [jV~i̯V, Vj~Vi̯]. Phrase-final unstressed vowels may sometimes be partially reduced. Prosody in Georgian involves stress, intonation, and rhythm. Stress

928-415: Is the hottest month, with an average temperature of 22 °C (72 °F). The absolute minimum recorded temperature is −6 °C (21 °F), and the absolute maximum is 40 °C (104 °F). The number of days with daily temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F) is 239. The city receives 1958 hours of sunshine per year. Batumi's average annual precipitation is 2,435 mm (95.9 in). November

986-420: Is the wettest month with an average of 312 mm (12.3 in) of precipitation, while May is the driest, averaging 84 mm (3.3 in). Batumi receives snow most years, but it is often limited in amount (accumulating snowfall of more than 30 cm (11.8 in) is rare), and the number of days with snow cover for the year is 12. The average level of relative humidity ranges from 70 to 80%. According to

1044-401: Is very weak, and linguists disagree as to where stress occurs in words. Jun, Vicenik, and Lofstedt have proposed that Georgian stress and intonation are the result of pitch accents on the first syllable of a word and near the end of a phrase. According to Borise, Georgian has fixed initial word-level stress cued primarily by greater syllable duration and intensity of the initial syllable of

1102-452: The Dittionario giorgiano e italiano . These were meant to help western Catholic missionaries learn Georgian for evangelical purposes. On the left are IPA symbols, and on the right are the corresponding letters of the modern Georgian alphabet, which is essentially phonemic. Former /qʰ/ ( ჴ ) has merged with /x/ ( ხ ), leaving only the latter. The glottalization of the ejectives

1160-494: The Mkhedruli script is almost completely dominant; the others are used mostly in religious documents and architecture. Mkhedruli has 33 letters in common use; a half dozen more are obsolete in Georgian, though still used in other alphabets, like Mingrelian, Laz, and Svan. The letters of Mkhedruli correspond closely to the phonemes of the Georgian language. According to the traditional account written down by Leonti Mroveli in

1218-864: The Batum Okrug was established as the Batum Oblast and placed under the direct administration of the Viceroy of the Caucasus . The expansion of Batumi began with the construction of the Batumi– Tiflis – Baku Transcaucasus Railway (completed in 1883), and the Baku –Batumi pipeline which opened in 1907. Henceforth, Batumi became the chief Russian oil port in the Black Sea. The population increased rapidly doubling within 20 years: from 8,671 inhabitants in 1882 to 12,000 in 1889. By 1902

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1276-664: The Bolsheviks who reconquered the Transcaucasian republics, on the condition that it be granted autonomy for the sake of the Muslims among Batumi's mixed population. When Georgia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Aslan Abashidze was appointed head of Adjara's governing council and subsequently held onto power throughout the unrest of the 1990s. While Abkhazia and South Ossetia areas attempted to break away from

1334-506: The Georgian Orthodox Church and together are called Khutsuri 'priest alphabet'. In Mkhedruli , there is no case. Sometimes, however, a capital-like effect, called Mtavruli ('title' or 'heading'), is achieved by modifying the letters so that their vertical sizes are identical and they rest on the baseline with no descenders. These capital-like letters are often used in page headings, chapter titles, monumental inscriptions, and

1392-452: The Kartlian dialect. Over the centuries, it has exerted a strong influence on the other dialects. As a result, they are all, generally, mutually intelligible with standard Georgian, and with one another. The history of the Georgian language is conventionally divided into the following phases: The earliest extant references to Georgian are found in the writings of Marcus Cornelius Fronto ,

1450-511: The Pope . However, some Greeks from Trebizond informed the Georgians who, when they saw the galley coming, took up arms and waited in ambush. As soon as Thoisy landed at the port of Vaty ( Batumi ), the ambushers attacked, killing many of his men and taking him captive. The ones who managed to escape fled to the Genoese port of Caffa (modern Feodosiya , Ukraine ) and reported to de Wavrin who dispatched

1508-583: The Treaty of Batum of June 1918 between the Ottoman Empire and the new Democratic Republic of Georgia . As result of the end of World War I the British took control over Batumi from December 1918, who stayed until July 1920 when the city and province was transferred to the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which gave Adjara autonomy. In 1921 Kemal Atatürk ceded the northern part of Adjara, including Batumi, to

1566-456: The disintegration of the Georgian kingdom , Batumi passed to the princes ( mtavari , მთავარი ) of Guria , a western Georgian principality under the sovereignty of the kings of Imereti . A curious incident occurred in 1444 when a Burgundian flotilla, after a failed crusade against the Ottoman Empire , penetrated the Black Sea and engaged in piracy along its eastern coastline until

1624-452: The 11th century, the first Georgian script was created by the first ruler of the Kingdom of Iberia , Pharnavaz , in the 3rd century BC. The first examples of a Georgian script date from the 5th century AD. There are now three Georgian scripts, called Asomtavruli 'capitals', Nuskhuri 'small letters', and Mkhedruli . The first two are used together as upper and lower case in the writings of

1682-516: The 31 March 2008, decision of the Batumi City Council, Batumi is divided into seven boroughs, those of: Batumi's skyline has been transformed since 2007 with remarkable buildings and monuments of contemporary architecture, including: A large Kempinski hotel and casino is to open in 2013, a Hilton Hotel as well as a 47-storey Trump Tower is also planned. Alliance Privilege, a building compromising Marriot Hotel, Casino and serviced apartments

1740-548: The 4th century. Georgian phonology features a rich consonant system, including aspirated, voiced, and ejective stops , affricates , and fricatives . Its vowel system consists of five vowels with varying realizations. Georgian prosody involves weak stress, with disagreements among linguists on its placement. The language's phonotactics include complex consonant clusters and harmonic clusters. The Mkhedruli script , dominant in modern usage, corresponds closely to Georgian phonemes and has no case distinction, though it employs

1798-506: The Burgundians under the knight Geoffroy de Thoisy were ambushed while landing to raid Vaty, as Europeans then knew Batumi. De Thoisy was taken captive and released through the mediation of the emperor John IV of Trebizond . In the 15th century in the reign of the prince Kakhaber Gurieli , the Ottomans conquered the town and its district but did not hold them. They returned to it in force

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1856-734: The Georgian Didi 10 and previously competed in the Pan-European Rugby Europe Super Cup . Football club FC Dinamo Batumi play at the Batumi stadium . A sculpture by Tamara Kvesitadze of two standing figures on the seashore shows the story first told in the 1937 Austrian novel, Ali and Nino , of lovers who are parted after World War I. Each day, the two figures move toward each other but never stay together. Ali, an Azerbaijani Muslim, falls in love with Georgian princess, Nino, but sadly, after they are finally able to get together,

1914-568: The Georgian language ( ქართული ენის განმარტებითი ლექსიკონი ). It consists of eight volumes and about 115,000 words. It was produced between 1950 and 1964, by a team of linguists under the direction of Arnold Chikobava . Georgian has a word derivation system, which allows the derivation of nouns from verb roots both with prefixes and suffixes, for example: It is also possible to derive verbs from nouns: Likewise, verbs can be derived from adjectives, for example: In Georgian many nouns and adjectives begin with two or more contiguous consonants. This

1972-430: The Georgian state, Adjara remained an integral part of the republic. Instead, Abashidze turned Adjara into his personal fiefdom. In May 2004, he fled to Russia after mass protests in Batumi, which concluded the 2004 Adjara crisis . Batumi today is one of the main port cities of Georgia. It has the capacity for 80,000-ton tankers to take materials such as oil that are shipped through Georgia from Central Asia. Additionally,

2030-621: The Good ’s Crusade endeavors in the 1440s. He commanded a Burgundian flotilla organized by Philip III the Good , Duke of Burgundy ( r.  1419–1467 ) in May 1441 at the request from the Knights Hospitaller to help defend Rhodes against the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt . The duke went in person to Sluis to see off his flotilla. Throughout 1442, de Thoisy's force was based at Rhodes, harassing

2088-504: The Hospitaller knight Sir Regnault de Confide to ask the Emperor of Trebizond to mediate for Thoisy's release. The Emperor was quick to send to Georgia and, by these means, Sir Geoffrey was set free. He was put safely on board the galley and sailed to Caffa, capturing on the way two Greek vessels with cargoes of fish. Eventually, de Thoisy's piracy led to a protest from the government of Genoa to

2146-563: The Imperial government over its refusal to serve in the military and other positions. Canada settled them in Manitoba and Saskatchewan . During 1901, sixteen years prior to the October Revolution , Joseph Stalin , the future leader of the Soviet Union , lived in the city organizing strikes. On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gave the city back to the Ottoman Empire, confirmed in

2204-712: The Muslim shipping and coastline. Having refitted at Villefranche , it was again in action off the North African coast and Rhodes in 1444. When a second Mamluk fleet assailed the island, the Burgundians helped the Hospitallers lift the siege of the town of Rhodes which lasted for forty days. Next, in response to the Byzantine appeal for help against the Ottoman advance, Philip instructed de Thoisy to lead his squadron to reinforce

2262-533: The Roman- Byzantine forces, it was formally a possession of the kingdom of Lazica until being occupied briefly by the Arabs , who did not hold it; In 780 Lazica fell to kingdom of Abkhazia via a dynastic union; the latter led the unification of the Georgian monarchy in the 11th century. From 1010, it was governed by the eristavi ( ერისთავი , viceroy) of the king of Georgia. In the late 15th century, after

2320-403: The character of the verb). This is called the dative construction . In the past tense of the transitive verbs, and in the present tense of the verb "to know", the subject is in the ergative case. Georgian has a rich word-derivation system. By using a root, and adding some definite prefixes and suffixes, one can derive many nouns and adjectives from the root. For example, from the root - kart -,

2378-468: The city exports regional agricultural products. Since 1995 the freight conversion of the port has constantly risen, with an approximate 8 million tons in 2001. The annual revenue from the port is estimated at between $ 200 million and $ 300 million. Since the change of power in Adjara, Batumi has attracted international investors, and the prices of real estate in the city have trebled since 2001. In July 2007,

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2436-452: The current Mkhedruli, used for most purposes. The language has a robust grammatical framework with unique features such as syncope in morphophonology and a left-branching syntax. Georgian's vocabulary is highly derivational, allowing for diverse word formations, while its numeric system is vigesimal. No claimed genetic links between the Kartvelian languages and any other language family in

2494-511: The eastern fringes of the Black Sea . After the Ottoman conquest, Islamization of the hitherto Christian region began but this was terminated and to a great degree reversed, after the area was annexed to Russian Imperial Georgia after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 . It was the last Black Sea port annexed by Russia during the Russian conquest of that area of the Caucasus. In 1878, Batumi

2552-469: The expenses for the re-equipment of his ships at Trebizond with five slave-women, worth in all 164 ducats . Then, de Thoisy decided to continue to the coast of Georgia , hoping to capture vessels carrying silk. Although the Emperor of Trebizond warned him that the people of Georgia were Christians, de Thoisy went ahead with his campaign, claiming that his orders were to fight all schismatics who did not obey

2610-498: The following words can be derived: Kart veli ('a Georgian person'), Kart uli ('the Georgian language') and Sa kart velo ('the country of Georgia'). Most Georgian surnames end in - dze 'son' (Western Georgia), - shvili 'child' (Eastern Georgia), - ia (Western Georgia, Samegrelo ), - ani (Western Georgia, Svaneti ), - uri (Eastern Georgia), etc. The ending - eli is a particle of nobility, comparable to French de , Dutch van , German von or Polish - ski . Georgian has

2668-1128: The foot of the Caucasus . Much of Batumi's economy revolves around tourism and gambling (it is nicknamed "The Las Vegas of the Black Sea"), but the city is also an important seaport and includes industries like shipbuilding , food processing and light manufacturing . Since 2010, Batumi has been transformed by the construction of modern high-rise buildings, as well as the restoration of classical 19th-century edifices lining its historic Old Town.   Lazica (to 780) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Abkhazia , 780–1010 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Georgia , 1010–1455 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Imereti , 1455–1703 [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire , 1703–1878 [REDACTED] Russian Empire , 1878–1918 [REDACTED] British Empire , 1918–1920 [REDACTED] Dem. Rep. of Georgia , 1920–1921 [REDACTED] USSR ( Adj. ASSR in G.SSR ) 1921–1991 [REDACTED]   Adjara ( de facto independent, de jure part of Georgia ) 1991–2004 [REDACTED]   Georgia ( AR of Adjara ), 1991 (2004)–present Batumi

2726-498: The like. This is the Georgian standard keyboard layout. The standard Windows keyboard is essentially that of manual typewriters . Georgian is an agglutinative language . Certain prefixes and suffixes can be joined in order to build a verb. In some cases, one verb can have up to eight different morphemes in it at the same time. An example is ageshenebinat ('you [all] should've built [it]'). The verb can be broken down to parts: a-g-e-shen-eb-in-a-t . Each morpheme here contributes to

2784-472: The meaning of the verb tense or the person who has performed the verb. The verb conjugation also exhibits polypersonalism ; a verb may potentially include morphemes representing both the subject and the object. In Georgian morphophonology , syncope is a common phenomenon. When a suffix (especially the plural suffix - eb -) is attached to a word that has either of the vowels a or e in the last syllable, this vowel is, in most words, lost. For example, megob

2842-434: The onshore flow from the Black Sea and is subject to the orographic effect of the nearby hills and mountains, resulting in significant rainfall throughout most of the year, making Batumi the wettest city in both Georgia and the entire Caucasus Region. The average annual temperature in Batumi is approximately 14 °C (57 °F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 5 °C (41 °F). August

2900-410: The population had reached 16,000, with 1,000 working in the refinery for Baron Rothschild 's Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company . In the late 1880s and after, more than 7,400 Doukhobor emigrants sailed for Canada from Batumi, after the government agreed to let them emigrate. Quakers and Tolstoyans aided in collecting funds for the relocation of the religious minority, which had come into conflict with

2958-458: The removal of these forces and reached an agreement in 2005 with Moscow. According to the agreement, the process of withdrawal was planned to be completed in 2008, but the Russians completed the transfer of the Batumi base to Georgia on 13 November 2007, ahead of schedule. Batumi has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) according to Köppen's classification. The city's climate is heavily influenced by

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3016-617: The replacement of Aramaic as the literary language . By the 11th century, Old Georgian had developed into Middle Georgian. The most famous work of this period is the epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin , written by Shota Rustaveli in the 12th century. In 1629, a certain Nikoloz Cholokashvili authored the first printed books written (partially) in Georgian, the Alphabetum Ibericum sive Georgianum cum Oratione and

3074-706: The seat of the Constitutional Court of Georgia was moved from Tbilisi to Batumi to stimulate regional development. Several new hotels opened after 2009, first the Sheraton in 2010 and the Radisson Blu in 2011. The city features several casinos that attract tourists from Turkey, where gambling is illegal. Batumi was host to the Russian 12th Military Base . Following the Rose Revolution , the central government pushed for

3132-506: The service is possible by BATUMICARD , transit card, or debit/credit cards. Buses connect almost everywhere in the city. The port of Batumi is on one of the routes of China's proposed Eurasian Land Bridge (part of the "New Silk Road"), which would see an eastern freight link to China via Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea, and a western link by ferry to Ukraine and on to Europe. Batumi is twinned with: Georgian language Georgian

3190-503: The united Anatolian and Rumelian armies of Murad II, on 10 November 1444, on the plain before Varna , on the coast of the Black Sea . In the spring of 1445, de Wavrin sailed to the Danube to join the Hungarians in the continuing Crusade, while de Thoisy took his ships along the south coast of the Black Sea. He engaged in piracy there, plundering both ships and coastal settlements, covering

3248-482: The war hits home and Ali is killed. It was installed in 2010. Notable people who are from or have resided in Batumi: The city is served by Batumi Airport , one of three international airports in the country. A bike-sharing system named BatumVelo allows you to rent a bicycle on the street with a smart card. The main types of public transport are buses, minibusses, and taxis. Batumi has modern electric buses. Using

3306-399: The world are accepted in mainstream linguistics. Among the Kartvelian languages, Georgian is most closely related to the so-called Zan languages ( Megrelian and Laz ); glottochronological studies indicate that it split from the latter approximately 2700 years ago. Svan is a more distant relative that split off much earlier, perhaps 4000 years ago. Standard Georgian is largely based on

3364-587: Was annexed by the Russian Empire in accordance with the Treaty of San Stefano between Russia and the Ottoman Empire (ratified on 23 March). Occupied by the Russians on 28 August 1878, the town was declared a free port until 1886. It functioned as the center of a special military district until being incorporated in the Kutaisi Governorate on 12 June 1883. Finally, on 1 June 1903, with the Artvin Okrug ,

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