Batrīyya or Butrīyya ( Arabic : بترية , adjective form Batrī ) is an early branch of Zaydī Islam .
84-484: The Batrīyya were a group of moderates who emerged in Kūfah and played a significant role in the formation of early Zaydism in the 8th century. They held positions similar to those of Zayd ibn ʿAlī , and their theological positions and practices represented a middle ground between radical Shīʿa factions and proto- Sunnism . The Batrīyya were instrumental in shaping the early Zaydī movement alongside Jārūdīyya , which embraced
168-496: A Sunni school of thought, Abu Hanifa , was a Kufan who had supported the Zaydi Revolt in the 730s; and his jurisprudence was systematised and defended against non-Iraqi rivals (starting with Malikism ) by other Kufans, such as al-Shaybani . Shirazi 's " Tabaqat ", which Hallaq labels "an important early biographical work dedicated to jurists", covered 84 "towering figures" of Islamic jurisprudence; to which Kufa provided 20. It
252-765: A Dawr-e Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Da'i al-Mutlaq (absolute missionary) who manages the affairs of the Imam-in-Concealment until re-emergence of the Imam from concealment. The line of imams of the Nizari Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Agha-khani Ismailis in South and Central Asia) continues to their present living 49th hereditary imam, Aga Khan IV (son of Prince Aly Khan ). They are
336-568: A century earlier than the founding of the town of Kufa, according to Moritz in the Encyclopaedia of Islam . The kufic script was derived from one of the four pre-Islamic Arabic scripts, the one called al-Hiri (used in Hirah ). (The other three were al-Anbari (from Anbar ), al-Makki (from Mecca ) and al-Madani (from Medina )). Ibn al-Nadim (died c. 999 ) the author of the famous Kitab al-Fihrist , an index of Arabic books, dedicates
420-455: A curtain. Also, during the oppressive rule of the later Abbasid caliphs, the Shia Imams were heavily persecuted and held prisoners, thus their followers were forced to consult their Imams via messengers or secretly. Shia Tradition hold that four deputies acted in succession to one another: In 941 (329 AH), the fourth deputy announced an order by al-Mahdi, that the deputy would soon die and that
504-676: A few of his father's remaining supporters. He stayed in hiding, moving between different locations, until he was eventually captured by the Umayyads in Balkh and imprisoned in Marw , the provincial capital. After his release from prison, Yaḥyā eventually made his way back to Nīshāpūr and fought his first battle against Umayyads. Later, he moved on to Jūzjān and was ultimately killed in another battle. Al-Nafs al-Zakiyya and Ibrāhīm were distant nephews of Zayd ibn ʿAlī. Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh (al-Nafs al-Zakiyya)
588-667: A large sum of money that allowed him to move freely, support ʿAlids, and rebuilt Zaydī networks. After years of being relentlessly pursued by the ʿAbbāsids , the Kūfan traditionalism was absorbed into Sunnism by the 9th century, and the views of the Jārūdīyya came to dominate Zaydī thought. Despite this, the Batrīyya's influence persisted in the broader development of Shīʿī and Zaydī theology. Their moderate positions on succession, legal authority, and communal knowledge reflect an important phase in
672-508: A lesser extent Syria , in Iraq there was no unbroken Muslim or Ishmaelite population dating back to the prophet Muhammad 's time. Therefore, Maliki (and Awza'i ) appeals to the practice amal () of the community could not apply. Instead the people of Iraq relied upon those Companions of Muhammad who settled there, and upon such factions from the Hijaz whom they respected most. A primary founder of
756-422: A pioneer in the science of judicial precedent. Additionally, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir and his son Jafar al-Sadiq made decisions from Medina that contributed to the law of Kufa; and to this day Shi‘ite law follows their example. Imam Abu Hanifa too learnt from al-Baqir and especially al-Sadiq. As a result, while Hanafi school is doctrinally Sunni, in practical terms Hanafi law is closer to Imami law than either
840-685: A population spread over many countries. According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers ( Ithnā'ashariyya ), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī , who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī .The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Quranic verses which include: 75:36, 13:7, 35:24, 2:30, 2:124, 36:26, 7:142, 42:23. They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19–20 and Sunni hadith:Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 4478, English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui. According to Twelvers, there
924-625: A rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate , who he believed were tyrannical and corrupt. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action and the followers of Zayd believed that a true Imām must fight against corrupt rulers Archived 2019-12-28 at the Wayback Machine . The renowned Muslim jurist Abu Hanifa who is credited for the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, delivered a fatwā or legal statement in favour of Zayd in his rebellion against
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#17328515469161008-546: A rebellion among Kufans and they turned to Muhammad 's grandson Husayn for help and leadership. Yazid appointed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad as the new Governor to put down the rebellion, and kill Husayn if he did not acknowledge his Caliphate, culminating in the Battle of Karbala . There was a period of relative calm during the short reign of Al-Mukhtar 's rulership, and the Umayyad-era Governorship of Al-Hajjaj . In 749,
1092-530: A rival history, which became popular under Abbasid rule. This history does not survive but later historians like Tabari quoted from it extensively. Kufa is also where the kufic script was developed, the earliest script of the Arabic language . As the scholar al-Qalqashandi maintained, "The Arabic script [ khatt ] is the one which is now known as Kufic. From it evolved all the present hands." The angular script which later came to be known as Kufic had its origin about
1176-517: A sign to clearly indicate the Divine Leader. That sign is his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad and his clear appointment so that the people could distinguish him from others, and be clearly guided toward him. Otherwise others are nobler than Muhammad's offspring and they are to be followed and obeyed; and the offspring of Muhammad are obedient and subject to the offspring of Muhammad's enemies such as Abi Jahl or Ibn Abi Ma’eet.However, Muhammad
1260-634: Is a must, and Earth cannot remain vacant, without presence of Imam. Zaidiyyah or Zaidi is a Shia madhhab (sect, school) named after the imam Zayd ibn Ali . Followers of the Zaidi fiqh are called Zaidis (or are occasionally called Fivers in the West). However, there is also a group called the Zaidi Wasītī s who are Twelvers. In the context of the Shi'a Muslim belief in spiritual leadership or Imamate, Zaydis believe that
1344-445: Is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command. A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71 , no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse, 1. Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him; 2. Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one excels him in nobility; 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which
1428-561: Is always an Imam of the era, who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. Ali was the first of the Twelve Imams, and, in the Twelvers and Sufis' view, the rightful successor to Muhammad , followed by male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah . Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Husayn ibn Ali , who
1512-542: Is located on the banks of the Euphrates River . It is 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad , and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf . The town has produced several Shi'ite Muslim scholars . It also contains several sites of importance to Shi'ites: Kufa is home to Al-Kufa SC , that plays in the second division of the Iraqi football league system, namely Iraqi Premier Division League . Its home stadium
1596-406: Is mostly commonly known to the outside world as 'Najaf'. Along with Samarra , Karbala , Kadhimiya and Najaf , Kufa is one of five Iraqi cities that are of great importance to Shi'ite Muslims. The city was founded in 638 CE (17 Hijrah ) during the reign of the second Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab , and it was the final capital of the last Rashidun Caliph , Ali ibn Abi Talib . Kufa
1680-415: Is much nobler than others to be in charge and to be obeyed. Moreover, once the prophethood of Muhammad is testified they would obey him, no one would hesitate to follow his offspring and this would not be hard for anyone. While to follow the offspring of the corrupted families is difficult. And that is maybe why the basic characteristic of Muhammad and other prophets was their nobility. For none of them, it
1764-528: Is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal. Sunnis reject the doctrine of Imamate on the basis of their interpretation of verse 33:40 of the Qur'an which says that Muhammad , as the seal of the Prophets , "is not the father of any of your men"; and that is why God let Muhammad's sons die in infancy. This is why Muhammad did not nominate a successor, as he wanted to leave the succession to be resolved "by
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#17328515469161848-517: Is of the Principles of Faith (Usul al-Din) . As the verse 4:165 of Quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets ; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet; until the people have not any plea against Allah . The same logic that necessitated the assignment of prophets also is applied for Imamah. That is Allah must assign someone similar to prophet in his attributes and Ismah as his successor to guide
1932-557: Is said, were originated from a disgraced family. It is believed that all Muhammad's ancestors up to Adam were true Muslims. Jesus was also from a pious family, as it is mentioned in Quran that after his birth, people said to Mary : "O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste." The doctrine of the Imamate in Isma'ilism differs from that of the Twelvers because
2016-636: Is the An-Najaf Stadium . Imamate in Shia doctrine Including: In Shia Islam , the Imamah ( Arabic : إمامة ) is a doctrine which asserts that certain individuals from the lineage of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are to be accepted as leaders and guides of the ummah after the death of Muhammad . Imamah further says that Imams possess divine knowledge and authority ( Ismah ) as well as being part of
2100-560: Is to the other schools of jurisprudence i.e. of Malik , Shafi‘i , and Ibn Hanbal . Kufa was also among the first centers of Qur'anic interpretation , which Kufans credited to the exegete Mujahid (until he escaped to Mecca in 702). It further recorded general traditions as Hadith ; in the 9th century, Yahya ibn ‘Abd al-Hamid al-Himmani compiled many of these into a Musnad . Given Kufa's opposition to Damascus , Kufan traditionists had their own take on Umayyad history. The historian Abu Mikhnaf al-Azdi (d. 774) compiled their accounts into
2184-589: The Abbasids under al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba took Kufa and made it their capital. In 762, they moved their seat to Baghdad . Under the Umayyad and early Abbasid decades, Kufa's importance gradually shifted from caliphal politics to Islamic theory and practice. The city was sacked by the Qarmatians in 905, 924, and 927 , and it never fully recovered from the destruction. Wael Hallaq notes that by contrast with Medina and to
2268-446: The Ahl al-Bayt , the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance. The word "Imām" denotes a person who stands or walks "in front". For Sunni Islam , the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque . It also means the head of a madhhab ("school of thought"). However, from
2352-515: The Caliphate as those were political positions not divine positions. All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla , Ali is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirmidhi, 3713; as well as Ibn Maajah, 121; etc. The major point of conflict between
2436-579: The Umayyads and the Banū Marwān , or his autocratic behaviour contrary to the ways of the Companions, we feel obliged to say, we must declare him an unbeliever. We are, therefore, uncertain about him; so we suspend judgment, and refer the matter to the best of Judges." The Batrīyya did not attribute exclusive religious knowledge to the Prophet’s family but recognized the validity of knowledge transmitted within
2520-487: The broader Muslim community . They permitted the use of individual reasoning ( ijtihād ) and analogy ( qiyās ) in establishing the law. This aligned them with early proto-Sunnī traditions. The Batrīyya permitted ʿAlids to study under various non-ʿAlid scholars, including those who emphasized the exclusive legal authority of teachings from the Prophet’s Companions . Their acknowledgment of the moral integrity of all
2604-673: The "Bohras", and there are further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah initially were part of the Fatimid Ismailis but separated from them after the death of the Fatimid Imam and Caliph Al Hakim Bi Amrillah. The Shia Sevener tariqah no longer exists. Another small tariqah is that of the Zaidi Shias, or the "Fivers;" they do not believe in the Occultation of their last Imam. Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to
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2688-402: The "Jārūdīzation" of Zaydism. Yaḥyā and his brother Idrīs grew up in the household of the sixth Twelver Imām Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq , and Yaḥyā's ritual orthopraxy was thus influenced by Imāmism . In fact, Kūfan Zaydīs' substitute shoe-rubbing and drinking of date wine led to Yaḥyā's refusal to lead them in group prayers. Yaḥyā's influence grew even more once he received a caliphal pardon along with
2772-430: The "most excellent of Muslims" following Prophet Muḥammad . The Batrīyya believed that ʿAlī designated al-Ḥasan as the imām after his death, and that al-Ḥasan subsequently designated al-Ḥusayn . After that, the imām was not chosen by designation but by merit among their descendants. Any descendant of al-Ḥasan or al-Ḥusayn who took up arms and called people to the path of God, demonstrating knowledge, justice and virtue,
2856-405: The 12th century, when Kufa was already long past the peak of its fortunes, but the coins might have arrived at the far north at a much earlier time. Kufa began to come under constant attack in the 11th century and eventually shrank and lost its importance. Over the last century, the population of Kufa began to grow again. It continues to be an important pilgrimage site for Shi'ite Muslims. Kufa
2940-633: The Arabs were continuing their conquest of western Persia under Uthman ibn Abi al-As from Tawwaj , but late in the 640s, these forces suffered setbacks. Uthman in 650 reorganised the Iranian frontier; both Basra and Kufa received new governors ( Sa'id ibn al-'As in Kufa's case), and the east came under Basra's command while north of that remained under Kufa's. The few but noticeable trouble makers in Kufa sought in 654 and had Sa'id deposed and instead showed satisfaction with
3024-608: The Companions reinforced their commitment to these traditions as legitimate sources of religious knowledge. Since this knowledge was considered learned rather than divinely inspired, candidates for the Imāmate were required to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the law and its foundational texts. This approach to knowledge was also consistent with the proto- Sunnī perspectives of the early eighth century. The Batrīyyas maintained ritual practices in line with Kūfan traditionalism, such as "substitute shoe-rubbing" ( masḥ ʿalā’l-khuffayn ) and
3108-461: The Governor of Kufa, after Hasan 's A.S migration to Medina, which was a peace treaty which dictated he abdicate his right to caliphate to avoid an open war among Muslims. Some of Hasan's A.S followers, like Hujr ibn Adi , were unhappy with the peace treaty, and did not change their ways according to the edicts of the new Governor. This became increasingly noticeable, since it created a rebellion against
3192-740: The Imamate in his Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah . The belief of the Twelver Imamah with the consideration of the sacred status of the four Rashidun Caliphs is shared in Sunni Islam , due to the following hadith of Muhammad: I heard the Prophet of Allah say 'Islam shall not cease to be glorious up to twelve Caliphs, every one of them being from the Quraish '". (And in a narration) "The affairs of men will not cease to decline so long as twelve men will rule over them, every one of them coming from Quraish. And in
3276-402: The Isma'ilis had living Imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi went into hiding . They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim , as the rightful Imam after his father, Ja'far al-Sadiq . The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Muhammad ibn Isma'il as
3360-668: The Kufan instigators accepted neither. ʻUmar and the Kufans finally agreed on Al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʻbah . It was also conquered for few years by the Thaqafids dynasty led by Mokhtar Al Thaqafi after conquering Basra and other parts of Iraq. The city was built in a circular plan according to the Partho-Sasanian architecture . Following Umar's death (644), his successor Uthman replaced Mughirah with Al-Walid ibn Uqba in 645. This happened while
3444-553: The Mawla for all Muslims at Ghadiri Khum Oasis just a few months before his death, the people that came to look upon Ali as Muhammad's immediate successor even before Muhammad's death came to be known as the Shia. However, for Sunnis the word simply means the 'beloved' or the 'revered' and has no other significance at all. Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as
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3528-569: The Muslim Community on the basis of the Qur’anic principle of consultation ( shura )". The question Madelung proposes here is why the family members of Muhammad should not inherit aspects of Muhammad's character, apart from prophethood, such as rule ( hukm ), wisdom ( hikma ), and leadership ( imama ). Since the Sunni concept of the "true caliphate" itself defines it as a "succession of
3612-413: The Prophet in every respect except his prophethood", Madelung further asks, "If God really wanted to indicate that he should not be succeeded by any of his family, why did He not let his grandsons and other kin die like his sons?" It is narrated that it is forbidden for the Divine Leader not to be from the family of Muhammad. According to Ali al-Ridha , since it is obligatory to obey him, there should be
3696-579: The Shia (as opposed to the Sunni) sect in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis, who deny the concept of Occultation and so have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time. Shias believe that Imamah
3780-485: The Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and, for its proper religious usage, the word "Imam" is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam. The Shia further believe only these A'immah have the right to be Caliphs, meaning that all other caliphs, whether elected by consensus ( Ijma ) or not, are usurpers of
3864-467: The Shia – Sunni separation within Islam itself came into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad . Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shiism. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of
3948-586: The Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word 'Mawla'. For the Shia the word means 'Master' and has the same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime. Thus, when Muhammad actually (by speech) and physically (by way of having his closest companions including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman [the three future Caliphs who had preceded Ali as Caliph] publicly accept Ali as their Master by taking Ali's hand in both of theirs as token of their allegiance to Ali) transferred this title and manner of addressing Ali as
4032-705: The Umayyad ruler. He also urged people in secret to join the uprising and delivered funds to Zayd. Unlike Twelver Shi'ites, Zaydis do not believe in the infallibility of Imāms The Imamate can be passed down to anyone of the household of Muhammad. The period of occultation ( ghaybah ) is divided into two parts: During the Minor Occultation ( Ghaybah al-Sughrá ), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies ( Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever
4116-531: The a section of the first chapter to calligraphy. He was the first to use the word 'kufic' to characterize this script, which reached a state of decorative perfection in the 8th century, when surahs were used to decorate ceramics, for representations of nature were strictly forbidden under the Islamic regime. Al-Fihrist contains the biographies of many of the grammarian philologists from the school of Kufa and from its rival school of Basra . A third chapter treats of
4200-485: The activist agenda of other Shīʿī groups. The Batrīyya emerged in the milieu of early Islamic sectarian development. They were contemporaries of the Jārūdīyya , with both groups contributing to the establishment of Zaydism . The Zaydīyya ultimately became a major branch of Shīʿa Islam, known for their unique blend of theological and political doctrines. The Batrīyya held distinct views on several key political issues: The Batrīyya recognized ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as
4284-415: The allegiance to him". The Batrīs refrained from passing judgment on ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān : "When we hear traditions in ʿUthmān's favour and hear that he is one of the ten to whom Paradise is promised, we admit that we must acknowledge the soundness of his islām and his faith, and that he is one of those who will go to Paradise ; but when we look at his deeds, such as his negligence in failing to discipline
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#17328515469164368-440: The believers faced a problem, they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy. The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties. The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf. For the Shia, the idea of consulting a hidden Imam was not something new because the two prior Twelver Imams had, on occasion, met with their followers from behind
4452-603: The body of the Shia" but "incognito". "Numerous stories" exist of the Hidden Imam "manifesting himself to prominent members of the ulama." States People Centers Other The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar , elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim , as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq . The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on
4536-512: The brothers were killed by the end of the year. The revolt is significant as it is the first time a distinct Zaydī identity can be tracked in history. Ibrahim observed chants of "We are the Zaydīs and the sons of Zaydīs" though he corrected those saying they should just call themselves Muslims. Within the Zaydīyya context, Yaḥyā and Idrīs 's significance is based on the fact that they were integral in
4620-448: The consumption of eel and date wine. The Batrīyya were critical of several beliefs held by other Shīʿa groups: The terms "Batrī" or "Jārūdī" refer to theological orientations rather than distinct, identifiable groups. These are the main traits linked to Batrī and Jārūdī Zaydis. Zayd ibn ʿAlī (d. 120-1/740): a descendant of al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī . Zaydīyya emerged from Zayd b. ʿAlī's rebellion in Kūfah in 740. Zaydīyya initially
4704-508: The death of the twentieth Imam , al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah (d. AH 526 (1131/1132)), his two-year-old child at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (b. AH 524 (1129/1130)) was appointed twenty-first Imam. The supporters of Tayyeb became the Tayyibi Ismāʿīlī . As Tayyeb was not in position to run the dawah , Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi , the Da'i al-Mutlaq , acted as his regent . Imam Tayyeb was hidden, and
4788-571: The deputyship would end and the period of the Major Occultation would begin. The fourth deputy died six days later and the Shia Muslims continue to await the reappearance of the Mahdi. In the same year, many notable Shia scholars such as Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi and Muhammad ibn Ya'qub Kulayni , the learned compiler of Kitab al-Kafi , also died. One view is that the Hidden Imam is on earth "among
4872-423: The evolution of Islamic sectarianism. Kufa Kufa ( Arabic : الْكُوفَة "al-Kūfah" ), also spelled Kufah , is a city in Iraq , about 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad , and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf . It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River . The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000. Currently, Kufa and Najaf are joined into a single urban area that
4956-733: The exception of the last Imam, who according to Twelver and Alevi belief, is living in occultation. The Ismaili line of imams for both sects (the Nizari and Musta'li ) continues undivided until al-Mustansir Billah (d. 1094). After his death the line of the imamat separates into the Nizari and Musta'li dynasties. The line of imams of the Musta'li Muslims (also known as the Bohras/ Dawoodi Bohra ) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam, at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim went into
5040-413: The grammarians from both schools. Kufan coins were among the numerous silver coins of various origins found in 1989 by the mouth of Dvina , right next to Arkhangelsk in the extreme north of Russia . The Kufan coins were the only non-European ones in the hoard, and testify to the very wide-ranging indirect trading links which Kufa had at one time. It is estimated the hoard was buried in the beginning of
5124-555: The imāmate of a "person of lesser excellence" if necessary. Zayd ibn ʿAlī explained the concept of a man of lesser excellence, or al-mafḍūl , serving as imām by noting that, although ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib was the most distinguished of the Companions , the caliphate was entrusted to Abū Bakr. This decision was based on considerations of expediency, religious factors, and the fact that the people’s hearts were not yet ready to fully accept ʿAlī’s leadership at that time. The Batrīyya accepted
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#17328515469165208-580: The land of the Jews in Arabia to his warriors, ordered the relocation of the Jews of Khaybar to a strip of land in Kufa, in 640. In the 640s, the Kufan commons were agitated that Umar's governor was distributing the spoils of war unfairly. In 642 ʻUmar summoned Saʻd to Medina with his accusers. Despite finding Sa'd to be innocent, Umar deposed him to avert ill feelings. At first, Umar appointed Ammar ibn Yasir and secondly Basra's first Governor Abū Mūsā al-Ashʻarī ; but
5292-466: The leader of the Ummah or Muslim community must be Fatimids : descendants of Muhammad through his only surviving daughter Fatimah , whose sons were Hasan ibn ʻAlī and Husayn ibn ʻAlī . These Shi'a called themselves Zaydi so they could differentiate themselves from other Shi'is who refused to take up arms with Zayd ibn Ali. Zaydis believe Zayd ibn Ali was the rightful successor to the Imamate because he led
5376-458: The legitimacy of the first two caliphs, Abū Bakr and ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb , arguing that ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 's lack of objection constituted tacit approval of their rule: "We consent to whom he consented to, for it is unlawful for us to do otherwise." In comparison to the Jārūdīyya who claimed that "anyone, who pushed ʿAlī away from that position, was blasphemous; and that the community was blasphemous and misguided when it abstained from giving
5460-451: The mantle of the imamate to his son Muḥammad ibn Ismail as the next imam. Thus, their line of imams is as follows (the years of their individual imamats during the Common Era are given in brackets): The eighth Imam, Abd Allah al-Akbar of the Ismaili Shia remained hidden but continued the Ismaili movement in the 9th century in Salamiyah , Syria . The eighth to tenth Imams ( Abadullah , Ahmed and Husain ), remained hidden and worked for
5544-437: The movement against the period's time's rulers. First phase of seclusion ends with 10th Imam. The 11th Imam Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah , under the guise of being a merchant, and his son had made their way to Sijilmasa , fleeing persecution by the Abbasids . Imam Abdullah founded Fatimid Caliphate . The Fatimid Ismaili Imams continued until 20th Imam holding the post of caliph also, ruling a vast part of Arabian peninsula. Upon
5628-451: The murder of Uthman, factions developed. In an already emotionally charged atmosphere, Muawiyah's refusal to give allegiance to Ali as the Caliph without Ali avenging Uthman first eventually, led to war. While praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa , Ali was attacked by the Kharijite Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam . He was wounded by ibn Muljam's poison-coated sword while prostrating in the Fajr prayer. Muawiyah I appointed Ziyad ibn Abihi Al
5712-539: The next imam. According to Isma'ilism, God has sent seven great prophets known as Nātiq s "Speaker" in order to disseminate and improve his dīn of Islam . All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as Sāmad "Silent" Imām. At the end of each seven Sāmad silsilas , one great Nātiq has been sent in order to improve the faith. After Adam and his son Seth , and after six Nātiq–Sāmad silsila ( Noah – Shem ), ( Abraham – Ishmael ), ( Moses – Aaron ), ( Jesus – Simeon, son of Jacob ), ( Muhammad – Ali );
5796-403: The only Shia Muslim community today led by a present and living (Hazir wa Mawjud) imam. The Zaidi branch of Shi'ism established its own line of Imams starting in the year 897; the line continued without interruption until 1962 when the North Yemen Civil War brought the Imamate to an end and established a republic. Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH/1328 AD) composed a long refutation of the notion of
5880-423: The people without any deviation in religion. They refer to the verse ("...This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion...") 5:3 of Quran which was revealed to the prophet when he appointed Ali as his successor at the day of Ghadir Khumm . By the verse Quran, 2:124 , Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah
5964-440: The religious authority of non-ʿAlid scholars, such as his teacher Wāṣil b. ʿAṭā . Historians consider the supporters of Zayd and his son Yaḥyā to be Batrī as they were Kūfan traditionists (proto-Sunnī) and supported ʿAlid military uprisings and political claims. Yaḥyā was the eldest son of Zayn ibn ʿAlī. He was the only one who joined Zayd's rebellion . Following the failed rebellion in Kūfah, Yaḥyā fled to Khorāsān with
6048-665: The return of Abu Musa , which Uthman approved seeking to please all. Kufa remained a source of instigations albeit from a minority. In 656 when the Egyptian instigators, in co-operation with those in Kufa, marched onto the Caliph Uthman in Medina , Abu Musa counselled the instigators to no avail. Upon Uthman's assassination by rebels, governor Abu Musa attempted to restore a non-violent atmosphere in Kufa. The Muslims in Medina and elsewhere supported
6132-538: The right of Ali ibn Abu Talib to the caliphate . In order to manage the military frontiers more efficiently, Ali shifted the capital from Medina to Kufa. The people of Syria and their governor, Muawiyah , who seized the Caliphate for himself and his family by using the confusion caused by the assassination of Caliph Uthman and being disturbed by the brutal assassination of the Caliph Uthman, demanded retribution. As Muawiyah mounted his campaign to hold Ali responsible for
6216-470: The ruler. However, Ziyad ibn Abihi was an equally keen strategist and politician, and was able to put down all challenges posed by the rebels against his rule. Throughout the Umayyad era, as was the case since the inception of the city by Umar ibn Khattab, there were those among Kufa's inhabitants who were rebellious to their rulers. Yazid I was declared as the Second Umayyad Caliph which led to
6300-510: The second phase of seclusion started. The Da'i had now been given absolute authority and made independent from political activity. With the period of time the Tayyibi divided further into several sects headed by different Dais. These Da'i al-Mutlaq continued acting on behalf of the hidden Tayyibi Ismāʿīlī Imams until date. Dawoodi Bohra is the biggest sub-sect amongst the Tayyibi Ismāʿīlī with
6384-573: The separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into a concealment known as The Occultation . The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis , then the Mustalian Ismailis also called
6468-543: The silsila of Nātiq s and Sāmad s have been completed with Muhammad ibn Isma'il . Ismailis view Imams as the true representative of God. God has made all prophets his representative. Individual prophets era are distinct. After one prophets God created next prophet. Islam view that Mohammed is last prophet. Mohammed appointed his specific representative Ali. Ali made imams as his next representative and one imam appointed another until date. The Isma'ili view that these Imam are only from their hereditary chain and their appointment
6552-532: The two amsar (garrison cities) of Iraq, serving as military bases and administrative centers. The Companion of the Prophet Saʻd ibn Abī Waqqas founded it as an encampment adjacent to the Lakhmid Arab city of Al-Hirah , and incorporated it as a city of seven divisions. Non-Arabs knew the city under alternate names: Hīrah and Aqulah , before the consolidations of ʻAbdu l-Mālik in 691. Umar, who assigned
6636-607: Was also the founding capital of the Abbasid Caliphate . During the Islamic Golden Age it was home to the grammarians of Kufa . Kufic script is named for the city. After the Arabian hegemony and the fall of Persian Empire, and its geographic proximity to the imperial capital, Ctesiphon) at Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah in 636, Kufa was founded and given its name in 637–638 CE, about the same time as Basra . Kufa and Basra were
6720-437: Was not a Shīʿī religious subdivision. This can also be seen from the backing Zayd ibn ʿAlī received. Many leading scholars including Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 767), eponym of Sunnī Ḥanafī school of law, supported Zayd ibn ʿAlī in 740. Zayd ibn ʿAlī was moderate in his views on the succession of the Prophet , he refused to condemn the first two caliphs, ʾAbū Bakr and ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb and, contrary to many Shīʿī groups, accepted
6804-414: Was recognized as the imām. The Batrīyya also allowed for the possibility that the world may be without an imām, or that there may be multiple imāms at the same time. They argued that since it was possible for the world to be without a prophet, it was thus possible for it to be without an imām. Additionally, as there could be multiple prophets at one time, there could also be multiple imāms. They also supported
6888-520: Was seen as a caliph from a young age and many called him " al-Mahdī ". Al-Nafs al-Zakiyya's father secured allegiance for his son Muḥammad, and the brothers built a network that was far-reaching. ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Manṣūr searched for the brothers as they went underground during the ʿAbbāsid revolution . In 763, the brothers reemerged and revolted. Al-Nafs al-Zakiyya named himself the legitimate imām and took control of Madīnah , while his brother took control of Baṣrah . Both forces were defeated and
6972-557: Was the brother of Hasan ibn Ali . The twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi , who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive, and hidden in the Major Occultation until he returns to bring justice to the world. It is believed by Twelver and Alevi Muslims that the Twelve Imams have been foretold in the Hadith of the Twelve Successors . All of the Imams met unnatural deaths, with
7056-535: Was therefore a center surpassed only by Medina (22), although Basra came close (17). Kufans could claim that the more prominent of Muhammad's Companions had called that city home: not only Ibn Abu Waqqas, Abu Musa , and Ali ; but also Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud , Salman the Persian , Ammar ibn Yasir , and Huzayfa ibn Yaman. Among its jurists prior to Abu Hanifa, Hallaq singles out Sa'id ibn Jubayr , Ibrahim al-Nakha‘i, and Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman; and considers Amir al-Sha‘bi
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