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67-702: Basirhat is a city and a municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is the headquarters of the Basirhat subdivision . Basirhat is located at 22°39′26″N 88°53′39″E  /  22.65722°N 88.89417°E  / 22.65722; 88.89417 . The area shown in the map is a part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, located in the lower Ganges Delta . It contains soil of mature black or brownish loam to recent alluvium . Numerous rivers, creeks and khals criss-cross

134-405: A contiguous six-county area of southeastern Michigan investigated the relationship between moderate arsenic levels and 23 disease outcomes. Disease outcomes included several types of cancer, diseases of the circulatory and respiratory system, diabetes mellitus, and kidney and liver diseases. Elevated mortality rates were observed for all diseases of the circulatory system. The researchers acknowledged

201-401: A convenient means of transport. NH 12 connects the district with northern and southern region of the state and its sub road NH 112 connect the district headquarter Barasat with the border town Bangaon and Petrapole , the largest land port of India. According to the 2011 census North 24 Parganas district has a population of 10,009,781, roughly equal to the nation of Bolivia or

268-505: A high affinity for adsorbing dissolved metals such as arsenic. The iron oxide medium eventually becomes saturated, and must be replaced. The sludge disposal is a problem here too. Activated alumina is an adsorbent that effectively removes arsenic. Activated alumina columns connected to shallow tube wells in India and Bangladesh have removed both As(III) and As(V) from groundwater for decades. Long-term column performance has been possible through

335-549: A larger problem, often prolonging the social issues while treating the scientific ones. Scientific studies have shown that interdisciplinary approaches to water purification are especially important to consider, and long-lasting improvements involve larger perspectives than strict scientific approaches. A review of methods to remove arsenic from groundwater in Pakistan summarizes the most technically viable inexpensive methods. Most small-scale treatments focus on water after it has left

402-455: A need to replicate their findings. Various studies have also shown that arsenic exposure during pregnancy can result in infant death, cancer, heart attacks, kidney failure, lung complications, as well as reduced intelligence, memory, and cognitive development in the child. Access to clean drinking water is fraught with political, socio-economic, and cultural inequities. In practice, many water treatment strategies tend to be temporary fixes to

469-520: A net charge. Effective long-term ion exchange removal of arsenic requires a trained operator to maintain the column. Both reverse osmosis and electrodialysis (also called electrodialysis reversal ) can remove arsenic with a net ionic charge. (Note that arsenic oxide, As 2 O 3 , is a common form of arsenic in groundwater that is soluble, but has no net charge.) Some utilities presently use one of these methods to reduce total dissolved solids and therefore improve taste. A problem with both methods

536-772: A population of 125,254. Basirhat had a sex ratio of 981 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 87.35%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 18.94% and 0.41% of the population respectively. Bengali is the predominant language, spoken by 99.77% of the population. Basirhat College was established in 1947. Affiliated with the West Bengal State University , it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, philosophy, political science, history, geography, education, accountancy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, physiology and economics. It also offers general courses in arts, science and commerce, and

603-589: A post-graduate course in Bengali. Basirhat District & Super Specialty Hospital under The Health & Family Welfare Department of the State Government of West Bengal has been bestowed with the responsibility of conserving and emerging the health care facility within Basirhat sub-division & its surrounding catchment area since 1965, Basirhat District Hospital & Super Specialty Hospital caters health services amongst 22.7 lakhs populations covering 1,777 km². In

670-403: Is a district in southern West Bengal , of eastern India. North 24 Parganas extends in the tropical zone from latitude 22° 11′ 6″ north to 23° 15′ 2″ north and from longitude 88º20' east to 89º5' east. Barasat is the district headquarters of North 24 Parganas. North 24 Parganas is West Bengal's most populous district and also (since 2014) the most populated district in the whole of India. It

737-528: Is about 3.2 Bighas. North 24 Parganas is one of the economically developed districts of West Bengal , but there is chronic poverty in the southern half of the district (the Sundarbans area). The information technology hub of Kolkata is at this district, which is the centre of some of the notable IT/ ITES Indian and multinational companies. Approximately 1,500 companies have their offices in Sector V. Majority of

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804-469: Is at Dum Dum (previously known as Dum Dum Airport) in North 24 Parganas , is the only airport serving the city Kolkata . It operates both domestic and international flights. It is a gateway to North-East India, Bangkok, and Bangladesh. The number of people using the airport has consistently increased over the last few years. The road network is fairly well developed. Sparsed across by state-highways, it provides

871-414: Is complex, and may affect the removal rate that can be achieved by a particular process. Some large utilities with multiple water supply wells could shut down those wells with high arsenic concentrations, and produce only from wells or surface water sources that meet the arsenic standard. Other utilities, however, especially small utilities with only a few wells, may have no available water supply that meets

938-610: Is delivering arsenic-free water to about 10,00,000 people every day. In 2008, the Swiss Aquatic Research Institute, Eawag , presented a new method by which hazard maps could be produced for geogenic toxic substances in groundwater. This provides an efficient way of determining which wells should be tested. In 2016, the research group made its knowledge freely available on the Groundwater Assessment Platform (GAP). This offers specialists worldwide

1005-504: Is for Jagatdhatri puja , Berachampa is for Basanti puja etc. The electrified suburban rail network of the ER is extensive and penetrates far and deep into the neighbouring districts of Kolkata , South 24 Parganas , Nadia , Howrah , Hooghly etc. The Circular Rail encircles the entire city of Kolkata, and also used to provide an offshoot to connect the Dum Dum Airport, but now it

1072-652: Is known as '24 Parganas'. In 1751, the Company assigned John Zephaniah Holwell as zemindar of the District. In 1759, after the Bengali War of 1756–1757, the Company assigned it to Lord Clive as a personal Jaghir (zamindari) and after his death it again came under the direct authority of the company. In 1793, during the rule of Lord Cornwallis , entire Sunderbans were in Twentyfour Parganas. In 1802, some parganas on

1139-588: Is limited up to Dum Dum Cantonment. Jessore Road and Biman Bandar railway stations are closed for the construction work of Noapara–Dum Dum Airport–Barasat Metro rail ( Kolkata Metro Line 4 ). Metro rail is also a transport medium of this district's people. Four stations of Kolkata Metro Line 1 are located here, Dum Dum metro station at Dum Dum , Baranagar metro station at Baranagar , Dakshineswar metro station at Dakshineswar and Noapara metro station at Noapara , Baranagar . The Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport ( IATA code: CCU ), which

1206-419: Is mostly supplied from rivers, open wells, or ponds. These may be contaminated with communicable diseases such as dysentery , typhoid , cholera , and hepatitis . Since the 1970s, non-governmental organisations in India have focused on sinking tube wells to provide drinking water uncontaminated by diseases, with the unforeseen side effect of exposing some people to arsenic-contaminated groundwater. Nepal

1273-606: Is not ionized. An analysis of water and food consumption in Socaire , a rural village in Chile , found that between November 2008 and September 2009, the total intake of arsenic by the villagers correlated with the amount of water and local produce consumed. The central portion of Argentina is affected by arsenic-contaminated groundwater. Specifically, the La Pampa produces water containing 4–5300 microgram per liter. Arsenic contamination of

1340-585: Is often an unattainable goal for many problem areas due to the difficult nature of removing arsenic from water sources. Approximately 20 major incidents of groundwater arsenic contamination have been reported. Of these, four major incidents occurred in Asia—in Bangladesh ; West Bengal, India ; Inner Mongolia, China ; and Taiwan . Locations of potentially hazardous wells have been mapped in China. Gold mining can contaminate groundwater with arsenic, because

1407-614: Is subject to a serious problem with arsenic contamination. The problem is most severe in the Terai region, the worst being near Nawalparasi District , where 26 percent of shallow wells failed to meet WHO standard of 10 ppb. A study by Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Environment in the Kathmandu Valley showed that 72% of deep wells failed to meet the WHO standard, and 12% failed to meet

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1474-429: Is the production of high-salinity waste water, called brine , or concentrate, which then must be disposed of. Subterranean arsenic removal (SAR) technology SAR Technology In subterranean arsenic removal, aerated groundwater is recharged back into the aquifer to create an oxidation zone which can trap iron and arsenic on the soil particles through adsorption process. The oxidation zone created by aerated water boosts

1541-764: Is the tenth-largest district in the State by area. The territory of Greater 24 Parganas were under the Satgaon (ancient Saptagram, now in Hoogly district) administration during the Mughal era and later it was included in Hoogly chakla (district under post-Mughal Nawabi rule) during the rule of Murshid Quli Khan . In 1757, after the Battle of Plassey , Nawab Mir Jafar conferred the Zamindari of 24 parganas and janglimahals (small administrative units) upon

1608-848: The Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation . As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district is divided into 33 assembly constituencies: This district is rich in culture. Many famous places like Dakshineswar Kali Temple , Baranagar Math (first monastery of Ramakrishna Order) are situated in this district. Many places of this district are famous for festivals – Helencha , Maslandapur , Habra , Barrackpore , Barasat , Naihati and Madhyamgram are for Kali puja , Bangaon , Gobardanga , Baranagar , Basirhat are for Durga Puja , Ashoknagar Kalyangarh

1675-632: The British East India Company . These Parganas are: 1. Akbarpur, 2. Amirpur, 3. Asimabad, 4. Balia, 5. Baridhati, 6. Basandhari, 7. Birati, 8. Calcutta, 9. Dakshin Sagar, 10. Garh, 11. Hathiagarh, 12. Ikhtiarpur, 13. Kharijuri, 14. Khaspur, 15. Maidanmal or Mednimall, 16. Magura, 17. Mayda, 18. Manpur, 19. Murnagacha, 20. Paika, 21. Pechakul, 22. Satal, 23. Shahnagar, 24. Shahpur, and 25. Uttar Pargana (O'Mally, L.S.S. (1914) Bengal District Gazetteers: 24 Parganas. Page 44). Since then, this entire territory

1742-591: The "12 Cases of Cleanup & Success" in the World's Worst Polluted Places Report 2009. (Refer: www.worstpolluted.org ). Currently, large scale SAR plants are being installed in US, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Using nanomaterials, it is possible to effectively destroy microorganisms, adsorb arsenic and fluoride, remove heavy metals and degrade pesticides usually found in water. Researchers have looked at new methods to synthesize iron oxide/hydroxide/oxyhydroxide compositions in

1809-491: The 1947 partition. In 1980, an administrative reform committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Ashok Mitra suggested splitting the district into two and as per the recommendation of the committee in 1983, on 1 March 1986, two new districts – North 24 Parganas (24 PGS (N)) and South 24 Parganas (24 PGS (S)) were created. The North 24 Parganas which was included in the Presidency division has been formed with five sub-divisions of

1876-662: The Border Security Force (BSF) on the illegal, but lucrative, business of cow smuggling along the India-Bangladesh border in West Bengal’s North 24 Parganas district, resulted in immense resentment among a section of the area’s minority community. This culminated in the communal flare-up in the state’s Basirhat sub-division earlier this month. A source close to the state’s ruling Trinamool Congress told The Sunday Guardian over phone, “Cow smuggling to Bangladesh, through

1943-461: The Department of Public Health Engineering to install tube-wells. The wells consist of tubes 5 cm in diameter inserted less than 200 m into the ground and capped with an iron or steel hand pump. At that time, standard water testing procedures did not include arsenic testing. This lack of precaution led to one of the largest mass poisoning of a population because the ground water used for drinking

2010-459: The EPA's power to set mandates. This amendment created the "costs and benefits rule" to determine whether the cost of implementing new MCLs outweighs the health benefits. To maximize the costs and benefits of setting new MLCs, the EPA began allowing more affordable technology to be substituted that did not fully meet MLC standards because it was more affordable. The EPA studied the pros and cons of lowering

2077-544: The Greater 24 Parganas, namely Barasat Sadar (Headquarters), Barrackpore , Basirhat , Bangaon , and Bidhannagar (a satellite township of Kolkata, popularly known as Salt Lake). On 1 August 2022, the Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee announced to create two more districts named Ichamati district consisting of Bangaon subdivision and a yet unnamed district consisting of Basirhat subdivision by bifurcating

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2144-449: The Nepali standard of 50 ppb. 66% of 1200 samples tested contained arsenic above WHO recommended limit, threatening over 60 million residents. 50–60 million residents consume water with arsenic levels greater than 50 micrograms of arsenic per liter, levels far passing acceptable levels worldwide. A drinking water standard of 0.05 mg/L (equal to 50 parts per billion , or ppb) arsenic

2211-543: The US state of Michigan . This gave it a ranking of second in India (out of a total of 640 ) and first in its state. However, in 2014 the Thane district (in Maharashtra ), which had been ranked first in India in 2011, was divided into two, thus promoting North 24 Parganas District to first in India. The district has a population density of 2,463 inhabitants per square kilometre (6,380/sq mi). Its population growth rate over

2278-520: The United States obtained their water supply from groundwater that had met the old 50 ppb arsenic standard but exceeded the new 10 ppb MCL. These utilities searched for either an alternative supply or an inexpensive treatment method to remove the arsenic from their water. In Arizona, an estimated 35 percent of water-supply wells were put out of compliance by the new regulation; in California, the percentage

2345-406: The activity of the arsenic-oxidizing microorganisms which can oxidize arsenic from +3 to +5 state SAR Technology . No chemicals are used and almost no sludge is produced during operational stage since iron and arsenic compounds are rendered inactive in the aquifer itself. Thus toxic waste disposal and the risk of its future mobilization is prevented. Also, it has very long operational life, similar to

2412-521: The area. The tip of the Sundarbans National Park is visible in the lower part of the map (shown in green but not marked). The larger full screen map shows the full forest area. A large section of the area is a part of the Sundarbans settlements . The densely populated area is an overwhelmingly rural area. Only 12.96% of the population lives in the urban area and 87.04% of the population in rural areas. Note: The map alongside presents some of

2479-688: The arsenic MCL for years in the late 1980s and 1990s. No action was taken until January 2001, when the Clinton administration in its final weeks promulgated a new standard of 0.01 mg/L (10 ppb) to take effect January 2006. The Bush administration suspended the midnight regulation , but after some months of study, the new EPA administrator Christine Todd Whitman approved the new 10 ppb arsenic standard and its original effective date of January 2006. Many locations exceed this limit. A 2017 Lancet Public Health study found that this rule change led to fewer cancer deaths. Many public water supply systems across

2546-405: The arsenic standard. Coagulation/filtration (also known as flocculation ) removes arsenic by coprecipitation and adsorption using iron coagulants. Coagulation/filtration using alum is already used by some utilities to remove suspended solids and may be adjusted to remove arsenic. Iron oxide adsorption filters the water through a granular medium containing ferric oxide. Ferric oxide has

2613-456: The arsenic. Arsenic contaminated water typically contains arsenous acid and arsenic acid or their derivatives. Their names as "acids" is a formality; these species are not aggressive acids but are merely the soluble forms of arsenic near neutral pH. These compounds are extracted from the underlying rocks that surround the aquifer. Arsenic acid tends to exist as the ions [HAsO 4 ] and [H 2 AsO 4 ] in neutral water, whereas arsenous acid

2680-497: The border remains unfenced. Basirhat PS has jurisdiction over Basirhat municipal area and Basirhat I CD Block. Around half of the 4,095 km long India-Bangladesh border has been fenced and vigil along the border has been tightened up. As of 2017, Cattle smuggling across the border was unofficially estimated to be a Rs. 4,000 crore business, half of it across the Basirhat border and the balance through Malda and Murshidabad. In 2017, The Sunday Guardian reported, “The crackdown by

2747-746: The corporate offices are situated in Sector V and Sector III. Around 3.5 Lakh (by 2017) people are employed in Salt Lake City . The district comprises five subdivisions: Barrackpore, Barasat Sadar, Basirhat, Bangaon and Bidhannagar. Barasat is the district headquarters. There are 35 police stations, 22 development blocks, 27 municipalities, 200 gram panchayats and 1599 villages in this district. Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 48 urban units: 27 municipalities and 20 census towns and 1 cantonment board. This subdivision consists of

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2814-409: The decade 2001–2011 was 12.86%. North Twenty Four Parganas has a sex ratio of 949 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 84.95%. 57.28% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 21.67% and 2.64% of the population respectively. Hinduism is the main religion in the district, and especially dominates urban areas where they are nearly 90% of

2881-498: The distribution site, and are thus more focused on quick, temporary fixes. A simpler and less expensive form of arsenic removal is known as the Sono arsenic filter , using three pitchers containing cast iron turnings and sand in the first pitcher and wood activated carbon and sand in the second. Plastic buckets can also be used as filter containers. It is claimed that thousands of these systems are in use and can last for years while avoiding

2948-625: The district for better development and smooth administration purpose. The district lies within the Ganga – Brahmaputra delta. The major distributary of river Ganga that is river Hooghly flows along the western border of the district. There are many other distributary branches, sub-branches of Ganga river and other local rivers, which include the Ichhamati , Jamuna , and Bidyadhari . People are mainly engaged in farming, fishing and other agricultural activities. The average size of agricultural landholdings

3015-437: The efforts of community-elected water committees that collect a local water tax for funding operations and maintenance. It has also been used to remove undesirably high concentrations of fluoride . Ion exchange has long been used as a water softening process, although usually on a single-home basis. Traditional anion exchange resins are effective in removing As(V), but not As(III), or arsenic trioxide , which doesn't have

3082-428: The element typically occurs in gold-containing ores. Gold processing releases arsenic from mine tailings , and contaminated groundwater may be unsafe to drink for decades. Arsenic that is naturally occurring can contaminate the soil, just as it does the groundwater. This presents a possible arsenic exposure by use of products containing tobacco, because the tobacco plant grows from the soil and can become infiltrated with

3149-511: The groundwater in Bangladesh is a serious problem. Prior to the 1970s, Bangladesh had one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world. Ineffective water purification and sewage systems as well as periodic monsoons and flooding exacerbated these problems. As a solution, UNICEF and the World Bank advocated the use of wells to tap into deeper groundwater. During the 1970s, UNICEF worked with

3216-665: The laboratory and used them for water purification. A product called AMRIT, meaning elixir in Indian languages, developed by the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, is an affordable water purification technology based on advanced materials, which has been validated through research articles and patents and has been approved for national implementation in India. The technology can remove several anions, especially arsenate and arsenite (two common species present in arsenic-contaminated water) and fluoride from water. Currently, this technology

3283-481: The long lasting tube wells drawing water from the shallow aquifers. Six such SAR plants, funded by the World Bank and constructed by Ramakrishna Vivekananda Mission, Barrackpore & Queen's University Belfast, UK are operating in West Bengal. Each plant has been delivering more than 3,000 liters of arsenic and iron-free water daily to the rural community. The first community water treatment plant based on SAR technology

3350-412: The most effective treatment option. In some places, such as the United States, all the water supplied to residences by utilities must meet primary (health-based) drinking water standards. Regulations may require large-scale treatment systems to remove arsenic from the water supply. The effectiveness of any method depends on the chemical makeup of a particular water supply. The aqueous chemistry of arsenic

3417-429: The notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full-screen map. Basirhat police station covers an area of 267 km and serves a population of 637,538. Basirhat PS has under it Basirhat town outpost and two other outposts at Panitor and Boatghat. The police district has a 22 km border, out which 14 km is land border and 8 km is riverine border. 11 km of

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3484-479: The population spoke Bengali , 7.69% Hindi and 2.28% Urdu as their first language. The district is also home to the Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary , which was established in 1985 and has an area of 0.6 km (0.2 sq mi). Arsenic contamination of groundwater The World Health Organization recommends limiting arsenic concentrations in water to 10 μg/L, although this

3551-407: The population. Most Muslims are rural, and in the rural areas Hindus and Muslims are in equal proportions. In Bongaon and Sandeshkhali regions, Hindus, mainly descendants of refugees from present-day Bangladesh, dominate the rural population. But in the rest of the district, Muslims dominate the rural population. Languages of North 24 Parganas district (2011) According to the 2011 census, 88.91% of

3618-485: The possibility of uploading their own measurement data, visually displaying them and producing risk maps for areas of their choice. GAP also serves as a knowledge-sharing forum for enabling further development of methods for removing toxic substances from water. Researchers from Bangladesh and the United Kingdom have claimed that dietary intake of arsenic adds a significant amount to total intake where contaminated water

3685-477: The riverine border in Basirhat, Taki and other adjoining areas, has taken a hit as the BSF has become very strict and is maintaining a constant vigil. This has hurt the locals, who were earning crores from these illegal activities. Rendered jobless, they blamed the situation on the majority community.”” The headquarters of Basirhat I CD block are located at Basihat. According to the 2011 census, Basirhat Municipality had

3752-480: The surface typically has spent a shorter time in the ground, therefore likely absorbing a lower concentration of arsenic; water deeper than 100 meters is exposed to much older sediments which have already been depleted of arsenic. In Bihar , groundwater in 13 districts have been found to be contaminated with arsenic with quantities exceeding 0.05 mg/L. All these districts are situated close to large rivers like Ganga and Gandak . In West Bengal , India, water

3819-404: The technologies of adsorption (using media such as Bayoxide E33, GFH, activated alumina or titanium dioxide) or reverse osmosis . Ion exchange and activated alumina have been considered but not commonly used. Chaff -based filters have been reported to reduce the arsenic content of water to 3 μg/L (3 ppb). This is especially important in areas where the potable water is provided by filtering

3886-466: The toxic waste disposal problem inherent to conventional arsenic removal plants. Although novel, this filter has not been certified by any sanitary standards such as NSF, ANSI, WQA and does not avoid toxic waste disposal similar to any other iron removal process. In the United States small "under the sink" units have been used to remove arsenic from drinking water. This option is called "point of use" treatment. The most common types of domestic treatment use

3953-641: The water extracted from the underground aquifer . In iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) , iron is dissolved nonstop using electricity, and the resulting ferric hydroxides , oxyhydroxides, and oxides form an absorbent readily attracted to arsenic. Current density , the amount of charge delivered per liter of water, of the process is often manipulated in order to achieve maximum arsenic depletion. This treatment strategy has primarily been used in Bangladesh, and has proven to be largely successful. In fact, using iron electrocoagulation to remove arsenic in water proved to be

4020-523: The wells had arsenic above the U.S. MCL of 0.010 mg/L. Fallon, Nevada has long been known to have groundwater with relatively high arsenic concentrations (in excess of 0.08 mg/L). Even some surface waters, such as the Verde River in Arizona , sometimes exceed 0.01 mg/L arsenic, especially during low-flow periods when the river flow is dominated by groundwater discharge. A study conducted in

4087-585: The western banks of river Hoogly were included into it. These parganas were in Nadia earlier. In 1814, a separate collectorate was established in Twenty-four Parganas. In 1817, Falta and Baranagar and in 1820, some portions of Nadia's Balanda and Anwarpur were encompassed to it. In 1824, portions of Barasat , Khulna and Bakhargunge (now in Bangladesh) were also included to it. In 1824, the district headquarters

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4154-615: The year 2013, the 250 bedded Basirhat Sub-Division Hospital augmented to 300 Bedded District Hospital and later on, in the year 2017 the District Hospital increased with additional 300 beds with introduction of Super Specialty Hospital, now Basirhat District Hospital & Super Specialty Hospital running with 600 beds pride & success. Basirhat is one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination . North 24 Parganas district North 24 Parganas (abv. 24 PGS (N) ) or sometimes North Twenty Four Parganas

4221-493: Was 38 percent. The proper arsenic MCL continues to be debated. Some have argued that the 10 ppb federal standard is still too high, while others have argued that 10 ppb is needlessly strict. Individual states can establish lower arsenic limits; New Jersey has done so, setting a maximum of 0.005 mg/L (5 ppb) for arsenic in drinking water. A study of private water wells in the Appalachian mountains found that six percent of

4288-553: Was contaminated with arsenic. Tube-wells were supposed to draw water from underground aquifers to provide a safe source of water for the nation. Millions of wells were constructed as a result. In 1993 it was discovered that groundwater in large parts of Bangladesh was naturally contaminated with arsenic . The issue came to international attention in 1995. In the Ganges Delta , the affected wells are typically more than 20 meters and less than 100 meters deep. Groundwater closer to

4355-698: Was originally established in the United States by the Public Health Service in 1942. After the passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (SDWA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was given the power to set the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) of contaminants in public water supplies. In 1996 Congress amended the SDWA and created a Drinking Water State Revolving Fund to provide loans for water supply improvements, which increased

4422-552: Was set up at Kashimpore near Kolkata in 2004 by a team of European and Indian engineers led by Bhaskar Sen Gupta of Queen's University Belfast for TiPOT. SAR technology had been awarded Dhirubhai Ambani Award, 2010 from IChemE UK for Chemical Innovation. Again, SAR was the winner of the St. Andrews Award for Environment, 2010. The SAR Project was selected by the Blacksmith Institute – New York & Green Cross- Switzerland as one of

4489-468: Was shifted from Kolkata to Baruipur, but in 1828, it was removed to Alipore . In 1834, the district was split into two districts – Alipore and Barasat , but later these were united again. In 1905, some portion of this district around the Sunderbans was detached and linked to Khulna and Barishal. These parts remained in Bangladesh territories where Jessore's Bangaon was joined to Twentyfour Pargana after

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