Bashan ( / ˈ b eɪ ʃ ə n / ; Hebrew : הַבָּשָׁן , romanized : ha-Bashan ; Latin : Basan or Basanitis ) is the ancient, biblical name used for the northernmost region of the Transjordan during the Iron Age . It is situated in modern-day Syria . Its western part, nowadays known as the Golan Heights , was occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six Day War and annexed in 1981 .
17-619: Bashan has been inhabited since at least the fourth millennium BCE. Its earliest mention is found in a Sumerian text dating back to the third millennium BCE. During the Late Bronze Age, Bashan is recorded in Egyptian sources as being under the control of their empire . Biblical tradition holds that an Amorite kingdom in Bashan was conquered by the Israelites during the reign of King Og . Throughout
34-861: A single literary unit, whereas John Nelson Darby treats each chapter, except for chapters 1 and 2, as "a distinct prophecy". The original text was written in Hebrew . This chapter is divided into 13 verses. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among
51-806: Is the fourth chapter of the Book of Amos in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible . In the Hebrew Bible it is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets . This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Amos , especially the denunciation of Israel's nobles as Israel is reproved for oppression, Amos 4:1–3, for idolatry , Amos 4:4,5, and for their incorrigibleness, Amos 4:6–13. Jennifer Dines treats Amos 3:1-5:17 as
68-460: Is written in left-justified lines, and could contain line-based organization such as the couplet or the stanza , but the Sumerian definition of poetry is unknown. It is not rhymed , although “comparable effects were sometimes exploited.” Though rhymeless, the intricate patterns of similar and alternating sounds of vowels and consonants and the similar and alternating verb and noun endings give
85-765: The Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q78 (4QXII ; 75–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–2; and 4Q82 (4QXII ; 25 BCE) with extant verses 4–9. There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint , made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus ( B ; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} ; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus ( A ; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} ; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus ( Q ; G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} ; 6th century). Where
102-500: The oaks of its forests ( Isaiah 2:13 ; Ezekiel 27:6 ; Zechariah 11:2 ), the beauty of its extensive plains (also in Amos 4:1), Jeremiah 50:19 ), and the rugged majesty of its mountains ( Psalm 68:15 ). Bashan is also mentioned in 1 Chronicles 5:16 : "[The Gadites ] lived in Gilead, in Bashan and its outlying villages, and on all the pasturelands of Sharon as far as they extended." The Bashan
119-639: The 30th century BC. The Sumerian language remained in official and literary use in the Akkadian and Babylonian empires, even after the spoken language disappeared from the population; literacy was widespread, and the Sumerian texts that students copied heavily influenced later Babylonian literature . The basic genres of Sumerian literature were literary catalogues, narrative/mythological compositions, historical compositions, letters and legal documents, disputation poems , proverbs, and other texts which do not belong to these prior categories. Most Sumerian literature
136-418: The cattle, and the spoil of the cities, we took for a prey to ourselves. Along with the half of Gilead , it was given to the half- tribe of Manasseh ( Joshua 13:29–31 ). According to the Book of Joshua , Golan , one of its cities, became a Levitical city and a city of refuge ( Joshua 21:27 ). Argob , in Bashan, was one of Solomon 's commissariat districts ( 1 Kings 4:13 ). In the late-9th century BCE,
153-566: The cities of Bashan were taken by Hazael , monarch of the Syrian kingdom of Aram-Damascus ( 2 Kings 10:33 ), but were soon after reconquered by Jehoash ( 2 Kings 13:25 ) who overcame the Syrians in three battles, according to the prophecy of Elisha ( 2 Kings 13:19 ). From this time, Bashan almost disappears from history, although there are biblical references to the wild cattle of its rich pastures (see Ezekiel 39:18 , Psalm 22:12 and Amos 4:1 ),
170-599: The earliest known corpus of recorded literature, including the religious writings and other traditional stories maintained by the Sumerian civilization and largely preserved by the later Akkadian and Babylonian empires. These records were written in the Sumerian language in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC during the Middle Bronze Age . The Sumerians invented one of the first writing systems, developing Sumerian cuneiform writing out of earlier proto-writing systems by about
187-477: The king of Bashan came out against us, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei . And the L ORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver him, and all his people, and his land, into thy hand; and thou shalt do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon . So the L ORD our God delivered into our hands Og also, the king of Bashan, and all his people: and we smote him until none
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#1732851607479204-1030: The language a musical resonance. It did not use syllabo-tonic versification, and the writing system precludes detection of rhythm, metre , rhyme, or alliteration . Quantitative analysis of other possible poetic features seems to be lacking, or has been intentionally hidden by the scribes who recorded the writing . Genre is often the first judgement made of ancient literature; types of literature were not clearly defined, and all Sumerian literature incorporated poetic aspects. Sumerian poems demonstrate basic elements of poetry, including lines , imagery , and metaphor . Humans, gods, talking animals, and inanimate objects were all incorporated as characters. Suspense and humor were both incorporated into Sumerian stories. These stories were primarily shared orally, though they were also recorded by scribes . Some works were associated with specific musical instruments or contexts and may have been performed in specific settings. Sumerian literature did not use titles , instead being referred to by
221-469: The monarchic period, Bashan was contested between the kingdoms of Israel and Aram-Damascus . Tiglath-pileser III of Assyria eventually intervened, removing Bashan from Israel's control. Bashan is mentioned 59 times in the Hebrew Bible . It is the location of Ashtaroth Karnaim and Edrei (modern-day Daraa ), as well as the city of Golan , which gave its name to the modern Golan Heights. The name Bashan fell out of use in classical antiquity , in which
238-467: The region was divided into four districts: Batanaea , Gaulanitis, Trachonitis and Auranitis . The Book of Numbers tells that King Og of Bashan came out against the Israelites led by Moses at the time of their entrance into the Promised Land , but was vanquished in battle ( Numbers 21:33–35 ; Deuteronomy 3:1–7 ). Deuteronomy 3:1–7 states: Then we turned, and went up the way to Bashan: and Og
255-466: The work's first line. Based on the categorization work of Miguel Civil , Modern assyriologists have divided the extant corpus of Sumerian literature into broad categories including "Literary Catalogs", "Narratives and Mythological Compositions", "Historical Compositions and Praise Poetry", "Letters, Letter Prayers and Laws", "Hymns and Songs", "Heterogenous Compositions" (including Wisdom literature ), and "Proverbs". Amos 4#Verse 1 Amos 4
272-430: Was left to him remaining. And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not from them, threescore cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan. All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars; beside unwalled towns a great many. And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every city. But all
289-593: Was ultimately conquered and pillaged by the Neo-Assyrian Empire , which held onto it from 732 to 610 BCE. It later saw security and prosperity under the Achaemenid Empire ; its settlements became better developed and culturally Aramaized . In some Semitic languages bashan (bšn) means serpent. In Ugaritic, masculine and feminine forms are available, bashanim and bashanat are male and female snakes. Sumerian texts Sumerian literature constitutes
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