Misplaced Pages

#838161

84-652: In 1867, the Freedmen's Bureau (officially the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands) bought a 375-acre farm from Julia Barry, a white landowner and recent owner of enslaved people, enabling the transformation of Barry's Farm into a thriving, independent community of formerly enslaved and free-born African Americans. The Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard , had asked Black migrants squatting in temporary structures at Meridian Hill, what might help them to become self-supporting. They said, "Land! Give us land!" Howard promised to acquire land near

168-536: A "dramatic loss of housing." In San Francisco, which made extensive use of the HOPE VI program to redevelop its aging public housing supply, virtually all projects constructed significantly fewer units than they demolished. In the Hayes Valley, Plaza East, Valencia Gardens, Geneva Towers, and Bernal Dwellings projects, Federal, State, and Local Housing Authorities spent somewhere in the neighborhood of $ 300,000,000 to create

252-541: A $ 120 million budget; however, in FY2010 no funds were budgeted for HOPE VI. A new Choice Neighborhoods program had a proposed budget of $ 250 million. Over the course of 15 years, HOPE VI grants were used to demolish 96,200 public housing units and produce 107,800 new or renovated housing units, of which 56,800 were to be affordable to the lowest-income households. The new and renovated housing units were mixed income, less dense, and sought to attain better design and integration into

336-675: A Christian gentleman. Ultimately, by the war's end, Gen. Sherman would commend Howard as a corps commander of "the utmost skill, nicety and precision". From May 1865 to July 1874, General Howard was commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau (the Army's Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands), where he played a major role in the Reconstruction era , and had charge of integrating freedmen (former slaves) into American society. Howard devised far-reaching programs and guidelines including social welfare in

420-474: A bid in the fall of 1994 for development of a new mixed-income project. They developed Centennial Place , which has continued as a successful mixed-income community. Instrumental in the process was AHA's new CEO Renee Lewis Glover , who over the next decade guided the agency through the demolition of its large, declining housing projects. They were replaced on AHA land by private-public ventures of mixed-use, mixed-income communities modeled on Centennial Place, with

504-513: A fanatic. Reconstruction's opponents alleged that, in abusing both civil and military power, the Bureau became a centralized dictatorship. Howard described the extent of his enormous powers as: ...Almost unlimited authority gave me scope and liberty of action... Legislative, judicial and executive powers were combined in my commission. Andrew Johnson reacted to the meaning of such unlimited scope of action against civilians: The power thus given to

588-406: A historic landmark designation for five public housing buildings that were home to well-known activists. Other than a recreation center, these were the only buildings that remained on the site as of 2022. 38°51′33″N 76°59′57″W  /  38.8593°N 76.9991°W  / 38.8593; -76.9991 Oliver O. Howard Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909)

672-840: A man should be treated, there would have been no war." Subsequently, Howard was superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1881–1882. He served as commander of the Department of the Platte from 1882 to 1886 and the Military Division of the Pacific from 1886 to 1888. From 1888, his final command was of the Department of the East ( Military Division of the Atlantic ) at Fort Columbus on Governors Island in New York Harbor, encompassing

756-507: A mixed-income community, called Harbor Point Apartments. Congress established the National Commission on Severely Distressed Public Housing in 1989 to study the issue of dilapidated public housing. After it submitted the report to Congress in 1992, legislation creating the HOPE VI grants was drafted and passed. One of the first HOPE VI pilot grants, which in the first year of the program were $ 50m before being reduced in future years,

840-543: A net loss of 457 apartments. Some have criticized the program for having the right goals but not accomplishing them, or not going about them in the right way. The National Housing Law Project issued a joint report saying, "HOPE VI has been characterized by a lack of clear standards, a lack of hard data on program results, and misleading and contradictory statements made by HUD." The report said: HUD's failure to provide comprehensive and accurate information about HOPE VI has created an environment in which misimpressions about

924-447: A period of seven years. For an additional $ 76, they could buy lumber to begin constructing a house. By 1869, money from the sale of the land, reportedly $ 31,178.12 (~$ 634,301 in 2023), had been returned to the fund and distributed to the three institutions listed above. Barry Farm was initially a large homestead, stretching all the way to 13th Street on the east, Poplar Point on the West, and

SECTION 10

#1732858675839

1008-534: A portion of units reserved for former public housing tenants. The first HOPE VI mixed-income community (where public housing was a component) was Phase I of Centennial Place, which closed on March 8, 1996. Glover distinguished the Atlanta program, which included providing vouchers to former tenants of public housing for privately held units, by requiring residents to participate in work or study programs to remain qualified for subsidized housing. These elements became known as

1092-538: A tenants' council made up of women and led by Stevens Road residents Lillian Wright and Etta Mae Horn, was one such group. The Angels' first achievement was an urgently needed $ 1.5 million renovation of Barry Farm Dwellings. Etta Horn later became an influential civil rights leader and served as vice chair of the National Welfare Rights Organization. Since 1975, Barry Farm has been the home to Barry Farms Community Basketball League. This summer league

1176-500: Is a crime which he chooses to call so, and all persons are condemned who he pronounces to be guilty. The limited ideological framework of General Howard and his aides encouraged their attempt at radical reconstruction of southern society without realizing the need for essential legislation. They thought that the elimination of all statutory inequalities—for instance, Black court testimony—would be enough to assure protection. Southern states pretended to comply with this point in order to end

1260-776: Is largely based on New Urbanism and the concept of defensible space . The program began in 1992, with formal recognition by law in 1998. As of 2005, the program had distributed $ 5.8 billion through 446 federal block grants to cities for the developments, with the highest individual grant being $ 67.7 million, awarded to Arverne/Edgemere Houses in New York City. HOPE VI has included a variety of grant programs including: Revitalization, Demolition, Main Street, and Planning grant programs. As of June 1, 2010 there have been 254 HOPE VI Revitalization grants awarded to 132 housing authorities since 1993 – totaling more than $ 6.1 billion. The success of

1344-541: Is nonsectarian and is open to both sexes without regard to race. On November 20, 1866, Howard was among ten members of various socially-concerned groups of the time who met in Washington, D.C., to discuss plans for a theological seminary to train black ministers. Interest was sufficient, however, to create an educational institute for areas other than the ministry. The result was the Howard Normal and Theological Institute for

1428-702: Is on display at Howard University. An equestrian statue is on East Cemetery Hill on the Gettysburg Battlefield . A dormitory at Bowdoin College is named for Howard. The Oliver O. Howard Relief Corps of the Grand Army of the Republic provided funds to help destitute former Union soldiers and to support worthy public causes. It contributed money and the design for the State Flag of Utah in 1920. An Army Reserve Center

1512-720: The Army of the Cumberland in Tennessee ; they were commanded once again by "Fighting Joe" Hooker. In the Battles for Chattanooga , the corps joined the impulsive assault that captured Missionary Ridge and forced the retreat of Gen. Braxton Bragg . In July 1864, following the death of Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson , temporary command of the Army of the Tennessee was given by order of William Tecumseh Sherman to

1596-497: The Battle of Chancellorsville , Howard suffered the first of two significant military setbacks. On May 2, 1863, his corps was on the right flank of the Union line, northwest of the crossroads of Chancellorsville. Robert E. Lee and Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson devised an audacious plan in which Jackson's entire corps would march secretly around the Union flank and attack it. Howard

1680-677: The Battle of Fair Oaks , a commemorative wreath was laid by the Oregon Civil War Sesquicentennial Commission at the site of General Howard's former residence in downtown Portland at the corner of SW 10th and Morrison. The month of June 2012 will be dedicated to Howard with a lecture and programs by the Oregon Civil War Sesquicentennial spotlighting General Howard's activities in Portland and at Fort Vancouver, Washington; and his post-war achievements at

1764-658: The Fort Vancouver National Historic Site was built in 1878 upon General Howard's order at a cost of $ 6,938.20 (~$ 192,366 in 2023). Completed in 1879, the building suffered a fire in 1986 and was left vacant until renovated by the City of Vancouver in 1998. The building serves as the headquarters of the Fort Vancouver National Trust. In Portland, Oregon , on the 150th Anniversary of Howard's acts of valor on June 1, 1862, while leading his troops at

SECTION 20

#1732858675839

1848-518: The Freedmen's Bureau , Howard University and Lincoln Memorial University and the Indian Wars. In a New York Times interview given the day after Howard retired from the Army on November 8, 1894, at the age of 64, it was reported that he was traveling West to stay at his daughter's house in Portland, Oregon , where he planned to start writing his memoirs. Howard was the author of numerous books after

1932-658: The Indian Wars , particularly against the Nez Perce in Idaho and Montana territories in 1877, with the resultant surrender of Chief Joseph . He was criticized by Chief Joseph as precipitating the war by trying to rush the Nez Perce to a smaller reservation, with no advance notice, no discussion, and no time to prepare. Joseph said, "If General Howard had given me plenty of time to gather up my stock and treated Too-hool-hool-suit as

2016-678: The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and the Grand Army of the Republic . Oliver Howard died in Burlington, Vermont on October 26, 1909, and is buried at Lakeview Cemetery in Burlington. At his death, Howard was the last surviving Union Army general to have held the permanent rank of a general in the regular U.S. Army. A bust of Howard designed by artist James E. Kelly

2100-676: The Seminole Wars . It was in Florida that he experienced a conversion to evangelical Christianity and considered resigning from the Army to become a minister. His religious proclivities would later earn him the nickname "the Christian general." Howard was promoted first lieutenant in July 1857, and returned to West Point the following September to become an instructor of mathematics. As the Civil War began with

2184-641: The United States Military Academy , graduating in 1854, fourth in his class of 46 cadets, as a brevet second lieutenant of ordnance. He served at the Watervliet Arsenal near Troy, New York , and was the temporary commander of the Kennebec Arsenal in Augusta, Maine . In 1855, he married Elizabeth Anne Waite, with whom he would have seven children. In 1857 he was transferred to Florida for

2268-597: The West , conducting a famous campaign against the Nez Perce tribe, led by Chief Joseph . Utley (1987) concludes that his leadership against the Apaches in 1872, Nez Perce in 1877, Bannocks and Paiutes in 1878, and the Sheepeaters in 1879 all add up to a lengthy record, although he did not fight as much as George Custer or Nelson Miles . Oliver Howard was born in Leeds, Maine ,

2352-507: The " Christian General " because he tried to base his policy decisions on his deep, evangelical piety, he was given charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in mid-1865, with the mission of integrating the former slaves into Southern society and politics during the second phase of the Reconstruction Era . Howard took charge of labor policy, setting up a system that required freed people to work on former plantation land under pay scales fixed by

2436-420: The 1975 television film, I Will Fight No More Forever , about the U.S. Army campaign against the Nez Perce and the surrender of Chief Joseph in 1877. In episode 6 of The West , he was portrayed in voiceovers by Eli Wallach and is the protagonist of William T. Vollmann 's novel The Dying Grass (2015). In the citation for Howard's Medal of Honor – issued June 1, 1862, at Fair Oaks , Virginia – he

2520-432: The Army of the Tennessee for a scant four days. Logan's detailed report ended with: "I withdrew the Army of the Tennessee the night of the 26th, and moved it along the rear of the center and right of the army to a position across Proctor's Creek. After putting the army in position that night I was relieved by Maj. Gen. Howard." Howard subsequently led the right wing of Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's famous March to

2604-614: The Atlanta Model. Henry Cisneros , then Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, described the HOPE VI program as the last gasp for public housing. President George W. Bush called for abolition of the HOPE VI program, and Congress reduced funding for the block grants. San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom proposed a local version of HOPE VI, using a $ 100 million public bond referendum to gather private money to rehabilitate outdated public housing projects. In FY 2009, HOPE VI received

Barry Farm - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-545: The Bureau, on terms negotiated by the Bureau with white land owners. Howard's Bureau was primarily responsible for the legal affairs of the freedmen. He attempted to protect freed blacks from hostile conditions, but lacked adequate power, and was repeatedly frustrated by President Andrew Johnson . Howard's allies, the Radical Republicans , won control of Congress in the 1866 elections and imposed Radical Reconstruction, with

2772-468: The Education of Preachers and Teachers. On January 8, 1867, the board of trustees voted to change the name of the institution to Howard University. Howard served as president from 1869 to 1874. He was quoted as saying "[t]he opposition to Negro education made itself felt everywhere in a combination not to allow the freed men any room or building in which a school might be taught. In 1865, 1866, and 1867, mobs of

2856-634: The Poor People's Development Foundation helped the co-op organizers. In 1997, the Capital Area Community Food Bank and Community Educational Economic Development worked with Barry Farm Dwellings residents to start a farm. In the 1940s, government agencies sought to destroy and completely redevelop the Barry Farm-Hillsdale community. Two reasons have been suggested: 1) the community's "inability "to pay for municipal services" through

2940-649: The Potomac for the Peninsula Campaign . On June 1, 1862, while commanding a Union brigade in the Fair Oaks , Howard was wounded twice in his right arm, which was subsequently amputated. (He received the Medal of Honor in 1893 for his heroism at Fair Oaks.) Brig. Gen. Philip Kearny , who had lost his left arm, visited Howard and joked that they would be able to shop for gloves together. Howard recovered quickly enough to rejoin

3024-560: The Sea , through Georgia and then the Carolinas . Sherman, having favored Howard over Logan for permanent command of the Army of the Tennessee, recognized Logan's success at Atlanta. In recognition of the outstanding leadership Logan displayed at Atlanta, Sherman asked Howard to allow Logan to ceremonially lead the Army in the May 1865 Grand Review in Washington. Howard agreed when Sherman appealed to him as

3108-588: The South and set up new elections, which the Republican coalition of freedmen , northern Republicans who came south and were referred to derogatorily as carpetbaggers , and southerners who supported Reconstruction, nicknamed scalawags , won (except in Virginia). The Bureau was very active in helping blacks organize themselves politically, and therefore it became a target of partisan hostility. President Johnson called Howard

3192-650: The XI Corps, still chastened by its humiliation in May, arrived on the field in the afternoon of July 1, 1863. Poor positioning of the defensive line by one of Howard's subordinate division commanders, Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow , was exploited by the Confederate corps of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and once again the XI Corps collapsed, forcing it to retreat through the streets of Gettysburg, leaving many men behind to be taken prisoner. On Cemetery Hill , south of town, Howard quarreled with Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock about who

3276-581: The army for the Battle of Antietam , in which he rose to division command in the II Corps . He was promoted to major general in November 1862 and assumed command of the XI Corps the following April, replacing Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel . Since the corps was composed largely of German immigrants, many of whom spoke no English, the soldiers were resentful of their new leader and openly called for Sigel's reinstatement. At

3360-555: The baser classes at intervals and in all parts of the South occasionally burned school buildings and churches used as schools, flogged teachers or drove them away, and in a number of instances murdered them." He also founded Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate, Tennessee , in 1895, for the education of the "mountain whites." General Howard was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati ,

3444-407: The buildings were falling apart. Eventually, realizing the situation was almost hopeless, in 1984 Boston turned over the management, cleanup, planning, and revitalization of the property to a private development firm, Corcoran-Mullins-Jennison, that won a competition for the project. The construction work for the new Harbor Point development began in 1986 and was completed by 1990. It was developed as

Barry Farm - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-480: The city. He then transferred $ 52,000 from the refugees' and freedmen's fund to be held in trust by himself, Senator Samuel C. Pomeroy , and John R. Elvans for the use of three institutions: Howard University , Richmond Normal School, and St. Augustine Normal School in Raleigh. They used some of these funds to purchase Barry's Farm. The Bureau sub-divided the farm into one-acre plots, which the freedmen could purchase over

3612-674: The collection of real estate taxes" and 2) these government agencies' desire to clear downtown Washington, DC, of African Americans and move them to Barry Farm-Hillsdale and Marshall Heights. The residents successfully stopped this redevelopment, but continually had to battle future destruction. Through the city's New Communities Initiative and the Federal Choice program (the new HOPE VI ), the DC Government demolished almost all of Barry Farm to redevelop Barry Farm from single-use public housing where households pay 30% of their incomes to reside in

3696-481: The commanding officer over all the people ... is that of an absolute monarch ... He alone is permitted to determine the rights of persons and property ... It places at his free disposal all the lands and goods in his district, and he may distribute them without let or hindrance to whom he pleases. Being bound by no State law, and there being no other law to regulate the subject, he may make a criminal code of his own; and can make it as bloody as any in history ... Everything

3780-747: The community, into a mixed-use, higher density community with 1,600 units including homes for sale. In 2013, about 50 Barry Farm residents teamed up with community organizing group Empower DC. They formed the Barry Farm Tenants and Allies Association to stop the city from evicting them from their homes before new housing was built, to demand that the redeveloped site match the intentions of the site's original design in providing sufficient green space, and to guarantee their right to return. From April 2018 until January 2019, hundreds of families were relocated from Barry Farm, and early 2019, demolition began. The Barry Farm Tenants and Allies Association successfully won

3864-468: The defensive around Cemetery Hill, withstanding assaults by Maj. Gen. Jubal Early on July 2 and participating at the margin of the defense against Pickett's Charge on July 3. Also at Gettysburg, Howard's younger brother, Major Charles Henry Howard , served as his aide-de-camp. Howard and XI Corps were transferred to the Western Theater with fellow general Henry Slocum's XII Corps to become part of

3948-417: The elements of the program do not produce buildings. More funding goes to housing assistance vouchers than in previous programs. As with the strategy of constructing in-fill housing in middle-class neighborhoods and providing new housing for market-rate buyers, this element enables former public housing residents to be part of existing neighborhoods, to produce a certain cohesion. In almost all implementations of

4032-492: The eventual redevelopments, which are built with mostly public funding. Others have characterized this is a positive aspect of the program. The scheme was strongly criticized on the PJ Harvey album The Hope Six Demolition Project (2016). Al Levine, Seattle Housing's deputy executive director of development, noted that most housing authorities did not commit to replacing all of the demolished units. He said, "Seattle Housing

4116-492: The forefront of the civil rights movement. In the summer of 1949, Barry Farm-Hillsdale youth—Richard Robinson, Carl Contee, Richard Cook, Clarence "Dusty" Prue, Everett and Eugene "Mann" McKenzie, Toussaint Pierce, James Chester Jennings Jr, and Otis, Thomas and Bill Anderson—tried to enter the Anacostia Pool without success and continued to try over several days. Legally, the public pools were not segregated, but in practice this

4200-409: The form of rations, schooling, courts, and medical care. Howard often clashed with President Andrew Johnson , who strongly disliked the welfare aspects of the Freedman's Bureau, and especially tried to return political power to Southern whites. However, Howard had the support of the Radical Republicans in Congress. When the Radical Republicans gained power in 1867, they gave blacks the right to vote in

4284-426: The local neighborhoods. HOPE VI makes use of New Urbanism principles, meaning that communities must be dense, pedestrian-friendly, and transit-accessible. Housing is rarely built as apartments. Instead, private houses, duplexes and, especially for public housing projects, row houses are preferred. These buildings provide direct access and connection to the street and communities. Houses are designed to stand close to

SECTION 50

#1732858675839

4368-402: The mixed-use, mixed-income Columbia Point Housing Projects on Columbia Point in Boston, Massachusetts inspired and contributed to development of the HOPE VI model. Built in 1954, and consisting of approximately 1,500 apartment units, these apartments had fallen into disrepair and become dangerous as a center of crime and dysfunction. By the 1980s, only 300 families remained in the complex, where

4452-423: The neighborhood between busy traffic arteries, required the demolition of nearly 100 houses, and displaced more than 600 residents. Beginning in the late 1950s, I-295 , or the Anacostia Freeway, further restricted access to and visibility of the Anacostia River. Only a few old frame houses, mostly along Wade Road just at the edge of the thicket that separates Barry Farm from St. Elizabeth's Hospital, resemble those of

4536-418: The new developments because they resulted in a net loss of housing for the poor. As the program does not require a "one-for-one" replacement of the old housing unit, the new project does not have to house the same number of tenants as the old housing unit did. (The one-for-one replacement policy was repealed by Congress in 1998, separately from HUD's implementation of HOPE VI.) The Urban Institute reported that

4620-601: The number of units receiving a federal subsidy and available for the deeply poor to live in is cut in half in developments arising from the program. The National Low Income Housing Coalition has said that no HOPE VI grants should be allotted without requirements for one-for-one unit replacement. The NLIHC maintains that in order to acquire federal grants, local housing authorities have "demolished viable units and displaced families." The program has been called "notorious" for its allotment of federal grants for demolition of public housing. Some critics said that it has resulted in

4704-427: The order to withdraw was probably a sound one, and that the conflict between Howard and Hancock might have been avoided had Meade himself gotten onto the field. Howard started circulating the story that his corps' failure had actually been triggered by the collapse of Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday 's I Corps to the west, and this was a partial reason for Doubleday's removal from command of the corps. However, this excuse

4788-433: The original Freedman's community. The National Capital Housing Authority built the 442-unit Barry Farm Dwellings public housing project in 1943. Barry Farm was built with two- to four-bedroom town houses, with some later combined to create six-bedroom units, and a recreation center. Residents organized over the years both to pressure the city for assistance and to protect and support each other. Their actions brought them to

4872-420: The philosophy comes from a theory that apartment buildings are not healthy spaces for human habitation. Only with substantial wealth can an apartment building maintain the characteristics of security, social networking, and urban integration that the designers feel is necessary for a healthy community. Instead, the lower-rise, urban feel with a sense of safety in the built environment satisfies that need. Many of

4956-414: The present-day Morris Road SE on the north. In 1871, the area between 13th Street, Sheridan Road, and Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue SE (then known as Nichols Avenue), residents renamed the area Hillsdale. Railroad tracks laid around 1913 cut off Barry Farm from Poplar Point. The 1940s construction of a Suitland Parkway , originally a military highway from Bolling Field to Camp Springs, MD, further isolated

5040-480: The program and its basic purposes and outcomes have flourished- often with encouragement from HUD. HOPE VI plays upon the public housing program's unfairly negative reputation and an exaggerated sense of crisis about the state of public housing in general to justify a drastic model of large-scale family displacement and housing redevelopment that increasingly appears to do more harm than good. Housing authorities have also been criticized for allowing private management of

5124-476: The program, housing authorities and non-profits have provided resident-assistance information programs for new homeowners, teaching them and their neighbors how to take care of a house that they must protect. Some critics have said that local authorities use the program as a legal means to evict poor residents in favor of more affluent residents in a process of gentrification . They complain that less than 12% of those displaced from old housing eventually move into

SECTION 60

#1732858675839

5208-415: The ranking officer on the field that day, Major General John A. Logan . Shortly after the success at the Battle of Atlanta, Sherman (who favored granting command to a West Point graduate) appointed Howard to permanent command of the Army of the Tennessee. At the closing of his "After Action Report" filed by Major General John A. Logan on September 10, 1864, Logan referred to his having served as Commander of

5292-484: The replacement housing. In some cases, this is the choice of residents, who want to move to other housing. But one writer asserted that in the case of a section of Cabrini–Green in Chicago, residents were forced out by armed police in order for HOPE VI redevelopment to take place. Projects generally construct fewer units than are demolished, so even in the best of circumstances enough units may not be available for all residents to return. Federal auditors found that HUD

5376-509: The result that freedmen were given the vote. With the help and advice of the Bureau, freedmen joined Republican coalitions and won at the ballot boxes of most of the southern states. Howard was also a leader in promoting higher education for freedmen, most notably in founding Howard University in Washington, D.C., and serving as its president 1867–73; and aided in the charter of Howard University and Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University ) in 1867. After 1874, Howard commanded troops in

5460-435: The school be integrated. Their complaint became Bolling v. Sharpe and was one of several companion cases to Brown v. Board of Education . In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously declared that segregated public education was inherently unequal, violated the Equal Protection Clause and the right to due process, and therefore was unconstitutional. In the 1960s, there were new tenant organizing groups. The Band of Angels,

5544-414: The son of Rowland Bailey Howard and Eliza Otis Howard. His great-grandfather, Rogers Stinchfield and great-granduncle Thomas Stinchfield founded Leeds. Rowland, a farmer, died when Oliver was 9 years old. Oliver attended Monmouth Academy in Monmouth , North Yarmouth Academy in Yarmouth , Kents Hill School in Readfield , and graduated from Bowdoin College in 1850 at the age of 19. He then attended

5628-422: The states east of the Mississippi River. He retired from the U.S. Army at that posting in 1894 with the rank of major general . The French government made him a chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1884 and he was subsequently promoted to the ranks of officer and commander. General Howard is also remembered for playing a role in founding Howard University , which was incorporated by Congress in 1867. The school

5712-414: The street grid. This can lead to revitalization of surrounding areas. Private custodianship, with individuals taking care of their assigned part of the project, is a critical element. Likewise, providing residents with high-quality materials and houses is believed to encourage pride in the space and an interest in keeping things in good condition. This, theoretically, mitigates vandalism. In general, much of

5796-443: The street, with small front yards. It is common to see porches on the buildings, where residents can oversee the street, as well as small apartments for single residents built over garages or on the ground floor. By applying defensible space, most communities are specifically designed or remodeled with private property, emphasizing security. Buildings are low-rise and often integrated directly into failing urban areas by re-establishing

5880-440: The surrender of Fort Sumter , thoughts of the ministry were put aside and he decided to remain in the service of his country. Howard was appointed colonel of the 3rd Maine Infantry regiment and temporarily commanded a brigade at the First Battle of Bull Run . He was promoted to brigadier general effective September 3, 1861, and given permanent command of his brigade. He then joined Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan 's Army of

5964-494: The threat of the Freedmen's Bureau courts' system. In 1872, Howard, accompanied by 1st Lt Joseph A. Sladen , who served as his aide, was ordered to Arizona Territory to negotiate a peace treaty with Cochise , resulting in a treaty on October 12. This episode of American history was dramatized in the movie "Broken Arrow" (see below ) He was placed in command of the Department of the Columbia in 1874, went west to Washington Territory 's Fort Vancouver , where he fought in

6048-507: The war, including: He wrote an account of the Civil War's Atlanta campaign in Century Magazine for July 1887. He translated: In the 1950 film Broken Arrow , Howard is played by Basil Ruysdael opposite James Stewart , who portrays Tom Jeffords. In the 1956 film The Last Wagon , he was portrayed by Carl Benton Reid . Both of these films were written and directed by Delmer Daves . James Whitmore portrayed General Howard in

6132-514: Was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the Civil War . As a brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac , Howard lost his right arm while leading his men against Confederate forces at the Battle of Fair Oaks/Seven Pines in June 1862, an action which later earned him the Medal of Honor . As a corps commander, he suffered a major defeat at Chancellorsville and his performance

6216-492: Was a white segregated pool. There were violent clashes between hundreds of Whites and African Americans. The pool was closed, and the following year all the public pools were desegregated. In the 1940s, there was just one junior high and no high schools for African Americans east of the Anacostia River. In 1950, Barry Farm Dwelling residents requested that they be admitted to the new, white-segregated Sousa Junior High and that

6300-453: Was awarding grants based on the ability of the area to generate income for the city rather than the actual state of the housing project in question. By demolishing low-cost public housing units in an area, city officials can drive up property values in the surrounding area and reduce the number of low-income residents in need of public services. Only seven of the first 34 grants went toward the development of high-rise housing. Some criticized

6384-580: Was described as "Brigadier General, U.S. Volunteers". The citation reads: Led the 61st New York Infantry in a charge in which he was twice severely wounded in the right arm, necessitating amputation. HOPE VI HOPE VI is a program of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development . It is intended to revitalize the most distressed public housing projects in the United States into mixed-income developments . Its philosophy

6468-534: Was given to the Atlanta Housing Authority (AHA) in 1993. Other housing authorities that received pilot grants included Baltimore and New Haven. This first grant was based on renovating/modernizing Techwood Homes, the nation's oldest housing project, and about a third of adjacent Clark Howell Homes. The grant envisioned Techwood/Clark Howell remaining entirely public housing. Although a mixed-income approach combining market rate units with subsidized units

6552-572: Was in command of the defense. Hancock had been sent by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade with written orders to take command, but Howard insisted that he was the ranking general present. Eventually he relented. Controversy centers on three points: 1) Howard's choice of Cemetery Hill as the key to defense; 2) the timing of Howard's mid-afternoon order to abandon positions north and west of town; and 3) Howard's reluctance to recognize that Hancock, his junior, had superseded him. Historian John A. Carpenter holds that Howard alone had wisely selected Cemetery Hill, that

6636-614: Was named after him in Auburn, Maine , and is still used today by several U.S. Army Reserve units. Howard High School of Technology in Wilmington, Delaware, is named in his honor, as is Howard County, Nebraska and the Howard School of Academics and Technology , in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Howard, Kansas is named in his honor. The O. O. Howard House , located on Officer's Row within

6720-410: Was not accepted by history—the reverse was actually true—and the reputation of the XI Corps was ruined. Some argue that Howard should get some credit for the eventual success at Gettysburg because he wisely stationed one of his divisions (Maj. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr 's) on Cemetery Hill as a reserve and critical subsequent defensive line. For the remainder of the three-day battle, the corps remained on

6804-506: Was not part of the first HOPE VI grant awards, these redevelopment grants required private equity often in the form of Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC) which created what are known as “mixed finance”, combining governmental sources with private sources in what is now known as a “public-private partnership”. The only eligible applicants for a HOPE VI Grant were federal public housing authorities. The Atlanta-based The Integral Group partnered with McCormack Baron Salazar of St. Louis, and won

6888-407: Was of question at Gettysburg in May and July 1863. [2] However, he recovered from possible career setbacks as a successful corps and later army commander, commanding the Army of the Tennessee from July 27, 1864 until May 19, 1865 leading the army in the battles of Ezra Church , Battle of Jonesborough , Sherman's March to the Sea , and the Carolinas campaign in the Western Theater . Known as

6972-548: Was renamed the Goodman League after community activist and Barry Farm Recreation Center counselor George Goodman. The Goodman League features current and former NBA players, college players, and participants from various communities. The Barry Farm Beavers football team also plays at the recreation center. In 1982, Barry Farm Dwellings residents, including Gladys Bunker, started a food co-op. The food co-op lasted for at least four years and accepted food stamps. Cornbread Givens and

7056-406: Was warned by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , now commanding the Army of the Potomac, that his flank was "in the air", not anchored by a natural obstacle, such as a river, and that Confederate forces might be on the move in his direction. Howard failed to heed the warning and Jackson struck before dark, routing the XI Corps and causing a serious disruption to the Union plans. At the Battle of Gettysburg ,

#838161