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25-460: The place is famous because General Juan Facundo Quiroga , Governor and caudillo of La Rioja , was assassinated there by a party led by Santos Pérez, on 16 February 1835, during the Argentine Civil Wars . Santos Pérez along with the former Governor of Córdoba José Vicente Reynafé and two of his brothers were judged and hanged for this crime at Buenos Aires in 1837. Since 2009 there is

50-828: A book that reviews the influence of caudillo leaders, which he defines as " barbarism ", in the Argentine political and social life, but also as a protest to Rosas' regime, and a call for European education and life style. Quiroga is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires . Jorge Luis Borges wrote an imaginary dialogue between Quiroga and Rosas in Dead Men's Dialogue , in Dreamtigers . Unitarian Party Unitarianists or Unitarians (in Spanish , Unitarios ) were

75-586: A huge crisis in all the Confederation, forcing Maza to resign, and led to the establishment of Rosas' government. Rosas, as the Confederation leader, led the criminal investigation that ended with the prosecution of the governor of Córdoba, José Vicente Reinafé , and his brother as the intellectual perpetrators of the crime. They were hanged along with Santos Pérez in 1837 in Buenos Aires. In 1845, Domingo F. Sarmiento wrote Facundo, Civilization and Barbarism ,

100-473: A memorial square that remembers Quiroga and those killed with him. 30°51′57.6″S 64°6′2.6″W  /  30.866000°S 64.100722°W  / -30.866000; -64.100722 This article about a place in Córdoba Province , Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Juan Facundo Quiroga Juan Facundo Quiroga (November 27, 1788 – February 16, 1835)

125-514: A new national government. Opposition to the Unitarianists continued until 1890 under the Córdoba League. The Unitarians defended a liberal ideology, which was influenced by British liberalism of the early 19th century. This group was led by intellectuals, merchants and the military from Buenos Aires and by some members of the elites of the provinces of the interior of the country. In

150-433: A party of gunmen ambushed the carriage in which he travelled. Quiroga, confident in his charisma and that his mere presence and resolution would discourage the attackers, appeared through the carriage door and shouted at the gunmen, asking for their commander to confront him. The leader of the party, Santos Pérez, however, did not take chances and killed Quiroga by shooting him through the left eye. The political crime created

175-443: A reaction to various anti-clerical laws passed by the president which aimed at creating a regalist national church independent from Rome, promoted the expropriation of clerical properties by the state, suppressed religious orders and granted religious tolerance to minorities. He overthrew the centralist governor of San Juan shortly after the central government signed a series of treatises with Great Britain by which religious freedom

200-513: The Andean provinces to oppose the centralist tendencies of President Bernardino Rivadavia and the officers of the National Army, which were carrying away a compulsory levy for the upcoming Cisplatine War (1825–1827). Advised by monarchist priest Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros , Quiroga declared a religious war on Buenos Aires under the flag of Religión o Muerte (Religion or Death) as

225-474: The Argentine Confederation ) Manuel Vicente Maza to mediate between the governors of Tucumán and Salta , but Salta governor De la Torre died before Quiroga could arrive. He was advised that there were plans to murder him on his way back, but Quiroga, disregarding the advice, returned to Buenos Aires through the same way. At Barranca Yaco , a watering place between Córdoba and Santiago del Estero ,

250-629: The Argentine War of Independence , the forces of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata fought Spanish royalists who attempted to regain control of their American colonies after the Napoleonic Wars . After the victorious May Revolution of 1810, disagreements arose between the dominant province of Buenos Aires , who were known as Unitarianists, and the other provinces of Argentina , known as

275-582: The Battle of Caseros on February 3, 1852. In May, the San Nicolás Agreement was signed by the provincial governors. The pact reinstated the 1831 Federal Pact's original provisions for a constitutional convention. In 1853, the Autonomists of Buenos Aires (many of them former Unitarians) broke away from the Argentine Confederation after Urquiza nationalized the customs receipts from Buenos Aires and allowed

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300-596: The Battle of Oncativo by Paz's more disciplined forces. Quiroga decided not to give up and tried a more ambitious attempt, marching through territories still occupied by native aboriginals, in order to bypass Córdoba, and attack directly Mendoza , where it succeeded. He took his campaign north along the Andean provinces, until he finally defeated General Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid , who led the last remaining unitary forces, in Salta . After

325-561: The Federalists. These were evident at least as early as the declaration of Argentine independence in 1816. The Unitarianists lost their controlling power after the Battle of Cepeda (1820) , which was followed by several months of chaos. However, the Unitarianists were forced to sign a treaty with other provinces. This did not solve the conflicts between the Federalists and the Unitarians. Under President Bernardino Rivadavia (1826–1827),

350-849: The Gauchos captured the Unitarianist commander. The Provinces of the Unitarian League gradually joined into the Federal Pact and the Argentine Confederation . Although the Unitarians were exiled to neighboring countries, the Civil War would continue for another two decades, the Unitarians being led by Lavalle, Paz, Lamadrid, and many others. With support from Corrientes Province and the Brazilian Empire , Justo José de Urquiza , Federalist caudillo of Entre Ríos Province , finally defeated Rosas at

375-650: The Government of Buenos Aires and the Foreign relations of the country were taken over by Federalist Manuel Dorrego . However, a contingent of military led by Juan Lavalle , opposed to the peace negotiations with the Brazilian Empire after the end of the Cisplatine War took over the Buenos Aires Government and shot Dorrego at Navarro . In 1829, Juan Manuel de Rosas , the leader of a troop of Federalists, became

400-525: The Governor of Buenos Aires after defeating General Juan Lavalle , who was then forced into exile. Although Rosas was a Federalist, his following of the principles of Federalism has often been questioned . In 1830, the Unitarian League was created by General José María Paz in order to defeat the Federalists. The Federalists faced Paz and his troops on May 31, 1831 and the Unitarianists were defeated after

425-463: The Unitarianists gained control for a short period of time. The Constitution of 1826 allowed for a balance between the ideas of the Unitarianists and the Federalists: “It provided for a centralized national authority while leaving the provinces with considerable local powers.” However, the constitution was rejected by provincial caudillos, military leaders, and the conflict continued. Forced to resign,

450-411: The centralised rule of Buenos Aires . General José María Paz took over its province of Córdoba and his officers campaigned through the interior provinces. Quiroga tried to oppose them, but without success, and after defeat in the Battle of La Tablada, he went into self-imposed exile in Buenos Aires. From there, where the coup was quickly defeated, Quiroga led an army towards Córdoba but was defeated in

475-700: The desert between San Juan and La Rioja, he purportedly encountered and killed a cougar , earning him the nickname El Tigre de los Llanos ("the Tiger of the Plains", after the Llanos , the region of his birth). After the May Revolution proclaimed the self-rule of the country, Quiroga tried to enter the independentist army. He travelled to San Luis to enter the Granaderos a Caballo Regiment, led by General José de San Martín . He

500-452: The free flow of trade on the Parana and Uruguay rivers. In 1859 Buenos Aires was forced to accept the federal constitution of 1853 after six years of secession, after Mitre was defeated at the 1859 Battle of Cepeda by Urquiza. However, the federal constitution was "amended to allow Buenos Aires greater influence" after the ensuing 1861 Battle of Pavón . Mitre was then chosen as President of

525-541: The proponents of the concept of a unitary state (centralized government) in Buenos Aires during the civil wars that shortly followed the Declaration of Independence of Argentina in 1816. They were opposed to the Argentine Federalists , who wanted a federation of autonomous provinces. Argentine unitarianism was an ideologic grouping, not a religious one. As such, it is unrelated to religious Unitarianism . In

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550-505: The war, Quiroga established himself as one of the leaders of federalism in Argentina (along with Juan Manuel de Rosas and the caudillo of Santa Fe , Estanislao López ), although he declared in his correspondence with Rosas that his ideas were in fact unitarian, but that he became a champion of federalism because people wanted federalism. In 1834, Quiroga was appointed by the governor of Buenos Aires (and Representative of Foreign Relations of

575-563: Was an Argentine caudillo (military strongman) who supported federalism at the time when the country was still in formation. Quiroga was born in San Antonio , La Rioja , the son of a traditional but impoverished Riojan family of cattle breeders descended from the Visigothic king Reccared I . Quiroga was sent at a young age to San Juan to be educated. Early in his life, he became a problem child, and escaped from school. During wanderings in

600-598: Was enforced and La Rioja mines were given in usufruct to British enterprises. A devout catholic who would quote the Bible from memory, Quiroga considered Rivadavia a "persecutor of the Church" and joined federalist rebels who would later overthrow the national government. After the Cisplatine war, the officers of the returning army (of centralist tendencies, known as unitarios ) deposed the federalist governments in an attempt to restore

625-501: Was imprisoned and eventually expelled due to his bad temper. He moved back to La Rioja and became a businessman until 1820. That year the central government of Buenos Aires fell, and the province became autonomous. Quiroga entered the provincial army and quickly rose to its command, gaining control of the government through his charisma . During the time of the Constitutional Congress of 1824, Quiroga led its forces through

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