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49-621: The limits of the plateau are easily definable. The southern boundary is marked by the Berlin Valley, through which the River Spree flows. To the west, the boundary between Barnim and the Glien Plateau is marked by a north–south glacial valley . To the north and north east is the boundary with the Eberswald Valley , and in the east, Lubusz Land . Traditionally the plateau is divided into

98-698: A length of approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi), it is the main tributary of the Havel River. The Spree is much longer than the Havel, which it flows into at Berlin - Spandau ; the Havel then flows into the Elbe at Havelberg . The river rises in the Lusatian Highlands , in the Lusatian part of Saxony , where it has three sources: the historical one called Spreeborn in the village of Spreedorf  [ de ] ,

147-619: A stretch of about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of and flowing through Fürstenwalde, the river forms part of the Oder-Spree Canal . On this reach, and on the reach west of the confluence with the River Dahme at Köpenick, the river forms part of secondary commercial link between Berlin and the River Oder and hence Poland . The canal diverges from the Spree just east of Fürstenwalde and later joins

196-516: A stretch of the river. Both routes rejoin in the linked lakes of Breitling See and Plauer See , which leads up to Plaue. Like the preceding stretch of the river, the stretch from Plaue to the confluence with the Elbe at Havelberg is administered as part of the Lower Havel–Waterway. Unlike the previous stretch, this stretch carries considerably less commercial traffic. Vessels heading to or from

245-494: Is a right tributary of the Elbe . However, the direct distance from its source to its mouth is only 94 kilometres (58 mi). For much of its length, the Havel is navigable; it provides an important link in the waterway connections between the east and west of Germany, as well as beyond. The source of the Havel is located in the Mecklenburg Lake District , between Lake Müritz and the city of Neubrandenburg . There

294-561: Is an island in the Spree. In 2004 the Badeschiff floating swimming pool opened on the Spree in Berlin. Small craft, such as punts , are widely used in wetlands of the Spreewald. Larger craft can reach as far upstream as Leibsch, although the upper reaches are relatively shallow and are generally only used by leisure craft. Some intermediate reaches are unnavigable and by-passed by canals. For

343-650: Is generally only found at the surface in isolation around the Oderbruchrand area. Generally, present-day Barnim there is very little surface evidence of the Kansan period remaining. Only the two primary glacial motions of the Wolstonian Stage allowed the plateau to clearly emerge. Geologically, Barnim is composed mostly of deposits from the more recent Warthe Motion which extends as far as Fläming Heath . The till associated with

392-515: Is little difference between the climates of the two areas. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of -1 °C and the warmest is July, with an average temperature of 18 °C. The averages for Upper Barnim are marginally lower. The average annual precipitation for Lower Barnim is 550mm whereas in Upper Barnim it is 600mm. Due to the height of Barnim, the Oderbruch , which lies to

441-623: Is no obvious visible source in the form of a spring, but the river originates in the lakes in the Diekenbruch near Ankershagen , close to and south-east of the watershed between the North and Baltic seas. From there the river initially flows southward, eventually joining the Elbe, which in turn flows into the North Sea. Every river north-east of it flows to the Baltic Sea. The river enters Brandenburg near

490-547: Is placed 11 km downstream. As the course of the Elbe has a higher gradient than the Havel, the water level of the Havel in Havelberg can be kept 1.4 metres below the Elbe (at the junction of the traverse communicating canal, protected by a lock ). Towns along the river include: Fürstenberg , Zehdenick , Oranienburg , Berlin , Potsdam , Werder , Ketzin , Brandenburg , Premnitz , Rathenow and Havelberg. In earlier Greek or Latin sources, such as Tacitus 's Germania ,

539-831: Is the main river of Berlin, Brandenburg, Lusatia, and the settlement area of the Sorbs , who call the river Sprjewja ; the name derives ultimately from Proto-Germanic * spreutaną "to spring forth". For a very short distance close to its sources, the Spree constitutes, as Spréva , the border between Germany and the Czech Republic . The Spree's longest tributaries are Dahme (confluence in Berlin- Köpenick ) and Schwarzer Schöps ( Čorny Šepc ; confluence in Boxberg/O.L. - Sprey  [ de ] ), other well-known tributaries (since they are Berlin rivers) are Panke and Wuhle . It rises in

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588-675: The Chorin monastery and the Friedland convent, which is now a ruin. They are amongst the most significant medieval buildings in the region. After the Thirty Years' War a migration wave, mainly of Dutch colonists, arrived on Barnim. As with medieval settlement this was mainly confined to the areas along the rivers of Barnim. At the end of the 19th century the industrial revolution in Germany resulted in strong population growth in Berlin, which expanded into

637-661: The Elbe and Oder rivers. Its course roughly follows that of the Frankfurt push moraine . The main features along the divide include the Wandlitzer See and the Liepnitzsee . The following streams drain into the Havel and Spree drainage basins: The following tributaries flow into the Oder : Despite being an area of Young Drift , Barnim has relatively few lakes. At the outwash plain ,

686-635: The Großes Fenster ( German pronunciation: [ˈɡʁoːsəs ˈfɛnstɐ] ; literally "Great Window") with an unobstructed view upriver, hence the name, followed by the island of Schwanenwerder and the large arm known as the Großer Wannsee . This part of the river can be very busy with leisure craft. The island of Pfaueninsel is also a feature of this stretch of the river. A public ferry crosses these waters between Wannsee and Kladow , carrying passengers and cyclists. The Teltow Canal joins

735-644: The Lusatian Mountains and flows north through Bautzen and Spremberg . In the Spreewald the river passes through the towns of Lübbenau , Lübben and Leibsch . Just below Leibsch, the Dahme Flood Relief Canal diverts water from the Spree to run into the River Dahme at Märkisch Buchholz . The Spree continues north from Leibsch before flowing into the Neuendorfer See at the northern edge of

784-860: The Müritz–Elde–Wasserstraße . Other connected waterways are the Lychener Gewässer  [ de ] , the Templiner Gewässer  [ de ] and the Wentow Gewässer . The stretch of the river between the junction with the Oder–Havel Canal near Liebenwalde and the confluence with the Spree at Spandau is administered as part of the Havel–Oder–Wasserstraße , which also includes the Oder-Havel Canal. This stretch of

833-816: The Templiner See to the Schwielowsee , then northwest to Paretz, whilst the Sacrow–Paretz Canal takes a shorter route due east to Paretz, saving some 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) compared to the 29 kilometres (18 mi) Potsdamer Havel. The Potsdamer Havel is crossed by the Kiewitt Ferry in Potsdam itself, and by the Caputh Ferry at the entrance to the Schweilowsee. At Paretz the two channels join up again, as does

882-801: The Useriner See to the Großer Labussee . The stretch of the river between this lock and the junction with the Oder–Havel Canal is administered as part of the Obere–Havel–Wasserstraße , along with various connecting canals and waterways. From Zwenzow downstream to Liebenwalde is a distance of 92 kilometres (57 mi). In this distance the navigation passes through the lakes of Großer Labussee, Woblitzsee , Wangnitzsee , Großer Priepertsee , Ellbogensee , Ziernsee , Röblinsee , Baalensee , Schwedtsee and Stolpsee . It also descends through

931-621: The tertiary period which predates the Wolstonian Stage by several million years. In the last glacial period , more commonly known as the last time the Earth experienced an ice age , glaciers reached 60 kilometres south of Barnim. The principal drainage divide between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea runs across the Barnim plateau from Northeast to Southwest. It also runs between the drainage basins of

980-417: The Berlin boroughs of Spandau and Reinickendorf respectively. The last 10 kilometres (6 mi) of this stretch of the river, from Hennigsdorf, passes through a series of interconnected lakes, including the large Tegeler See . The river enters Berlin 6 kilometres (4 mi) before Spandau, having formed the boundary for the previous 4 kilometres (2.5 mi). During the partition of Germany , this formed

1029-557: The German commercial waterway network, carrying traffic from the Rhine and the North Sea to Berlin and Poland . From a navigation perspective, the Havel can be split into four sections with somewhat different characteristics and different administrative arrangements. The Havel is navigable to canoes and similar small craft from close to its source. Motor craft are prohibited above the first lock at Zwenzow  [ de ] , which links

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1078-580: The Havel Canal from further upstream. Just downstream of Paretz, the river is crossed by the Ketzin Cable Ferry . At Brandenburg an der Havel, the navigation again splits into two routes. Commercial shipping descends through a lock into the Silo Canal that passes to the north of the city centre. Leisure craft pass through the centre of the city, using the short Brandenburg City Canal , a smaller lock, then

1127-506: The Havel downstream, and was built in the 1950s to allow East German vessels to avoid the stretch of the river under the political control of West Berlin . Some 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) further downstream, the Berlin-Spandau Ship Canal joins the river on the east bank, providing a connection to central Berlin without passing through the lock at Spandau. A car ferry crosses the river between Hakenfelde and Konradshöhe , in

1176-644: The Rhine and the west of Germany take the Elbe–Havel Canal at Plaue. Whilst the lower reaches of the Havel provide the most direct route to Hamburg and the North Sea ports, variable water levels in the Elbe affect those in the lower Havel; together these can restrict navigation. A less direct, but more reliable route is available via the Elbe–Havel Canal, the Magdeburg Water Bridge , the Mittelland Canal and

1225-437: The River Dahme at the (lake) Seddinsee . In Berlin, the Spree forms part of a dense network of navigable waterways, many of which are artificial, and which provide a wide choice of routes. Several important commercial harbors can be found on this network, and tugs and barges move sand, grain, bricks, and beer. Tour boats tour the central section of the Spree and its adjoining waterways on a frequent basis. Many people died in

1274-642: The Slavic peoples tended to settle in lowland parts of Barnim near the relatively few areas, subsequent settlement of the plateau began in the 1230s by the House of Ascania under the rules of John I, Margrave of Brandenburg and Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg as part of the German eastward expansion . Further settlement was also carried out under the House of Wettin , part of the Margravate of Meissen . The Wettiners expanded from

1323-531: The Spree during the Cold War while trying to cross the Berlin Wall , including children who drowned when rescuers were not allowed to enter the river to save them. Havel The Havel ( German: [ˈhaːfl̩] ) is a river in northeastern Germany , flowing through the states of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Brandenburg , Berlin and Saxony-Anhalt . The 325 kilometres (202 mi) long Havel

1372-809: The Spree is where it is best known. It flows through the city centre of Berlin to join the River Havel in Spandau , one of Berlin's western boroughs, which itself ultimately merges with the Elbe to enter the sea in Cuxhaven , after flowing through Hamburg . On its route through Berlin, the river passes Berlin Cathedral ( Berliner Dom ), the Reichstag and the Schloss Charlottenburg . The renowned Museum Island ( Museumsinsel ), with its collection of five major museums ,

1421-572: The Spreewald. From the Neundorfer See it then flows in an easterly direction to the Schwielochsee , and then in a northerly and westerly direction to the town of Fürstenwalde . From Fürstenwalde the river continues to flow westwards, through the Dämeritzsee and Müggelsee , to Köpenick in the southeastern part of Berlin , where it is joined by its tributary, the River Dahme. The final reach of

1470-461: The Upper and Lower Barnim, separated by a line running between Strausberg and Eberswalde . Typically, Lower Barnim does not reach higher than 80 metres above mean sea level (AMSL) whereas Upper Barnim is generally more than 100 metres AMSL. The highest point of the plateau is Semmelberg which stands at 157 metres AMSL. Until the growth of Berlin in the 19th century, Barnim was only sparsely populated; in

1519-481: The Wolstonian stage can be found on the surface or within a few metres of it in many places. The deposits of the older Drenthe Motion are much thinner and covered by deposits from younger movements. The Wolstonian period also saw the formation of several terminal moraines ; for this reason there are numerous places throughout the plateau where the soil consists of clay made of oligocene and miocene , which belong to

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1568-545: The border between East Germany and West Berlin, and border control points were established for vessels navigating the river. The stretch of the river between the confluence with the Spree at Spandau and the junction with the Elbe–Havel Canal at Plaue is administered as part of the Lower Havel–Waterway , which also includes the stretch of river downstream to the confluence with the Elbe. Between Spandau and Plaue,

1617-474: The courses of rivers, confirmed by archaeological discoveries north of Berlin. Around 6000 years ago the first permanent agricultural settlements were established. Discoveries of sickles and troughs from the Bronze Age have been discovered in the west of Barnim. The Germanic Semnones tribe settled in Barnim, and after their migration the Slavic stem of the Sprevane tribe followed in the 6th and 7th centuries and settled near Biesenthal and Wandlitz . While

1666-410: The deposition of glacio-fluvial sediment has led to a higher number of lakes, the most well-known of which are Wandlitzer See , Gamensee and Straussee . As in the rest of the region, Barnim is located in the transition zone between the oceanic climate of Western Europe and the continental climate of Eastern Europe. Due to the relatively small height differential between Upper and Lower Barnim there

1715-453: The east and is on average 100 metres lower than Barnim, is in a rain shadow . This is compounded by the height of other surrounding areas such as Lubusz Land and Chorin . Whereas Barnim receives relatively high amounts of precipitation, the Oderbruch receives less than 500mm annually and is one of the driest regions in Germany. There is evidence of settlement in Barnim at the time of the Allerød oscillation . Hunter-gatherers mainly followed

1764-412: The eastern portion this continues to be the case. Excluding Berlin, only Bernau and Strausberg are the only settlements with more than 10,000 inhabitants. Werneuchen , Altlandsberg and Biesenthal are among the smaller towns in the area. Several once-independent towns such as Oranienburg and Wriezen , which were once independent towns, were incorporated into Berlin as a result of urban sprawl in

1813-402: The expanding Berlin, an example of which being the tower of St. Mary's Church . The deposits of the first glacial motions during the Kansan glaciation were laid as deep as 100 metres below the surface. They are particularly prominent in tunnel valleys . Kansan sediment primarily consists of till and deposits in proglacial lakes . Thanks to superposition with Wolstonian Stage sediment, it

1862-472: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. The southern edge of Barnim in the vicinity of Rüdersdorf unusually contains widespread deposits of limestone, Buntsandstein and Muschelkalk . The relatively high position of the limestone in the bedrock is explained by the presence of a salt dome ; the migrating salt pushed the overlying sedimentary rock closer to the surface. The limestone deposits gave birth to an expansive quarry which provided building materials for

1911-403: The locks at Wesenberg , Steinhavelmühle , Fürstenberg, Bredereiche , Regow , Zaaren , Schorfheide , Zehdenick , Bischofswerder and Liebenwalde . The Woblitzsee also gives access to the Kammer Canal , which allows vessels to reach Neustrelitz . The Ellbogensee links to the Müritz–Havel–Wasserstraße , which proceeds deeper into the Mecklenburg Lake District, eventually connecting with

1960-492: The lower Rhine. At the southern end of the Ruppiner See , weirs can distribute the waters of the Rhin either east- or westwards, rejoining the Havel in two places 67 kilometres (42 mi) apart along a straight line, and more than 160 kilometres (99 mi) apart along the course of the river. The region around and north of the middle Havel is called the Havelland . It consists of sandy heights, sometimes called Ländchen , and low marshes, called luchs . A few kilometres of

2009-516: The name of the river was also written as Habola, Habula, Havela . The river name Havel is related to German Haff, habe, hafen , MHG Hafen meaning port, harbor). The Slavic people who later moved into the Havel area were referred to in German sources as Heveller (occasionally as Havolane ). The Havel is navigable from the Mecklenburg Lake District to its confluence with the Elbe . Whilst its upper reaches carry little other than leisure traffic, further downstream it provides an important link in

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2058-405: The plateau. Spree (river) The Spree ( / ʃ p r eɪ , s p r eɪ / S(H)PRAY , German: [ʃpʁeː] ; Sorbian languages : Sprjewja , Lower Sorbian: [ˈsprʲɛwʲa] , Upper Sorbian: [ˈspʁʲɛwʲa] ; Czech : Spréva [ˈsprɛːva] ; in Lower Sorbian also called Rěka ) is a river in Germany and the Czech Republic . With

2107-426: The river before its confluence with the Elbe near Havelberg are in the State of Saxony-Anhalt. Due to its minimal gradient it is susceptible to high waters in the Elbe. Unless in extreme floods, if the dike of the Elbe is submerged, the discharge of the Havel is improved by the Gnevsdorfer Vorfluter (something like "Gnevsdorfer outfall"). By this canal, the mouth of the Havel, that naturally would be near Havelberg,

2156-435: The river forms part of the main inland waterway route from Germany to Poland and carries significant commercial traffic. This stretch of the river is 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, and the river descends through two locks at Lehnitz  [ de ] and Spandau. At Hennigsdorf , 30 kilometres (19 mi) downstream of Liebenwalde, the Havel Canal joins the river on the west bank. This canal connects to Paretz , on

2205-418: The river forms part of the main inland waterway route from the Rhine and the west of Germany; from Hamburg and the North Sea ports, to both Berlin and Poland. It thus carries a considerable amount of commercial traffic. South of Spandau, the river widens into a wide lake that extends, through some narrower areas, to Potsdam. On the east bank south of Spandau is the Grunewald with several beaches, among them

2254-431: The river from the east via the Griebnitzsee just before the city reaches the city of Potsdam, providing an alternative route to the Oder–Spree Canal avoiding central Berlin. The Griebnitz Canal provides a short cut for smaller vessels from the Griebnitzsee to the Großer Wannsee. At Potsdam the navigation splits into two channels. The Havel, here known as the Potsdamer Havel, takes a route southwest through Potsdam and

2303-400: The south with castles in Mittenwalde and Köpenick in Lower Barnim, whereas the Ascaniers expanded over the northern parts of Upper Barnim from Oranienburg to Strausberg . Conflicts over the question of territorial sovereignty contributed to the Teltow and Magdeburg Wars between 1239 and 1245 which were won by the Ascaniers. In a measure intended to cement Ascanian rule, the House founded

2352-405: The town of Fürstenberg . In its upper course and between Berlin and Brandenburg an der Havel the river forms several lakes. The Havel's main tributary is the Spree , which joins the Havel in Spandau , a western borough of Berlin, and is longer and delivers more water than the Havel itself above the confluence. The second largest tributary is the Rhin , named in the Middle Ages by settlers from

2401-526: The water-richest one in Neugersdorf , and the highest elevated one in Eibau . The Spree then flows northwards through Upper and Lower Lusatia , where it crosses the border between Saxony and Brandenburg . After passing through Cottbus , it forms the Spree Forest ( German : Spreewald ), a large inland delta and biosphere reserve. It then flows through Lake Schwielochsee before entering Berlin, as Müggelspree  [ de ] ( pronounced [ˈmʏɡl̩ˌʃpʁeː] ). The Spree

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