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37-454: The Barngarla , (historically also spelled as Parnkalla or Pangkala ), are an Indigenous people of South Australia and the traditional owners of much of Eyre Peninsula . Their language, Barngarla is a Yura language and part of a revival effort by the University of Adelaide . Their traditional land encompassed much of the upper Eyre peninsula, including Port Lincoln , Whyalla and

74-502: A book entitled Wardlada Mardinidhi documents the location and names of barngarla medical plants . Barngarla Dreaming is heavily centred on a large mythic complex known as the Seven Sisters . The primary male spiritual figure in that narrative is named Yulanya from which the Uley , Yeelanna , Yallunda Flat , along with the smaller localities of Yallunna, Yulina, and Palanna Fountain on

111-401: A father and his child, or by a woman with her brother’s child. In traditional Barngarla, birth order was so important that each child within the family was named according to the order in which they were born. Barngarla has nine male birth order names and nine female birth order names, as following: To determine the suitable name for the newborn Barngarla child, the parents first found out

148-430: A number of documented conflicts that resulted in mass deaths of Aboriginal people throughout the continent, now sometimes referred to as " frontier wars ". In South Australia, the government tried to strengthen laws in an attempt to avoid the violence that befell earlier Australian settlements, and Aboriginal people were declared British subjects and afforded the same privileges. However, the laws were rarely enforced, and as

185-676: A part in the enactment of the Aborigines Act 1911. This designated his position as the legal guardian of every Aboriginal child in South Australia, not only the so-called "half-castes". Following the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families and the publication of the Bringing them Home report (1995–1997), the parliament of

222-701: Is based on 170-year-old documents. In Tindale 's estimation, the Barngarla's traditional lands covered some 17,500 square miles (45,000 km), around the eastern side of Lake Torrens south of Edeowie and west of Hookina and Port Augusta . The western reaches extended as far as Island Lagoon and Yardea . Woorakimba, Hesso, Yudnapinna, and the Gawler Ranges are formed part of Barngarla lands. The southern frontier lay around Kimba , Darke Peak , Cleve , and Franklin Harbour . The Barngarla had two tribal divisions:

259-707: The Aborigines Protection League ), and supported by the South Australian government. In 1909, the Protector of Aborigines in South Australia , William Garnet South , reportedly "lobbied for the power to remove Aboriginal children without a court hearing because the courts sometimes refused to accept that the children were neglected or destitute". South argued that "all children of mixed descent should be treated as neglected". His lobbying reportedly played

296-630: The Mattiri and Karraru . This was criticized by the ethnographer R. H. Mathews , who, surveying South Australian tribes, argued that Schürmann had mixed them up, and that the proper divisions, which he called phratries shared by all these tribes was as follows: The Barngarla practised both circumcision and subincision . On 22 January 2015 the Barngarla people were granted native title over much of Eyre Peninsula . They had applied for 44,500 square kilometres (11,000,000 acres) and received most of it. On 24 September 2021 they were granted native title over

333-591: The Waterloo Bay massacre , where up to 260 Barngarla, Nauo, Kokatha and Wirangu may have been driven off cliffs into the sea. In 1850 both the Barngarla School, operated by Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann , and the first Anglican mission were set up at Poonindie on the Tod River within barngarla land. Living conditions at Pooninidie were basic with no running water, over-crowding and a lack of food and medicine. In 1894

370-520: The federal government 's Indigenous Languages Support program. In October 2016, a mobile app featuring a dictionary of over 3,000 Barngarla words was publicly released. Wardlada Mardinidhi / Barngarla Bush Medicines , a 24-page book, was published in July 2023. It is the third book co-written by Zuckermann and members of the Richards family of Port Lincoln, this time represented by Evelyn Walker. It records

407-442: The "r", ("rdn" instead of "rdrn"). Barngarla has four grammatical numbers : singular, dual, plural and superplural. For example: Barngarla is characterised by a matrilineal and patrilineal distinction. For example, the matrilineal ergative case first person dual pronoun ngadlaga ("we two") would be used by a mother and her child, or by a man and his sister’s child, while the patrilineal form ngarrrinyi would be used by

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444-606: The English 'free settlers', the Barngarla were under pressure from the Kokatha , who were on the move southwards, forcing the Barngarla to retreat from their traditional northern boundaries. One effect was to cut off their access to certain woods used in spear-making, so that they finally had to forage as far as Tumby Bay to get supplies of whipstick mallee ash . The barngarla and Nauo people were engaged in more clashes with European settlers then any other people in South Australia following

481-567: The Eyre Peninsula derive their names. A practice known as "singing to the sharks" was an important ritual in Barngarla culture. The performance consisted of men lining the cliffs of bays in the Eyre peninsula and singing out, while their chants were accompanied by women dancing on the beach. The aim was to enlist sharks and dolphins in driving shoals of fish towards the shore where fishers in the shallows could make their catch. Just prior to invasion by

518-651: The Natives Inhabiting the Western Shores of Spencer’s Gulf . In 2012 the chair of linguistics and endangered languages at the University of Adelaide , Ghil'ad Zuckermann , started working with the Barngarla community to revive and reclaim the Barngarla language, based on Schürmann's work. Language revival workshops are held in Port Augusta , Whyalla , and Port Lincoln several times each year, with funding from

555-595: The Ngarrindjeri people, until a misunderstanding or disagreement led to the murders. A punitive expedition was mounted by Governor Gawler , who gave permission to execute up to three suspects without formal trial. Major O'Halloran carried out the order. In 1841, at least 30 Aboriginal people were killed in an incident known as the Rufus River Massacre , after a series of skirmishes in the Central Murray along

592-580: The Northern Territory and the state parliaments of Victoria, South Australia, and New South Wales passed formal apologies to the people affected. On 26 May 1998, the first " National Sorry Day " was held; reconciliation events were held nationally, and attended by a total of more than one million people. Mounting public pressure eventually caused Prime Minister John Howard to draft a motion of regret, passed in federal parliament in August 1999, which said that

629-546: The Stolen Generation represented "the most blemished chapter in the history of this country." Despite the inequalities that transpired during the early years of European settlement, some areas of the state are now subject to native title of varying kinds and degrees. This ranges from freehold ownership to the right to access Crown Land in their former range. The Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 grants rights over about 10% of South Australia in

666-880: The city of Port Augusta , after a protracted 25-year old battle. Justice Natalie Charlesworth presided over the sitting. Barngarla has four grammatical numbers : singular, dual, plural and superplural . For instance: Aboriginal South Australians Many Aboriginal South Australians refer to themselves as Nunga , and those in the APY lands use the term Anangu . The following groups' lands include at least partly South Australian territory which includes: Adnyamathanha , Akenta , Amarak , Bungandidj , Diyari , Erawirung , Kaurna , Kokatha Mula , Maralinga Tjarutja , Maraura , Mirning , Mulbarapa , Narungga , Ngaanyatjarra , Ngadjuri , Ngarrindjeri , Nukunu , Parnkalla , Peramangk , Pitjantjatjara , Ramindjeri , Spinifex people , Warki . The South Australia Act 1834 described

703-420: The colonisation of the state. During the decade following the establishment of Port Lincoln in 1839 the barngarla attacked pastoral stations with local settlers conducting vigilante killings and police retaliating indiscriminately. This undeclared war between white sellers and the barngarla people continued until at least 1862. Barngarla people are one of the many indigenous groups which contain an oral-history of

740-452: The following vowel phonemes: The stress always falls on the first syllable of each word. Barngarla is written phonetically using an alphabet of 27 letters , consisting of both single characters and digraphs from the English alphabet . Despite being considered letters of Barngarla, "ai" and "aw”, do not denote distinct phonemes. On the contrary, they are in fact nothing more than

777-406: The frontiers of settlement spread, dispossessed Aboriginal people responded with aggression. In July 1840, there was a massacre of Europeans by Aboriginal men in South Australia, when about 26 shipwrecked passengers and crew members of the ship Maria were murdered. The ship had run aground somewhere in the southern Coorong and all aboard made it safely to shore. They were initially assisted by

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814-637: The land as "waste" and "uninhabited", but unlike other colonies in Australia, the British settlement of South Australia did not assume the principle of terra nullius (Latin for nobody's land) when the colonists originally arrived. The Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia issued in February 1836 "Provided always that nothing in those our Letters Patent contained shall affect or be construed to affect

851-750: The lands west of Port Augusta . The Barngarla people traditionally lived by the coast and visited inland seasonally and for ceremonial and special purposes. The Barngarla native title claim compromises 44,481 square km, or about two-thirds of the Eyre peninsula. In 2015 this claim was upheld and in 2023 the barngarla people won a federal court decision to prevent a nuclear waste disposal facility from being built on their land. Barngarla people traditionally wore cloaks made from kangaroo skin and mainly hunted for seafood, but also caught kangaroo , emu , snakes and various lizards depending on seasonality. Nondo beans (thought to be Acacia sophorae seeds ) and pigface ( carpobrotus modestus ) were especially prized food items.

888-608: The last fluent speaker was reported to have died in the 1960s. although some barngarla members of the Stolen Generation retained knowledge of their language through lyrics in songs Israeli linguist Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann contacted the Barngarla community in 2011 proposing to revive it, the project of reclamation being accepted enthusiastically by people of Barngarla descent. Workshops to this end were started in Port Lincoln, Whyalla and Port Augusta in 2012. The reclamation

925-441: The law. Interim appointments (1836–1839): Gazetted appointments: Sub-protectors: As first the first gazetted appointment in 1839, Moorhouse's role was described as protecting the interests of Aboriginal people, identifying the tribes, learning their language, and teaching them "the arts of civilization" - including reading, writing, and cultivation. He was also to give them a knowledge of Christian religion. There have been

962-464: The mission had closed and the majority of residents were moved onto Point Pearce and Point McLeay missions, although some stayed on their land. The barngarla community was deeply affected by the Aborigines Act 1911 which lead to the Stolen Generations and the loss of Barngarla as a first language . Barngarla was the dominant language of the eyre peninsula prior to European settlement.

999-403: The names a number of native plants from around Port Lincoln in Barngarla, Latin , and English, and describes their use as bush medicine . Walker hopes that the book will form part of a program to help youth and others affected by the Stolen Generations to reconnect with their culture and language, improving their mental health. Barngarla has the following consonant phonemes: Barngarla has

1036-602: The northern Wartabanggala ranged from north of Port Augusta to Ogden Hill and the vicinity of Quorn and Beltana ; a southern branch, the Malkaripangala , lived down the western side of the Spencer Gulf . Referred to as Pangkala, the Barngarla have also been included in the grouping currently known as the Adnyamathanha people. In 1844 the missionary C. W. Schürmann stated that the Barngarla were divided into two classes,

1073-564: The northwest of the state, including a former Aboriginal reserve and three cattle stations . 21st century Aboriginal people live in South Australia in a number of settings ranging from complete integration to English-speaking culture to near-traditional life in traditional homelands speaking predominantly the pre-European languages. Some live in or loosely associate with Aboriginal communities based on former mission stations such as Pukatja (formerly Ernabella). Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands are now freehold Aboriginal land in

1110-569: The northwest of the state, with limited access to tourists and visitors, created by Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 . The Kaurna language of the Adelaide Plains had become virtually extinct, but is now being revived and taught to children in Kaurna Aboriginal schools . Barngarla language Barngarla , formerly known as Parnkalla , is an Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula , South Australia. It

1147-566: The old Aboriginal route recently made into the overland stock route . A party of which included police and the SA Protector of Aborigines , Matthew Moorhouse , and overlanders bringing cattle to market in Adelaide from New South Wales, became involved in a clash with the local Maraura people. Although the location was and still is in New South Wales , not South Australia, the official party

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1184-488: The rights of any Aboriginal Natives of the said Province to the actual occupation or enjoyment in their own Persons or in the persons of their descendants of any lands there in now actually occupied or enjoyed by such Natives". The Proclamation of South Australia read out on Proclamation Day , 28 December 1836, at the founding of the permanent settlement that became Adelaide , granted Aboriginal people and British settlers equal protection and rights as British subjects under

1221-533: The state's Limestone Coast ). Brown was subsequently charged with the crime, but the case was dropped by the Crown for lack of (European) witnesses. Christina Smith's source from the Wattatonga tribe refers to 11 people killed in this incident by two white men. In 1849 at least ten Nauo people were killed in retribution for the killing of two settlers and the theft of food, in the Waterloo Bay massacre at Elliston on

1258-482: The sum of their parts. The sound of "ai" is literally just the sound of "a" followed by the sound of "i"; similarly with "aw". One important thing to note is that when there is a sequence of two dental phonemes ("dh", "nh"), the "h" is only written once rather than twice. That is, the sequence /d̪n̪/ is written "dnh" and not "dhnh". Similarly with palatal phonemes ("dy", "ny", "ly") with the "y", ("dny" instead of "dyny"), and with retroflex phonemes ("rd", "rl", "rn") with

1295-438: The west coast of Eyre Peninsula . As Europeans spread across South Australia, a number of Christian missionaries set up mission stations to reach out to Aboriginal people. Many of these became Aboriginal towns and settlements in later years. Ernabella was established as a Presbyterian mission station for Aboriginal people in 1937, driven by medical doctor and Aboriginal rights campaigner Charles Duguid (then president of

1332-472: Was formerly extinct , but has undergone a process of revival since 2012. The last native speaker of the language died in 1964. However, the language has been revived thanks to the work of a German Lutheran pastor Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann , who worked at a mission in 1844 and recorded 3,500 (or 2000? ) words to form a Barngarla dictionary, entitled A Vocabulary of the Parnkalla [Barngarla] Language, Spoken by

1369-657: Was sent out from Adelaide on the orders of the Governor of South Australia , the newly appointed George Grey . The traditional lands of the Maraura people stretched deep into South Australian territory. In 1848, at least nine people of the Wattatonga clan (of either the Bungandidj people or Tanganekald people ) were allegedly murdered by the station owner James Brown in the Avenue Range Station massacre (near Guichen Bay on

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