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57-654: Located at the Croatian border and the River Drava , the town is surrounded by the Danube-Drava National Park . It is the seat of Barcs District . Barcs was first mentioned between 1389 and 1417 in official documents as part of the lordship of Segesd . Its castle was first mentioned in 1460 which belonged to János and István Bakonyai at that time. In 1467 the Marzcali family owned the settlement. The Castle of Barcs

114-712: A short interruption in the summer of 1946, continued until December 1946. The refugees were first sent to the American zone of occupation in Germany. The second phase of expulsions began in August 1947. Because the U.S. Government refused to take any more refugees into its zone, the ethnic Germans were sent to the Soviet zone of occupation. About 50,000 Swabian Germans were transferred to camps in Saxony, from which they were later dispersed to other areas in

171-501: Is a river in southern Central Europe . With a length of 710 km , or 724 km , if the length of its Sextner Bach source is added, it is the fifth or sixth longest tributary of the Danube , after the Tisza , Sava , Prut , Mureș and likely Siret . The Drava drains an area of about 40,154 square kilometers. Its mean annual discharge is seasonally 500 m³/s to 670 m³/s . Its source is near

228-616: Is for the last station in the country mentioned in the source. The sources of the Drava are located at the drainage divide between the market town of Innichen/San Candido and neighbouring Toblach / Dobbiaco in the west, where the Rienz River rises, a tributary of the Adige / Etsch . At Innichen itself the 16+ km Sextner Bach  [ de ] , originating near the Sextener Rotwand , joins

285-462: Is navigable for about 90 kilometres (56 mi) from Čađavica in Croatia to its mouth. The hydrological parameters of Drava are regularly monitored in Croatia at Botovo , Terezino Polje , Donji Miholjac and Osijek. The Drava's mean annual discharge (Q) at Drávaszabolcs ( Hungary , 77.7 rkm). Period from 1995 to 2023. (m /s) (m /s) Currently, there are 22 hydroelectric power plants on

342-653: The American occupation zone , and later to the Soviet occupation zone . Overall, approximately 220,000 Germans were expelled from Hungary. With World War II still raging in 1945, various factions competing for immediate and postwar Hungarian political power sought to decide how to treat ethnic Germans. Opinions were divided, with the Hungarian Communist Party and its ally, the National Peasant Party , calling for

399-582: The Báthori family got Barcs in 1495 from the king. According to the tax register of 1550 its owner was András Báthori . After the Turkish occupation the Hungarian Kingdom lost the continuous control of this region. The Ottoman Porte 's tax register list 46 houses there between 1565 and 1566. It was also in the hands of Ferenc Nádasdy between 1598 and 1599. The tithe register of Pannonhalma Abbey mentioned

456-1011: The Isel (contributes 39 m /s), the Möll (25 m /s), the Lieser  [ de ] (22 m /s), the Gurk (30 m /s) and the Lavant (12 m /s) in Austria, and the Mur (166 m /s) near Legrad at the Croatian–Hungarian border. Its main right tributaries (from the south) are the Gail (45 m /s) in Austria, the Meža (12 m /s) and Dravinja (11 m /s) in Slovenia, and the Bednja (? m /s) in Croatia. Mean discharge

513-712: The Rötspitze , the Isel (ca. 64 km) is also longer than the combined Drava and Sextner Bach (ca. 60 km) to that point. The river then flows east into Carinthia at Oberdrauburg . The river separates the Kreuzeck range of the High Tauern in the north and the Gailtal Alps in the south, passes the Sachsenburg narrows and the site of the ancient city of Teurnia , before it reaches

570-543: The Turkish occupation , but like many other settlements in the region perished. In 1677 György Széchényi Archdiocese of Kalocsa got Drávaszentes from Leopold I as a royal gift. In 1703 it was uninhabited and belonged to György Széchényi . The Széchényi family settled Hungarians in the village. There were also some Slovene families who came to Drávaszentes in 1760, namely the Palecsnik , Melanecz , Vojkovic , Novalovrecz , Skafer , Vinkovics families. The majority of

627-529: The Drava. The power plants are listed beginning at the headwaters: The Drava is one of the most exploited rivers in the world in terms of hydropower , with almost 100% of its water potential energy being exploited. As the region of the river is a place of exceptional biodiversity , this raises several ecological concerns, together with other forms of exploitation such as use of river deposits. Hungarian Germans German Hungarians ( German : Ungarndeutsche , Hungarian : magyarországi németek ) are

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684-543: The German language, including limited speech comprehension, which they found disturbing. The group met with success in the 1980s, when German gained status as a minority language , thus gaining legal standing in the Hungarian school system. The number of bilingual schools continued to rise. In 2001, 62,105 people declared themselves to be German, and 88,209 people declared an affinity with German cultural values and traditions. In

741-962: The German war effort in World War II. This included several units of the Waffen SS and spanned combat operations in the proximity of Hungary, its possessions, and beyond. Toward the end of the Second World War, the German-speaking community in Hungary was seen as a scapegoat by the communists, and a process of ethnic cleansing was undertaken. Citing "security reasons", the advancing Red Army deported about 600,000 civilians and prisoners of war from Hungary, of whom 40,000–65,000 were Germans. A significant number of Germans, mostly members of Nazi organisations, avoiding or fearing deportation to Siberia, fled Hungary as well. Many Germans were sent to Germany, first to

798-606: The Hungarian Government, all opposition was gradually eliminated. (In 1949, Cardinal Mindszenty was tried for treason by the Communist government and given a life sentence. In the 1956 Hungarian revolution, he was given asylum in the U.S. Embassy in Budapest, from whence he was finally allowed to go into exile in 1971.) The expulsion of ethnic Germans occurred in two phases: the first phase lasted from January to June 1946 and, after

855-610: The Hungarian Government, class warfare took precedence over nationalism. Communist Party leader Rákosi stated that the remaining Swabians, mostly skilled workers, should be reintegrated into the Hungarian State. In October 1949, a general amnesty of all ethnic Germans was decreed. Six months later, in May 1950, the expulsions were officially ended, and all remaining Germans given Hungarian citizenship. This created another crisis among Hungary's German community, whose members could no longer leave

912-552: The Hungarian dairy producer Dráva Tej , the wood producers Dráva Fabrika , DRÁVA Faipari Művek (est. 1878) and Magyar Plan (owned by the Italian FLORIAN GROUP ), the Hungarian joinery manufacturer H-fa , the Hungarian communal machine producer Seres , the Hungarian meat producer Dráva Natura , the German-Hungarian industrial machine manufacturer AVERMANN-HORVÁTH , the Hungarian container producer Barcs Metál and

969-472: The Hungarian electric network manufacturer Transzkábel . Barcs is twinned with: River Drava The Drava or Drave ( German : Drau , pronounced [ˈdʁaʊ] ; Slovene : Drava [ˈdɾàːʋa] ; Croatian : Drava [drǎːʋa] ; Hungarian : Dráva [ˈdraːvɒ] ; Italian : Drava [ˈdraːva] ), historically known as the Dravis or Dravus ,

1026-565: The Hungarian kingdom was more than halved by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, as the kingdom was forced to make large cessions of its territory to neighbouring countries. In 1938, a national socialist German organization was formed, the Volksbund der Deutschen in Ungarn , under the leadership of Franz Anton Basch, becoming the most influential political organization among Hungarian Germans. In 1940, it became

1083-499: The Kozarics, Kalinovic, Marics, Kukorić new Croatian families settled there. During the 1730s 21 Croatian and 14 Hungarian families lived in the village. Until 1961 other Hungarian and Croatian families arrived in Barcs. The Croats were namely Tardinacz, a Hencsar, Simotics and Ottarsics. Also several families moved away. At the beginning of the 20th century Imre Széchenyi had lands there. In

1140-650: The Smallholder Party, and the surviving democratic press, criticized the sweeping nature of classifying every ethnic German as a traitor. Cardinal József Mindszenty (of Swabian origin), head of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary and fierce anti-communist, repeatedly protested the confiscation of property and expulsion of ethnic Germans. He appealed to world public opinion, strongly condemning government treatment of ethnic Germans in Hungary. These protests had no effect, and with increasing communist domination of

1197-458: The Soviet occupation zone of Germany. This was far greater than the number of Volksbund members, reinforcing the theory that the goal was the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group rather than just that of German fascists. The German population in Hungary, however, was never subject to the same brutal persecution and excesses as in Poland , Czechoslovakia or Yugoslavia . The initiative for including

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1254-511: The Soviet zone. But by this time, the majority of the ethnic Germans remaining in Hungary were anxious to leave, as their living conditions had become unbearable. Ironically, in this second wave of expulsions, the most skilled and industrious German workers were removed from Hungary. This had a long-term detrimental effect on the Hungarian economy. The expulsions were completely discontinued in the autumn of 1948. In all, 239,000 Swabian Germans were forcibly deported from Hungary. About 170,000 went to

1311-480: The US zone in Germany, 54,000 to the Soviet zone, and 15,000 to Austria. It is estimated that 11,000 ethnic Germans civilians lost their lives during the expulsions. Those ethnic Germans who had opted for Hungarian nationality in the 1941 census, who selected Hungarian as their native language, and who were completely integrated into Hungarian society, were generally able to avoid deportation. By 1948, with communists dominating

1368-609: The country because they were Hungarian citizens. Things began to improve for minority groups, including Hungarian Germans, under a program of economic liberalization called Goulash Communism . This movement, led by the then-General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party János Kádár , guaranteed certain economic and cultural rights to minority groups. In 1955, a new organization, the Association of Hungarian Germans ( German : Verband der Ungarndeutschen ),

1425-796: The country. Furthermore, three distinct waves of ethnic German migration can be identified in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves of settlers arrived in the Kingdom of Hungary during the Middle Ages (more specifically during the High Middle Ages between the 11th and 13th centuries) and formed the core of the citizenry of a few towns in Upper Hungary (i.e. Zipser Germans , "Zipser Sachsen") and southern Transylvania (i.e. Transylvanian Saxons , "Siebenbürger Sachsen"). The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants arrived in Hungary as

1482-446: The end of World War I , almost two million Danube Swabians and other German-speaking peoples lived in what is now Hungary, Romania , Croatia , Slovakia , and the former Yugoslav republics . Between 1918 and 1945, several factors greatly reduced the number of German-speaking residents in the former kingdom; consequently, only thirty percent of the original German-speaking population was left after World War II . The number of Germans in

1539-477: The end of the 18th century, over one million German-speaking residents lived in the Kingdom of Hungary. At the time, a flourishing German-speaking culture existed in the kingdom, publishing German-language literary works, newspapers, and magazines. Moreover, a German-language theater operated in the kingdom's capital, Budapest . Throughout the 19th century, a strong German industrial community developed, particularly in

1596-436: The ethnic German minority of Hungary , sometimes also called Danube Swabians (German: Donauschwaben , Hungarian: dunai svábok ), many of whom call themselves "Shwoveh" in their own Swabian dialect . Danube Swabian is a collective term for a number of German ethnic groups who lived in the former Kingdom of Hungary , including the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and Vojvodina . Other ethnic German groups previously lived on

1653-528: The evening of October 27, 1991 a Yugoslavian aircraft flew over the territory of Hungary and dropped two cluster bombs at the edge of the town. Luckily, there were no casualties. Some houses were seriously damaged. Drávapálfalva was first mentioned in medieval documents and belonged to the Győr genus. Miklós Dersfi got this village in 1346. But during the Turkish occupation it perished. The Széchényi family settled here Germans and Hungarians who re-established

1710-551: The expulsion of all Germans, whereas the major democratic party, the Smallholder Party, favored deporting only former Volksbund and Waffen SS members. In May 1945, the Hungarian government announced that the problem was not a larger Swabian one but one of German fascists: it resolved to deport only former Waffen SS soldiers and confiscate the lands of Volksbund members. Shortly thereafter, however, it asked for authorization from Moscow to deport 200,000 to 250,000 ethnic Germans to

1767-764: The expulsion of ethnic Germans from Hungary at the August 1945 Potsdam "Big Three" conference came from the Soviet Union. Together with the Hungarian Communist Party, the USSR used the argument of collective Swabian guilt to hide their true goal of radical land reform . In the spring of 1945, Marshall Voroshilov demanded from the Hungarian government the complete expulsion of the Germans from Hungary. All those ethnic Germans who declared German as their native language were considered eligible for transfer. The government estimated

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1824-553: The fact that it was adjudicated to Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon . For some months it became part of the Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic . During the Soviet occupation the structure of the industry transformed. The construction material production, mill industry, wood processing and the chemical industry got stronger and became the leading sectors in the economy of Barcs. It got town rights in 1979 when Drávaszentes and Somogytarnóca merged. On

1881-416: The glass-blowing, masonry, and foundry metalworking sectors. In response, a strong Hungarian nationalist political movement rose in the second half of the century to assimilate German-speaking citizens and their economic power into Hungarian culture. The movement's objectives were advanced by a number of policies, including the forced replacement of German in ethnic German schools with Hungarian . By 1918, at

1938-509: The government were in reality under the control of the Communist Party. Thus on occasion, wealthy Swabians who had not been Volksbund members were expelled whereas working-class ethnic Germans, now Hungarian Communist Party members, were exempted, even though they had been part of the Volksbund. Voices were raised in Hungary against these arbitrary expulsions. The liberal parties, particularly

1995-640: The market town of Innichen , in the Puster Valley of South Tyrol , Italy . The river flows eastwards through East Tyrol and Carinthia in Austria into the Styria region of Slovenia . It then turns southeast, passing through northern Croatia and, after merging with its main tributary the Mur , forms most of the border between Croatia and Hungary , before it joins the Danube near Osijek , in Croatia. In ancient times

2052-563: The number of Germans to be removed from Hungary to be 200,000 to 250,000. Certain categories of Hungarian Germans were exempted from deportation, mostly those who had been active members of democratic parties or labor unions or persecuted by the Nazis for claiming Hungarian nationality. Later, in 1947, industrial workers in critical industries, miners, indispensable craftsmen and agricultural workers were also exempted, unless they had been Volksbund or Waffen SS members. Exemption committees established by

2109-487: The official representative body of Hungarian Germans and was directly controlled by Germany. The Volksbund had representatives in the Hungarian parliament until 1945. Through limited volunteer enlistment and widespread conscription, as well as the wholesale transfer of entities of the domestic armed services, many ethnic Germans ended up serving in military units raised or controlled by the Third Reich and fighting on behalf of

2166-399: The population spoke Hungarian , therefore these families assimilated in just a few generations. Its Roman Catholic church was built in 1895. There was a huge conflagration in 1881. The village was known for its local manufactured iron tools. According to the 1910 census it had 673 residents of which 672 were Hungarians, furthermore 652 Roman Catholics, 10 Calvinists and 9 Jews. Somogytarnóca

2223-659: The region between 1946 and 1948, and many now live in Germany or Austria , but also in Australia , Brazil , the United States , and Canada . However, many are still dispersed within present-day Hungary. The migration of German-speaking groups into present-day Hungary began c. approximately 1000 years ago, when knights in the company of Giselle of Bavaria , the German-born wife of King Stephen I , first King of Hungary , entered

2280-531: The result of a deliberate settlement policy of the Habsburg government after the Ottoman Empire was driven from Hungarian territory. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers from Southern Germany , Austria , and Saxony emigrated to southwestern Hungary, including, Buda , Banat , and Szatmár County . This influx of immigrants helped to bring economic recovery and cultural distinction to these regions. By

2337-540: The river was known as Dravus or Draus in Latin , and in Greek as Δράος and Δράβος. Medieval attestations of the name include Dravis ( c. AD 670), Drauva (in 799), Drauus (in 811), Trauum (in 1091), and Trah (in 1136). The name is pre-Roman and pre-Celtic, but probably of Indo-European origin, from the root *dreu̯- 'flow'. The river gives its name to the dravite species of tourmaline . The Carpis (Greek: Κάρπίς)

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2394-506: The settlement under the suzerainty of the Castle of Szent György in 1660. In the winter of 1664 the army of Miklós Zrínyi approached the castle. The Turkish soldiers fearing the defeat left the castle. Zrínyi burnt it down. In 1677 György Széchényi Archdiocese of Kalocsa got Barcs from Leopold I . Between 1715 and 1733 the Széchenyi family became its owner and in 1835 it was already under

2451-634: The settlement. It belonged to Pál Széchényi in 1856, later to Ferenc Széchényi . At the beginning of the 20th century Mór Kremsier became its owner who had a distillery and a steam mill in Belcsa-puszta . In 1880 the half of the houses burnt down. It had 1,179 residents in 1910 of which 819 were Hungarians , 275 Germans and 81 Romani . According to their religious affiliation there were 1,026 Roman Catholics , 106 Calvinists and 23 Jews . Belcsa-puszta , Oláh-telep and Zátonyi-szőlőhegy belonged to Drávapálfalva . Drávaszentes also existed before

2508-463: The suzerainty of Erdőcsokonya . In 1720 the village was half Hungarian and half Croatian. There were also some Bosniak and Šokci families. The following Croatian people lived in Barcs in 1720: Ivan Persics, Petrus Trifanovics, Stefan Odelics, Mathia Perics, Marcin Bosrineć, Georg Jalenovecz, Step. Ostarsics, Mato Pavo, Vitus Kockan, Jakobus Simoncsics, Joh. Gaglas, Mich. Jarcsok, Mathia Sokol. After 1728

2565-458: The territory of both the former Hungarian kingdom as well as on the territory of present-day Hungary since the Middle Ages onwards, most notably in Budapest but not only. As of the 2022 census there are 142,551 German speakers in Hungary. Hungarian Germans refers to the descendants of Danube Swabians who immigrated to the Carpathian Basin and surrounding regions, and who are now minorities in those areas. Many Hungarian Germans were expelled from

2622-447: The town of Spittal an der Drau . Downstream of Villach , it runs along the northern slopes of the Karawanks to Ferlach and Lavamünd . The Drava passes into Slovenia at Gorče near Dravograd , from where it runs for 142 kilometres (88 mi) via Vuzenica , Muta , Ruše , and Maribor to Ptuj and the border with Croatia at Ormož . The river then passes Varaždin , Belišće and Osijek in Croatia, and Barcs in Hungary. It

2679-636: The winter of 1848 Josip Jelačić Ban of Croatia attacked Barcs. A troop of border guards started to shoot the settlement with cannons. One of the cannon balls still can be seen on the wall of the Roman Catholic church. The Croats occupied the village. But after some months they had to retreat. According to the 1849 census Barcs had 1,594 residents of which 300 Hungarians, 787 Germans and 487 Slavic-speaking people. There were 1,452 Roman Catholics, 113 Protestants, 7 Orthodox and 2 Jews. Four years later in 1953 there were 1,438 residents of which 254 were Hungarians, 725 Germans, 429 Croats, 15 Jews and 14 Romani. There

2736-433: The ~2 km long source creek. The river than flows eastwards and after 8 kilometres crosses into East Tyrol in Austria. At Lienz it flows into the Isel , sourced from the glaciers of the Venediger and Glockner Groups . The Isel (average discharge 39 m³/s) is almost three times larger than the Drava (14 m³/s) where they meet and, starting from the source of its tributary Schwarzach  [ de ] under

2793-586: Was a great conflagration in 1857. The oldest building of Barcs is the salt and tobacco warehouse which was built in Classicist style , today it is a protected dwelling house. It was used for storing wares from ships which transported them on the River Drava . During the second half of the 20th century Barcs started to develop intensively its industry until the Treaty of Trianon . After the First World War agriculture related production facilities like leather and flax fabrics, slaughterhouses, milk and cheese factories as well as distilleries were built. Its electric system

2850-676: Was a medieval settlement which also perished. After the Turkish occupation Hungarians settled there. According to László Szita the settlement was completely Hungarian in the 18th century. Aranya was first mentioned between 1332 and 1337 in the papal tithe register and it had already its own parish. In 1389 it belonged to Segesd . In the Ottoman Porte 's tax register there were two independent villages with this name: Felső Aranyas (English: Upper Aranyas ) and Alsó Aranyas (English: Lower Aranyas ), both with five households respectively. Around 1565 and 1566 they had four houses. In 1571 Felső Arnas had two and Alsó Arnas had seven households. It

2907-412: Was a river which, according to Herodotus, flowed from the upper country of the Ombricans northward into the Ister (Danube), whence it has been supposed that this river is the same as the Dravus. The Drava (along with one of its tributaries, the Slizza ) and the Spöl are the only two rivers originating in Italy that belong to the Danube drainage basin . Its main left tributaries (from the north) are

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2964-404: Was also a village with the same name before Turkish times. Its residents flew to the forests and established smaller farms. In the papal tithe register of 1332-1337 it can be found as Szent-Mihály and in 1536 tax register as Barcsi-Szent-Mihály . Besides tourism the production sector has also a significant share in the town's economy. There are several production facilities of companies like

3021-417: Was also built up at that time. Drávapálfalva merged into Barcs in 1928. In 1910 it had 6,415 residents of which 4,529 were Hungarians , 1,477 Germans and 238 Croats . According to their religious affiliation there were 5,314 Roman Catholics , 289 Calvinists and 659 Jews . In 1918 it came under Serbian occupation and the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs claimed the territory despite

3078-413: Was first mentioned in 1231 as the possession of the Tibold genus. It also perished during the Turkish rule. According to István Iványosi-Szabó several residents of Tarnóca flew to Kecskemét during the Turkish occupation. In 1677 it came into the hands of György Széchényi Archdiocese of Kalocsa . The Széchényi family built a mansion, distillery and steam mill there during the 19th century. There

3135-410: Was founded. A major focus of the group was the teaching of the German language in Hungarian schools. Because of the government's previous position on German culture, very little German was taught in schools at the time, and the group's organizer feared "a mute generation" had been raised by the Hungarian school system. The group's organizers felt that the Hungarian German youth had a very poor command of

3192-400: Was in the hands of Gergely Horváth de Gáj in 1472. István Bakonyai died in 1480 and did not leave anheir, therefore his possession went to Péter , Provost of Transylvania and royal chancellor and Orbán Nagylucsei treasurer, furthermore the brothers of Péter , Balázs and János Nagylucsei as a royal gift. Orbán Nagylucsei ( Orbán Dóczy ) Bishop of Eger owned it in 1489. Members of

3249-499: Was uninhabited and belonged to Zsigmond Széchényi between 1726 and 1733. Tarnóczagyöngyös was formerly known as Györgyös as belonged to the Mérey and Lengyel families. From 1733 it was the possession of Zsigmond Széchényi . Tarcsa-puszta was also a medieval village which perished. The Ottoman tax register of 1554 lists 12 houses there, in 1571 37 houses. Fáni-major , Feri-major , Kistarnócza-puszta , Vadas-puszta , Antal-major , Pusztamalom belonged to Tarcsa . There

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