Misplaced Pages

#815184

102-531: Barchester Towers is a novel by English author Anthony Trollope published by Longmans in 1857. It is the second book in the Chronicles of Barsetshire series, preceded by The Warden and followed by Doctor Thorne . Among other things it satirises the antipathy in the Church of England between High Church and Evangelical adherents. Trollope began writing this book in 1855. He wrote constantly and made himself

204-533: A benefice from the papacy. In his March 1075 Dictatus Papae , Pope Gregory VII declared that only the pope could depose an emperor, which implied that he could do so just as a lord might take a benefice away from a vassal. This declaration inflamed Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and furthered the friction caused in the Investiture Conflict . The expanded practice continued through the Middle Ages within

306-658: A benefice was a gift of land ( precaria ) for life as a reward for services rendered, originally, to the state. The word comes from the Latin noun beneficium , meaning "benefit". In the 8th century, using their position as Mayor of the Palace, Charles Martel , Carloman I and Pepin II usurped a large number of church benefices for distribution to vassals, and later Carolingians continued this practice as emperors. These estates were held in return for oaths of military assistance, which greatly aided

408-521: A Trollope novel; the former British prime ministers Harold Macmillan and Sir John Major ; the first Canadian prime minister, John A. Macdonald ; the economist John Kenneth Galbraith ; the merchant banker Siegmund Warburg , who said that "reading Anthony Trollope surpassed a university education"; the English judge Lord Denning ; the American novelists Sue Grafton , Dominick Dunne , and Timothy Hallinan ;

510-653: A bazaar in Cincinnati , which proved unsuccessful. Thomas Trollope joined them for a short time before returning to the farm at Harrow, but Anthony stayed in England throughout. His mother returned in 1831 and rapidly made a name for herself as a writer, soon earning a good income. His father's affairs, however, went from bad to worse. He gave up his legal practice entirely and failed to make enough income from farming to pay rent to his landlord, Lord Northwick . In 1834, he fled to Belgium to avoid arrest for debt. The whole family moved to

612-416: A benefice did not necessarily imply a cure of souls although each benefice had a number of spiritual duties attached to it. For providing these duties, a priest would receive " temporalities " . Benefices were used for the worldly support of much of its pastoral clergy – clergy gaining rewards for carrying out their duties with rights to certain revenues, the "fruits of their office". The original donor of

714-689: A campaign. Beverley had a long history of vote-buying and of intimidation by employers and others. Every election since 1857 had been followed by an election petition alleging corruption, and it was estimated that 300 of the 1,100 voters in 1868 would sell their votes. The task of a Liberal candidate was not to win the election, but to give the Conservative candidates an opportunity to display overt corruption, which could then be used to disqualify them. Trollope described his period of campaigning in Beverley as "the most wretched fortnight of my manhood". He spent

816-545: A civil servant, however, he was ineligible for such a position. His resignation from the Post Office removed this disability, and he almost immediately began seeking a seat for which he might stand. In 1868, he agreed to stand as a Liberal candidate in the borough of Beverley , in the East Riding of Yorkshire . Party leaders apparently took advantage of Trollope's eagerness to stand, and of his willingness to spend money on

918-682: A daily writing quota, and admitted that he wrote for money, he confirmed his critics' worst fears. Writers were expected to wait for inspiration, not to follow a schedule. Julian Hawthorne , an American writer, critic and friend of Trollope, while praising him as a man, calling him "a credit to England and to human nature, and ... [deserving] to be numbered among the darlings of mankind", also said that "he has done great harm to English fictitious literature by his novels". Henry James also expressed mixed opinions of Trollope. The young James wrote some scathing reviews of Trollope's novels ( The Belton Estate , for instance, he called "a stupid book, without

1020-526: A day-boy to reduce his education costs. With no money or friends at these two high-ranked elite public schools , Trollope was bullied a great deal, enduring miserable experiences. At the age of 12, he fantasised about suicide. He also sought refuge in daydreams, constructing elaborate imaginary worlds. In 1827, his mother, Frances Trollope , moved to America, to the Nashoba Commune , along with Trollope's three younger siblings. After that failed, she opened

1122-522: A direct consequence, systematic non-residence on the part of many incumbents, and delegation of their spiritual duties in respect of their cures of souls to assistant curates . The evils attendant on this system were found to be so great that the Pluralities Act 1838 ( 1 & 2 Vict. c. 106) was passed to abridge the holding of benefices in plurality, requiring that no person should hold under any circumstances more than two benefices and such privilege

SECTION 10

#1732858323816

1224-524: A following by the mid-20th century. Anthony Trollope was the son of barrister Thomas Anthony Trollope and the novelist and travel writer Frances Milton Trollope . Though a clever and well-educated man and a Fellow of New College, Oxford , Thomas Trollope failed at the Bar due to his bad temper. Ventures into farming proved unprofitable, and his expectations of inheritance were dashed when an elderly, childless uncle remarried and fathered children. Thomas Trollope

1326-689: A harshly anti-American travel book about the U.S. (titled the Domestic Manners of the Americans ) and feeling markedly more sympathetic to the United States, Trollope resolved to write a work which would "add to the good feeling which should exist between two nations which ought to love each other." During his time in America, Trollope remained a steadfast supporter of the Union , being a committed abolitionist who

1428-488: A house near Bruges , where they lived entirely on Frances's earnings. In Belgium, Anthony was offered a commission in an Austrian cavalry regiment. To accept it, he needed to learn French and German; he had a year in which to do so. To acquire these languages without expense to himself and his family, he became an usher (assistant master) in a school in Brussels, making him the tutor of 30 boys. After six weeks there, however, he

1530-436: A measure of prosperity. He took up fox hunting , which he would pursue enthusiastically for the next three decades. As a post-office surveyor, he interacted with local Irish people, whose company he found pleasant: "The Irish people did not murder me, nor did they even break my head. I soon found them to be good-humoured, clever—the working classes very much more intelligent than those of England—economical and hospitable." At

1632-522: A novel dealing with English clerical life as had Barchester Towers . Trollope then devised the plot of Framley Parsonage , setting it near Barchester so that he could make use of characters from the Barsetshire novels. Framley Parsonage proved enormously popular, establishing Trollope's reputation with the novel-reading public and amply justifying the high price that Smith had paid for it. The early connection to Cornhill also brought Trollope into

1734-672: A position in the Post Office as Surveyor to the Eastern District, comprising Essex , Suffolk, Norfolk , Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire , and most of Hertfordshire . Later in that year he moved to Waltham Cross , about 12 miles (19 km) from London in Hertfordshire, where he lived until 1871. In late 1859, Trollope learned of preparations for the release of the Cornhill Magazine , to be published by George Murray Smith and edited by William Makepeace Thackeray . He wrote to

1836-409: A presentee to a benefice) in the ecclesiastical courts or to a quare impedit in the common law courts , and the bishop must then certify the reasons of his refusal. In the rare cases where the patron happens to be a clergyman ( a clerk in orders ) and wishes to be admitted to the benefice of his own advowson , he must proceed by way of petition instead of by deed of presentation , reciting that

1938-449: A project as Middlemarch without the precedent set by Trollope in his own novels of the fictional—yet thoroughly alive—county of Barsetshire. Other contemporaries of Trollope praised his understanding of the quotidian world of institutions, official life, and daily business; he is one of the few novelists who find the office a creative environment. W. H. Auden wrote of Trollope: "Of all novelists in any country, Trollope best understands

2040-635: A result of the unexpectedly increasing sales of The Warden in late 1855, he expanded the text by keeping the Proudies in Barchester and introducing a number of new characters who had not appeared in the earlier chapters - the Stanhopes, Mr Arabin, and the Thornes among others. And although Sutherland notes that Trollope was "often indifferent to minor inconsistencies in his narratives", he regards these lapses as showing

2142-439: A series of published statutes called capitularies . The Capitulary of Herstal (AD 779) distinguished between his vassals who were styled casati (sing. casatus ) and non-casati , that is those subjects who had received a benefice from the hand of the king and those who had not, and towards the end of Charlemagne's reign it appears that a royal vassal who had satisfactorily fulfilled his duties could always look forward to

SECTION 20

#1732858323816

2244-470: A short novel (similar in length to The Warden ) to a longer one, and that from this hiatus there arise a number of inconsistencies in the text. In the first chapter Trollope says that Bishop Grantley is dying in "the latter days of July" and that Proudie became bishop "just a month after his [Grantly's] demise". At the beginning of Chapter IX, Sutherland observes that Trollope has Proudie three months onto his term as Bishop - effectively late November. However at

2346-420: A single thought or idea in it ... a sort of mental pabulum"). He also made it clear that he disliked Trollope's narrative method; Trollope's cheerful interpolations into his novels about how his storylines could take any twist their author wanted did not appeal to James's sense of artistic integrity. However, James thoroughly appreciated Trollope's attention to realistic detail, as he wrote in an essay shortly after

2448-459: A sore throat for 12 years and has spent his time catching butterflies. With him to the Cathedral Close come his wife and their three adult children. The younger of Dr Stanhope's two daughters causes consternation in the Palace and threatens the plans of Mr Slope. Signora Madeline Vesey Neroni is a disabled flirt with a young daughter and a mysterious Italian husband, whom she has left. Mrs Proudie

2550-560: A tailor fell into the hands of a moneylender and grew to more than £200; the lender regularly visited Trollope at his workplace to demand payments. Trollope hated his job, but saw no alternative and lived in constant fear of dismissal. In 1841, an opportunity to escape arose. A postal surveyor clerk in central Ireland, reported as incompetent, needed replacement. The position was not regarded as desirable, but Trollope, in debt and in trouble at work, volunteered for it; and his supervisor, William Maberly , eager to be rid of him, appointed him to

2652-414: A temporal lord or patron but relief for that oppression could be found under canon law ). Some individual institutions within the church accumulated enormous endowments and, with that, temporal power. These endowments sometimes concentrated great wealth in the mortmain ("dead hand") of the church, so called because it endured beyond any individual's life. The church was exempt from some or all taxes. This

2754-501: A total of £400 on his campaign. The election was held on 17 November 1868 ; the novelist finished last of four candidates, with the victory going to the two Conservatives. A petition was filed , and a Royal Commission investigated the circumstances of the election; its findings of extensive and widespread corruption drew nationwide attention, and led to the disfranchisement of the borough in 1870. The fictional Percycross election in Ralph

2856-618: A wide acquaintance, which included Lowell , Holmes , Emerson , Agassiz , Hawthorne , Longfellow , Bret Harte , Artemus Ward , Joaquin Miller , Mark Twain , Henry James , William Dean Howells , James T. Fields , Charles Norton , John Lothrop Motley , and Richard Henry Dana Jr. " Trollope wrote a travel book focusing on his experiences in the US during the American Civil War titled North America (1862). Aware that his mother had published

2958-517: A writer, especially since Ireland was experiencing the Great Famine during his time there. However, these critics (who have been accused of bigoted opinions against Ireland) failed or refused to acknowledge both Trollope's true attachment to the country and the country's capacity as a rich literary field. Trollope published four novels about Ireland. Two were written during the Great Famine, while

3060-438: A writing-desk so he could continue writing while travelling by train. "Pray know that when a man begins writing a book he never gives over", he wrote in a letter during this period. "The evil with which he is beset is as inveterate as drinking – as exciting as gambling". In his autobiography, Trollope observed "In the writing of Barchester Towers I took great delight. The bishop and Mrs. Proudie were very real to me, as were also

3162-508: A year and two days "descending mines, mixing with shearers and rouseabouts, riding his horse into the loneliness of the bush, touring lunatic asylums, and exploring coast and plain by steamer and stagecoach". He visited the penal colony of Port Arthur and its cemetery, Isle of the Dead . Despite this, the Australian press was uneasy, fearing he would misrepresent Australia in his writings. This fear

Barchester Towers - Misplaced Pages Continue

3264-454: Is appalled and considers her an unsafe influence on her daughters, servants and Mr Slope. Mr Slope is drawn like a moth to a flame, and cannot keep away from the Signora. Dr Stanhope's artistic son Bertie is skilled at spending money, but not at making it; his sisters think marriage to rich Eleanor Bold will help. Summoned by Archdeacon Grantly to assist in the war against the Proudies and Mr Slope

3366-524: Is dismissed by both Mrs Proudie and the Signora. The Signora drops a delicate word in several ears and with the removal of the misunderstanding, Mr Arabin and Eleanor become engaged. The Dean of the Cathedral having died, Mr Slope campaigns to become the new Dean but Mr Harding is offered the preferment , with a beautiful house in the Close and fifteen acres of garden. Mr Harding considers himself unsuitable and with

3468-413: Is required to be tendered by the clerk, but the bishop having satisfied himself of the sufficiency of the clerk, collates him to the benefice and office. A bishop need not personally institute or collate a clerk; he may issue a fiat to his vicar-general or to a special commissary for that purpose. After the bishop or his commissary has instituted the presentee, he issues a mandate under seal, addressed to

3570-561: Is termed pluralism (unrelated to the political theory of the same name ). An English example was Stigand , Archbishop of Canterbury (1052–72). After the Reformation , the new denominations generally adopted systems of ecclesiastical polity that did not entail benefices and the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) called "for the abandonment or reform of the system of benefices". The French Revolution replaced France's system by

3672-595: Is the Reverend Francis Arabin. Mr Arabin is a considerable scholar, Fellow of Lazarus College at the University of Oxford , who nearly followed his mentor John Henry Newman into the Roman Catholic Church . A misunderstanding occurs between Eleanor and her father, brother-in-law, sister and Mr Arabin, who think that she intends to marry Mr Slope, much to their disgust. Mr Arabin is attracted to Eleanor, but

3774-514: Is the bishop's new chaplain, the hypocritical and sycophantic Mr Obadiah Slope, who decides it would be expedient to marry Harding's wealthy widowed daughter, Eleanor Bold. Slope hopes to win her favour by interfering in the controversy over the wardenship, in favour of Mr Harding. The Bishop, or rather Mr Slope under the direction of Mrs Proudie, also orders the return of the prebendary Dr Vesey Stanhope from Italy. Stanhope has been in Italy recovering from

3876-578: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy following debates and a report headed by Louis-Simon Martineau in 1790, confiscating all endowments of the church, which was until then the highest order ( premier ordre ) of the Ancien Régime ; instead, the state awarded a salary to the formerly endowment-dependent clergy, and abolished canons, prebendaries and chaplains. This constitution kept the separation between

3978-408: The canon law , denotes an ecclesiastical office (but not always a cure of souls ) in which the incumbent is required to perform certain duties or conditions of a spiritual kind (spiritualities) while being supported by the revenues attached to the office (temporalities). The spiritualities of parochial benefices, whether rectories , vicarages or perpetual curacies , include due observation of

4080-446: The "roughness ... Spartan simplicity and the dirtiness of the Boer's way of life [merely] resulted from his preference for living in rural isolation, far from any town." In the completed work, which Trollope simply titled South Africa (1877), he described the mining town of Kimberly as being "one of the most interesting places on the face of the earth." In 1880, Trollope moved to

4182-571: The 1940s, Trollopians made further attempts to resurrect his reputation; he enjoyed a critical renaissance in the 1960s, and again in the 1990s. Some critics today have a particular interest in Trollope's portrayal of women—he caused remark even in his own day for his deep insight and sensitivity to the inner conflicts caused by the position of women in Victorian society. In the early 1990s, interest in Trollope increased. A Trollope Society flourishes in

Barchester Towers - Misplaced Pages Continue

4284-479: The Archbishop of Canterbury, two benefices can be held together, the churches of which are within 4 miles (6.4 km) of each other, and the annual value of one of which does not exceed £200. A benefice or living in the Church of England describes any ecclesiastical parish or group of ecclesiastical parishes under a single stipendiary minister, as well as its related historical meaning. The term dates from

4386-490: The Barsetshire series, many other well-developed characters populated each novel and in one, The Eustace Diamonds , the Pallisers play only a small role. Trollope's popularity and critical success diminished in his later years, but he continued to write prolifically, and some of his later novels have acquired a good reputation. In particular, critics, who concur that the book was not popular when published, generally acknowledge

4488-503: The Carolingians in consolidating and strengthening their power. Charlemagne (emperor 800–814) continued the late Roman concept of granting benefices in return for military and administrative service to his empire. Thus, the imperial structure was bound together through a series of oaths between the monarch and the recipient of land (and the resulting income) (see Fief ). He ordered and administered his kingdom and later his empire through

4590-513: The European feudal system . This same customary method became adopted by the Catholic Church. The church's revenue streams came from, amongst other things, rents and profits arising from assets gifted to the church, its endowment , given by believers, be they monarch, lord of the manor or vassal, and later also upon tithes calculated on the sale of the product of the people's personal labour in

4692-648: The Heir and the Tankerville election in Phineas Redux are closely based on the Beverley campaign. After the defeat at Beverley, Trollope concentrated entirely on his literary career. While continuing to produce novels rapidly, he also edited the St Paul's Magazine , which published several of his novels in serial form. "Between 1859 and 1875, Trollope visited the United States five times. Among American literary men he developed

4794-456: The Irish for their actions during the famine, were representative of the dismissal by English readers of any work written about the Irish. In 1851, Trollope was sent to England, charged with investigating and reorganising rural mail delivery in south-western England and south Wales . The two-year mission took him over much of Great Britain, often on horseback. Trollope describes this time as "two of

4896-527: The London circle of artists, writers, and intellectuals, not least among whom were Smith and Thackeray. By the mid-1860s, Trollope had reached a fairly senior position within the Post Office hierarchy, despite ongoing differences with Rowland Hill , who was at that time Chief Secretary to the Postmaster General . Postal history credits Trollope with introducing the pillar box (the ubiquitous mail-box) in

4998-594: The United Kingdom, as does its sister society in the United States. In 2011, the University of Kansas 's Department of English, in collaboration with the Hall Center for the Humanities and in partnership with The Fortnightly Review , began awarding an annual Trollope Prize. The Prize was established to focus attention on Trollope's work and career. Notable fans have included Alec Guinness , who never travelled without

5100-466: The United Kingdom. He was earning a substantial income from his novels. He had overcome the awkwardness of his youth, made good friends in literary circles, and hunted enthusiastically. In 1865, Trollope was among the founders of the liberal Fortnightly Review . When Hill left the Post Office in 1864, Trollope's brother-in-law, John Tilley , who was then Under-Secretary to the Postmaster General,

5202-431: The archdeacon or some other neighbouring clergyman, authorizing him to induct the clerk into his benefice – in other words, to put him into legal possession of the temporalities, which is done by some outward form, and for the most part by delivery of the bell-rope to the presentee, who then tolls the church bell . This form of induction is required to give the clerk a legal title to his beneficium, although his admission to

SECTION 50

#1732858323816

5304-506: The beginning of Chapter XII Slope is writing a letter dated 20 August, and in Chapters XXXIII and XXXV it is made clear that Miss Thorne's fête champêtre takes place on the last day of September. In Chapter XLVIII Arabin proposes to Eleanor on "a beautiful afternoon in the beginning of October". Sutherland points out that in the early chapters Trollope describes the Proudies as intending to spend as much time as possible in London, leaving

5406-539: The benefice is in his own patronage, and petitioning the bishop to examine him and admit him. Upon the bishop having satisfied himself of the sufficiency of the clerk, he proceeded to institute him to the spiritual office to which the benefice is annexed, but before such institution could take place, the clerk had to make the declaration of assent, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer , take

5508-495: The bishop unpopular with most of the clergy of the diocese. Her interference, leading the Bishop to veto the reappointment of the universally popular Mr Septimus Harding (protagonist of Trollope's earlier novel, The Warden ) as warden of Hiram's Hospital, is not well received, even though she seeks to have the position given to a needy clergyman, Mr Quiverful, who has a wife and 14 children to support. Even less popular than Mrs Proudie

5610-554: The disparity between the privileged background of his parents and their comparatively meagre means. Born in London, Anthony attended the Harrow School as a day pupil for three years, beginning at age seven, without paying fees because his father's farm, acquired for that purpose, lay in the neighbourhood. After a spell at a private school at Sunbury , he followed his father and two older brothers to Winchester College , where he remained for three years. He then returned to Harrow as

5712-448: The doctrine and liturgical practice of the Church of England, and take the oaths of allegiance and canonical obedience as defined by Canons of the Church of England. The bishop, by the act of institution, commits to the presentee the cure of souls attached to the office to which the benefice is annexed. In cases where the bishop himself is patron of the benefice, no presentation or petition

5814-492: The efforts of Grantly and his wife to stop her marrying Slope interfere with any relationship that might develop. At the Ullathorne garden party held by the Thornes, matters come to a head. Mr Slope proposes to Mrs Bold and is slapped for his presumption; Bertie goes through the motions of a proposal to Eleanor and is refused with good grace, and the Signora has a chat with Mr Arabin. Mr Slope's double-dealings are now revealed and he

5916-525: The entire parish such as cloth or shoes and the people's profits from specific forms of likewise God-given, natural increase such as crops and in livestock. Initially the Catholic Church granted buildings, grants of land and greater and/or lesser tithes for life but the land was not alienated from the dioceses . The Synod of Lyon of 567 annexed these grants to the churches. By the time of the Council of Mainz of 813 these grants were known as beneficia . Holding

6018-594: The fictional county of "Barsetshire" (often collectively referred to as the Chronicles of Barsetshire ), dealing primarily with the clergy and landed gentry. Barchester Towers (1857) has probably become the best-known of these. Trollope's other major series, the Palliser novels , which overlap with the Barsetshire novels, concerned itself with politics, with the wealthy, industrious Plantagenet Palliser (later Duke of Omnium) and his delightfully spontaneous, even richer wife Lady Glencora featured prominently. However, as with

6120-503: The field clear for Slope to act on his own in Barchester with the action easily contained in a single-volume novel: in Chapter IV, Slope thinks to himself that, in the Proudies' anticipated absences in London, "he, therefore, he, Mr Slope, would in effect be bishop of Barchester". But when Trollope resumed the composition of Barchester Towers in May 1856, planning the eventual three-volume novel as

6222-483: The grant of a benefice in some part of the Empire. Once he had received a benefice, he would take up his residence on it; it was only rarely that a vassus casatus continued to work in the Palace. In the year 800 Pope Leo III placed the crown of Holy Roman Emperor on the head of Charlemagne . This act caused great turmoil for future generations, who would afterward argue that the emperor thereby received his position as

SECTION 60

#1732858323816

6324-455: The happiest years of my life". In the course of it, he visited Salisbury Cathedral ; and there, according to his autobiography, he conceived the plot of The Warden , which became the first of the six Barsetshire novels . His postal work delayed the beginning of writing for a year; the novel was published in 1855, in an edition of 1,000 copies, with Trollope receiving half of the profits: £9 8s. 8d. in 1855, and £10 15s. 1d. in 1856. Although

6426-491: The help of the archdeacon, arranges that Mr Arabin be made Dean. With the Stanhopes' return to Italy, life in the Cathedral Close returns to normal and Mr Harding continues his life of gentleness and music. The literary scholar John Sutherland observes that Trollope suspended work on the novel (having reached the end of Chapter VIII) between February 1855 and May 1856, turning instead to his posthumously published The New Zealander. During this time he changed his idea of writing

6528-670: The late 1870s, Trollope furthered his travel writing career by visiting southern Africa , including the Cape Colony and the Boer Republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal . Admitting that he initially assumed that the Afrikaners had "retrograded from civilization, and had become savage, barbarous, and unkindly", Trollope wrote at length on Boer cultural habits, claiming that

6630-406: The latter, offering to provide short stories for the new magazine. Thackeray and Smith both responded: the former urging Trollope to contribute, the latter offering £1,000 for a novel, provided that a substantial part of it could be available to the printer within six weeks. Trollope offered Smith Castle Richmond , which he was then writing; but Smith declined to accept an Irish story, and suggested

6732-416: The leading clergy of the fictional cathedral city of Barchester. The much loved bishop having died, all expectations are that his son, Archdeacon Grantly, will succeed him. Owing to the passage of the power of patronage to a new Prime Minister, a newcomer, the far more Evangelical Bishop Proudie, gains the see . His wife, Mrs Proudie, exercises an undue influence over the new bishop, making herself as well as

6834-456: The most eloquent, of the writers who have helped the heart of man to know itself. ... A race is fortunate when it has a good deal of the sort of imagination—of imaginative feeling—that had fallen to the share of Anthony Trollope; and in this possession our English race is not poor. Writers such as William Thackeray , George Eliot and Wilkie Collins admired and befriended Trollope, and Eliot noted that she could not have embarked on so ambitious

6936-457: The nomination (advowson) and the canonical institution (benefice/living, which conferred a jurisdiction) but the state set a fixed system of salaries and would elect the metropolitan bishops who in turn would elect the curates. Parts of these changes remain such as the abolition of the three historic roles mentioned and the constitution is still in force in Belgium . The term benefice, according to

7038-408: The novelist's death: His [Trollope's] great, his inestimable merit was a complete appreciation of the usual. ... [H]e felt all daily and immediate things as well as saw them; felt them in a simple, direct, salubrious way, with their sadness, their gladness, their charm, their comicality, all their obvious and measurable meanings. ... Trollope will remain one of the most trustworthy, though not one of

7140-494: The numerous long train trips around Ireland he had to take to carry out his postal duties. Setting firm goals about how much he would write each day, he eventually became one of the most prolific writers of all time. He wrote his earliest novels while working as a Post Office inspector, occasionally dipping into the " lost-letter " box for ideas. Significantly, many of his earliest novels have Ireland as their setting—natural enough given that he wrote them or thought them up while he

7242-588: The oaths of allegiance and canonical obedience and make a declaration against simony . The first was laid down by the Canons of 1603/04 and modified by the Clerical Subscription Act 1865 which also prescribed the form of the declaration against simony ; the words of the oath of allegiance accorded to the form in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868 . Current practice is to make a declaration of assent to

7344-621: The office by institution is sufficient to vacate any other benefice which he may already possess. A benefice is avoided or vacated Dispensation, enabling a clerk to hold several ecclesiastical dignities or benefices at the same time, was transferred to the Archbishop of Canterbury by the Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533 , certain ecclesiastical persons having been declared by a previous statute (of 1529) to be entitled to such dispensations. The system of pluralities carried with it, as

7446-407: The ordination vows and due solicitude for the moral and spiritual welfare of the parishioners. The temporalities are the revenues of the benefice and assets such as the church properties and possessions within the parish. By keeping this distinction in mind, the right of patronage in the case of parochial benefices, or advowson , appears logical, being the right originally vested in the donor of

7548-405: The patron of the benefice is thus the first requisite in order that a clerk should become legally entitled to a benefice. The next requisite is that he should be admitted by the bishop as a fit person for the spiritual office to which the benefice is annexed, and the bishop is the judge of the sufficiency of the clerk to be so admitted. Under the early constitutions of the Church of England a bishop

7650-659: The poet Edward Fitzgerald ; the artist Edward Gorey , who kept a complete set of his books; the American author Robert Caro ; the playwright David Mamet ; the soap opera writer Harding Lemay ; the screenwriter and novelist Julian Fellowes ; liberal political philosopher Anthony de Jasay and theologian Stanley Hauerwas . Literary allusions in Trollope's novels have been identified and traced by Professor James A. Means, in two articles that appeared in The Victorian Newsletter (vols. 78 and 82) in 1990 and 1992 respectively. Preferment (Church) In ancient Rome

7752-578: The point at which Trollope conceived the idea of the novel series which would eventually become the hugely successful Chronicles of Barsetshire . The Warden and Barchester Towers were filmed by the BBC as The Barchester Chronicles in 1982. This starred Donald Pleasence as Septimus Harding, Geraldine McEwan as Mrs Proudie, and launched the career of Alan Rickman as Obadiah Slope. Anthony Trollope Anthony Trollope ( / ˈ t r ɒ l ə p / TROL -əp ; 24 April 1815 – 6 December 1882)

7854-622: The position. Trollope's new work consisted largely of inspection tours in Connaught , and he based himself in Banagher , King's County. Although he had arrived with a bad reference from London, his new supervisor resolved to judge him on his merits, and within a year, by Trollope's account, he earned a reputation as a valuable public servant. His salary and travel allowance went much further in Ireland than they had in London, and he found himself enjoying

7956-561: The profits were not large, the book received notices in the press, and brought Trollope to the attention of the novel-reading public. He immediately began work on Barchester Towers , the second Barsetshire novel; upon its publication in 1857, he received an advance payment of £100 (about £12,000 in 2023 consumer pounds) against his share of the profits. Like The Warden , Barchester Towers did not obtain large sales, but it helped to establish Trollope's reputation. In his autobiography, Trollope writes, "It achieved no great reputation, but it

8058-432: The role of money. Compared with him, even Balzac is too romantic." As trends in the world of the novel moved increasingly towards subjectivity and artistic experimentation, Trollope's standing with critics suffered. But Lord David Cecil noted in 1934 that "Trollope is still very much alive ... and among fastidious readers." He noted that Trollope was "conspicuously free from the most characteristic Victorian faults". In

8160-574: The sweeping satire The Way We Live Now (1875) as his masterpiece. In all, Trollope wrote 47 novels, 42 short stories, and five travel books, as well as nonfiction books titled Thackeray (1879) and Lord Palmerston (1882). After his death, Trollope's An Autobiography appeared and was a bestseller in London. Trollope's downfall in the eyes of the critics stemmed largely from this volume. Even during his writing career, reviewers tended increasingly to shake their heads over his prodigious output, but when Trollope revealed that he strictly adhered to

8262-489: The temporalities or his nominee, the patron and his successors in title, held the advowson (right to nominate a candidate for the post subject to the approval of the bishop or other prelate as to the candidate's sufficiency for the demands of the post). Parish priests were charged with the spiritual and temporal care of their congregation. The community provided for the priest as necessary, later, as organisation improved, by tithe (which could be partially or wholly lost to

8364-406: The temporalities to present to his bishop a clerk to be admitted, if found fit by the bishop , to the office to which those temporalities are annexed. In other words, the gift of the glebe (a rectory manor or church furlong) was only ever granted subject to receiving an incorporeal hereditament (inheritable and transferable right) for the original donor. Nomination or presentation on the part of

8466-455: The term "benefice" is defined to mean "benefice with cure of souls" and no other, and therein to comprehend all parishes, perpetual curacies, donatives, endowed public chapels, parochial chapelries and chapelries or districts belonging or reputed to belong, or annexed or reputed to be annexed, to any church or chapel. The Pluralities Acts Amendment Act 1885 ( 48 & 49 Vict. c. 54) superseded these and enacted that by dispensation from

8568-715: The third deals with the famine as a theme ( The Macdermots of Ballycloran , The Kellys and the O'Kellys , and Castle Richmond , respectively). The Macdermots of Ballycloran was written while he was staying in the village of Drumsna , County Leitrim . The Kellys and the O'Kellys (1848) is a humorous comparison of the romantic pursuits of the landed gentry (Francis O'Kelly, Lord Ballindine) and his Catholic tenant (Martin Kelly). Two short stories deal with Ireland ("The O'Conors of Castle Conor, County Mayo" and "Father Giles of Ballymoy" ). Some critics argue that these works seek to unify an Irish and British identity, instead of viewing

8670-583: The towns of Bendigo and Ballarat , and the Aboriginal population . What most angered the Australian papers, though, were his comments "accusing Australians of being braggarts". Trollope returned to Australia in 1875 to help his son close down his failed farming business. He found that the resentment created by his accusations of bragging remained. Even when he died in 1882, Australian papers still "smouldered", referring yet again to these accusations, and refusing to fully praise or recognize his achievements. In

8772-445: The troubles of the archdeacon and the loves of Mr. Slope". When he submitted his finished work, his publisher, William Longman, initially turned it down, finding much of it to be full of "vulgarity and exaggeration". Recent critics offer a more positive opinion: "Barchester Towers is many readers' favourite Trollope", wrote The Guardian , which included it in its 2009 list of "1000 novels everyone must read". Barchester Towers concerns

8874-474: The two as distinct. Even as an Englishman in Ireland, Trollope was still able to attain what he saw as essential to being an "Irish writer": possessed, obsessed, and "mauled" by Ireland. The reception of the Irish works left much to be desired. Henry Colburn wrote to Trollope, "It is evident that readers do not like novels on Irish subjects as well as on others." In particular, magazines such as The New Monthly Magazine , which included reviews that attacked

8976-697: The village of South Harting in West Sussex. He spent some time in Ireland in the early 1880s researching his last, unfinished, novel, The Landleaguers . It is said that he was extremely distressed by the violence of the Land War . Trollope died in Marylebone , London, in 1882 and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery , near the grave of his contemporary, Wilkie Collins . Trollope's first major success came with The Warden (1855)—the first of six novels set in

9078-446: The watering place of Dún Laoghaire , Trollope met Rose Heseltine (1821–1917), the daughter of a Rotherham bank manager. They became engaged when he had been in Ireland for just a year, but Trollope's debts and her lack of a fortune prevented them from marrying until 1844. Soon after they wed, Trollope was transferred to another postal district in the south of Ireland, and the family moved to Clonmel . Their first son, Henry Merivale,

9180-426: Was allowed a space of two months to inquire and inform himself of the sufficiency of every presentee, but by the 95th of the Canons of 1604 that interval was reduced to 28 days, within which the bishop must admit or reject the clerk. If the bishop rejects the clerk within that time he is liable to a duplex querela (Latin: "double complaint", the procedure in ecclesiastical law for challenging a bishop's refusal to admit

9282-430: Was an English novelist and civil servant of the Victorian era . Among his best-known works is a series of novels collectively known as the Chronicles of Barsetshire , which revolves around the imaginary county of Barsetshire . He also wrote novels on political, social, and gender issues, and other topical matters. Trollope's literary reputation dipped during the last years of his life, but he regained somewhat of

9384-469: Was appointed to the vacant position. Trollope applied for Tilley's old post, but was passed over in favour of a subordinate, Frank Ives Scudamore . In the autumn of 1867, Trollope resigned his position at the Post Office, having by that time saved enough to generate an income equal to the pension he would lose by leaving before the age of 60. Trollope had long dreamt of taking a seat in the House of Commons . As

9486-420: Was based on rather negative writings about America by his mother, Fanny, and by Charles Dickens . On his return, Trollope published a book, Australia and New Zealand (1873). It contained both positive and negative comments. On the positive side, it found a comparative absence of class consciousness, and praised aspects of Perth , Melbourne, Hobart and Sydney . However, he was negative about Adelaide's river,

9588-417: Was born in 1846, and their second, Frederick James Anthony, in 1847. Though Trollope had decided to become a novelist, he had accomplished very little writing during his first three years in Ireland. At the time of his marriage, he had only written the first of three volumes of his first novel, The Macdermots of Ballycloran . Within a year of his marriage, he finished that work. Trollope began writing on

9690-555: Was entitled and pay lesser sums to deputies to carry out the corresponding duties. By a Decree of the Lateran Council of 1215 no clerk could hold two benefices with cure of souls, and if a beneficed clerk took a second benefice with cure of souls, he vacated ipso facto his first benefice. Dispensations could easily be obtained from Rome. The benefice system was open to abuse. Acquisitive prelates occasionally held multiple major benefices. The holding of more than one benefice

9792-457: Was in contrast to feudal practice where the nobility would hold land on grant from the king in return for service, especially service in war. This meant that the church over time gained a large share of land in many feudal states and so was a cause of increasing tension between the church and the Crown. The holder of more than one benefice, later known as a pluralist, could keep the revenue to which he

9894-400: Was living and working in Ireland, but unlikely to enjoy warm critical reception, given the contemporary English attitude towards Ireland. Critics have pointed out that Trollope's view of Ireland separates him from many of the other Victorian novelists. Other critics claimed that Ireland did not influence Trollope as much as his experience in England, and that the society in Ireland harmed him as

9996-496: Was offered a clerkship in the General Post Office , obtained through a family friend. Accepting this post, he returned to London in the autumn of 1834. Thomas Trollope died the following year. According to Trollope, "the first seven years of my official life were neither creditable to myself nor useful to the public service." At the Post Office, he acquired a reputation for unpunctuality and insubordination. A debt of £12 to

10098-401: Was one of the novels which novel readers were called upon to read." For the following novel, The Three Clerks , he was able to sell the copyright for a lump sum of £250; he preferred this to waiting for a share of future profits. Although Trollope had been happy and comfortable in Ireland, he felt that as an author, he should live within easy reach of London. In 1859, he sought and obtained

10200-573: Was opposed to the system of slavery as it existed in the South . In 1871, Trollope made his first trip to Australia , arriving in Melbourne on 28 July 1871 on the SS Great Britain , with his wife and their cook. The trip was made to visit their younger son, Frederick, who was a sheep farmer near Grenfell, New South Wales . He wrote his novel Lady Anna during the voyage. In Australia, he spent

10302-494: Was subject to the restriction that both benefices must be within 10 miles (16 km) of each other. By the Pluralities Act 1850 ( 13 & 14 Vict. c. 98) restrictions were further narrowed so that no spiritual person could hold two benefices except the churches of such benefices within 3 miles (4.8 km) of each other by the nearest road, and the annual value of one of such benefices did not exceed £100. By this statute

10404-416: Was the son of Rev. (Thomas) Anthony Trollope, rector of Cottered , Hertfordshire, himself the sixth son of Sir Thomas Trollope, 4th Baronet . The baronetcy later came to descendants of Anthony Trollope's second son, Frederic. As a son of landed gentry , Thomas Trollope wanted his sons raised as gentlemen who would attend Oxford or Cambridge . Anthony Trollope suffered much misery in his boyhood, owing to

#815184