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54-520: Banyas may refer to: Banias , a location in the Golan Heights, ancient Paneas Baniyas , a town on the Syrian coast, ancient Balanea Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Banyas . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

108-470: A Moslem Sheikh. In the 1870s, Banias was described as "a village, built of stone, containing about 350 Moslems, situated on a raised table-land at the bottom of the hills of Mount Hermon. The village is surrounded by gardens crowded with fruit-trees. The source of the Jordan is close by, and the water runs in little aqueducts into and under every part of the modern village." The Syria-Lebanon-Palestine boundary

162-521: A city. In 61 CE, Agrippa II expanded and renamed the city Neronias Irenopolis . The ancient city was mentioned in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark , under the name of Caesarea Philippi , as the place where Jesus confirmed Peter 's confession that Jesus was the Messiah ; the site is today a place of pilgrimage for Christians . The spring at Banias initially originated in a large cave carved out of

216-470: A second, newly formed Byzantine army advancing on Palestine used Paneas as a staging post on the way to confront the Muslim army at the final Battle of Yarmouk . The depopulation of Paneas after the Muslim conquest was rapid, as its traditional markets disappeared. Only 14 of the 173 Byzantine sites in the area show signs of habitation from this period. The Hellenised city thus fell into a precipitous decline. At

270-427: A sheer cliff face which was gradually lined with a series of shrines. The temenos (sacred precinct) included in its final phase a temple placed at the mouth of the cave, courtyards for rituals, and niches for statues. It was constructed on an elevated, 80m long natural terrace along the cliff which towered over the north of the city. A four-line inscription at the base of one of the niches relates to Pan and Echo ,

324-622: A trove of 44 pure gold coins from the early 7th Century CE. While some of the coins were minted by the Byzantine-Roman Emperor Phocas (602-610 CE), most date to the reign of his successor, Emperor Heraclius (610-641). The latest of the coins date to the period of the Arab conquest of the Levant. Upon Zenodorus 's death in 20 BC, the Panion ( Greek : Πανιάς ), including Paneas, was annexed to

378-440: Is a passive formation, "that which is produced by nodding", just as flamen is "that which is produced by blowing", i.e. , a gust of wind. It came to mean "the product or expression of power" — not, be it noted, power itself. Thus, numen (divinity) is not personified (although it can be a personal attribute) and should be distinguished from deus (god). Numen was also used in the imperial cult of ancient Rome, to refer to

432-419: Is a spirit here". Its interpretation, and in particular the exact sense of numen has been discussed extensively in the literature. The supposition that a numinous presence in the natural world supposed in the earliest layers of Italic religion, as it were an " animistic " element left over in historical Roman religion and especially in the etymology of Latin theonyms, has often been popularly implied, but

486-558: The Fatimids again briefly took control, only to lose it again to the Qarāmita. The old population of Banias along with the new refugees formed a Sunni sufi ascetic community. In 975 the Fatimid al-'Aziz wrested control in an attempt to subdue the anti-Fatimid agitation of Mahammad b. Ahmad al-Nablusi and his followers and to extend Fatimid control into Syria. al-Nabulusi’s school of hadith

540-862: The Herodian Kingdom of Judea , a client of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire . Josephus mentions that Herod the Great erected a temple of 'white marble' nearby in honor of his patron; it was found in the nearby site of Omrit . In 3 BCE, Herod's son, Philip (also known as Philip the Tetrarch ) founded a city which became his administrative capital, known from Josephus and the Gospels of Matthew and Mark as Caesarea or Caesarea Philippi , to distinguish it from Caesarea Maritima and other cities named Caesarea ( Matthew 16 , Matthew 16:13 , Mark 8 , Mark 8:27 ). On

594-671: The Iqta' of Hussam al-Din Bishara. In 1200, Sultan al-Adil I sent Fakhr al-Din Jaharkas to seize Kŭl’at es-Subeibeh , a fortress located on a high hill above Banias, from Hussam al-Din, and reaffirmed Jaharkas as the holder of the iqta' in 1202. A strong earthquake the same year had its epicenter close to Banias, and the city was partially destroyed. Jaharkas rebuilt the burj (fortress tower). He took control of other properties - Tibnin, Hunin, Beaufort and Tyron. After his death, these lands were in

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648-527: The Maccabean revolt . It was these Seleucids who built a pagan temple dedicated to Pan at Paneas. In 2020, an altar with a Greek inscription was found in the walls of a church of the 7th century A.D. The inscription records that the altar was dedicated by Atheneon, son of Sosipatros, from the city of Antioch to the god Pan Heliopolitanos. In 2022, the Israeli Antiquities Authority discovered

702-603: The Messiah ; the place is today a place of pilgrimage for Christians . In 61 CE, king Agrippa II renamed the administrative capital Neronias in honor of the Roman emperor Nero , but this name was discarded several years later, in 68 CE. Agrippa also carried out urban improvements. In 67 CE, during the First Jewish–Roman War , Vespasian briefly visited Caesarea Philippi before advancing on Tiberias in Galilee. With

756-702: The Negev desert by launching a diversion project on a nine-mile (14 km) channel midway between the Huleh Marshes and Sea of Galilee in the central DMZ to be rapidly constructed. This prompted shelling from Syria and friction with the Eisenhower Administration ; the diversion was moved to the southwest. The Banias was included in the Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan , which allocated Syria 20 million cubic metres annually from it. The plan

810-795: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , and the unratified and later annulled Treaty of Sèvres , stemming from the San Remo conference , the 1920 boundary extended the British controlled area to north of the Sykes Picot line, a straight line between the mid point of the Sea of Galilee and Nahariya . In 1920 the French managed to assert authority over the Arab nationalist movement and after the Battle of Maysalun , King Faisal

864-587: The advance to the Litani during the Syria-Lebanon Campaign ; Free French and Indian forces also invaded Syria in the Battle of Kissoué . Banias's fate in this period was left in a state of limbo since Syria had come under British military control. When Syria was granted independence in April 1946, it refused to recognize the 1923 boundary agreed between Britain and France. Following the 1948 Arab Israeli War ,

918-557: The guardian-spirit , 'godhead' or divine power of a living emperor—in other words, a means of worshiping a living emperor without literally calling him a god. The cult of Augustus was promoted by Tiberius , who dedicated the Ara Numinis Augusti . In this context, a distinction can be made between the terms numen and genius . The expression Numen inest appears in Ovid 's Fasti (III, 296) and has been translated as "There

972-709: The Banias spring remained in Syrian territory, while the Banias River flowed through the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) into Israel. In 1953, at one of a series of meetings to regularize administration of the DMZs, Syria offered to adjust the armistice lines, and cede to Israel 70% of the DMZ, in exchange for a return to the pre-1946 International border in the Jordan basin area, with Banias water resources returning to Syrian sovereignty. On 26 April,

1026-523: The Governor of Banias. In 1179, Saladin took personal control of the forces of Banias and created a protective screen across the Hula through Tell al-Qadi . In 1187, Saladin's son al-Afdal was able to send a force of 7,000 horsemen from Banias, that participated in the Battle of Cresson and the Battle of Hattin . By the end of Saladin's life, Banias was in the territory of al-Afdal, Emir of Damascus, and in

1080-658: The Hasbani (including water from the Sarid and Wazani ). This led to military intervention from Israel, first with tank fire and then, as the Syrians shifted the works further eastward, with airstrikes. On June 10, 1967, the last day of the Six Day War , the Golani Brigade captured the village of Banias. Israel's priority on the Syrian front was to take control of the water sources. After

1134-546: The Israeli cabinet met to consider the Syrian suggestions, with head of Israel's Water Planning Authority, Simha Blass , in attendance. Blass noted that while the land to be ceded to Syria was not suitable for cultivation, the Syrian map did not suit Israel's water development plan. Blass explained that the movement of the International boundary in the area of Banias would affect Israel's water rights. The Israeli cabinet rejected

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1188-496: The Lordship of Beirut , was captured by Nūr ad-Din on 18 November 1164. The Franks had built a castle at Hunin (Château Neuf) in 1107 to protect the trade route from Damascus to Tyre . After Nūr ad-Din's ousting of Humphrey of Toron from Banias, Hunin was at the front line securing the border defences against the Muslim garrison at Banias. Ibn Jubayr , the geographer, traveller and poet from al-Andalus , described Banias: After

1242-399: The Syrian proposals but decided to continue the negotiations by making changes to the accord and placing conditions on the Syrian proposals. The Israeli conditions took into account Blass's position over water rights and Syria rejected the Israeli counter-offer. In September 1953, Israel advanced plans for its National Water Carrier to help irrigate the coastal Sharon Plain and eventually

1296-764: The arrival of fresh troops to the Holy Land, King Baldwin III of Jerusalem broke the three-month-old truce of February 1157 by raiding the large flocks that the Turcoman people had pastured in the area. In that year, Banias became the principal centre of Humphrey II of Toron's fiefdom, along with his being the constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , after it had first been granted to the Knights Hospitaller by Baldwin III. The Knights Hospitaller, having fallen into an ambush, relinquished

1350-508: The cave was therefore dedicated. Pan was revered by the ancient Greeks as the god of isolated rural areas, music, goat herds, hunting, herding, of sexual and spiritual possession, and of victory in battle, since he was said to instill panic among the enemy. Paneas ( Ancient Greek : Πανεάς , Latin Fanium ) was first settled in the Hellenistic period following Alexander the Great's conquest of

1404-522: The council of al-Jabiyah, when the administration of the new territory of the Umar Caliphate was established, Paneas remained the principal city of the district of al-Djawlan (the Djawlan) in the jund (military Province) of Dimashq ( Damascus ), due to its strategic military importance on the border with Jund al-Urdunn , which comprised the Galilee and territories east and north of it. Around 780 CE

1458-462: The death of Agrippa II around 92 CE came the end of Herodian rule, and the city returned to the province of Syria . In the late Roman and Byzantine periods the written sources name the city again as Paneas, or more seldom as Caesarea Paneas. In 361, Emperor Julian the Apostate instigated a religious reformation of the Roman state, in which he supported the restoration of Hellenistic polytheism as

1512-625: The death of Nūr ad-Din in May 1174, King Amalric I of Jerusalem led the crusader forces in a siege of Banias. The Governor of Damascus allied himself with the crusaders and released all his Frankish prisoners. With the death of Amalric I in July 1174, the crusader border became unstable. In 1177, King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem laid siege to Banias and again the crusader forces withdrew after receiving tribute from Samsan al-Din Ajuk,

1566-399: The death of Philip in 34 CE his kingdom was briefly incorporated into the province of Syria , with the city given the autonomy to administer its own revenues, before reverting to his nephew, Herod Agrippa I . The ancient city is mentioned in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark , under the name of Caesarea Philippi , as the place where Jesus confirmed Peter 's assumption that Jesus was

1620-412: The divine numen, unless the mind is to be considered divine, but as simply human will. Since the early 20th century, numen has sometimes been treated in the history of religion as a pre-animistic phase; that is, a belief system inherited from an earlier time. Numen is also used by sociologists to refer to the idea of magical power residing in an object , particularly when writing about ideas in

1674-619: The east. The Ptolemaic kings built a cult centre there in the 3rd century BCE. In extant sections of the Greek historian Polybius 's history of 'The Rise of the Roman Empire', a Battle of Panium is mentioned. This battle was fought in ca. 200–198 BCE between the armies of Ptolemaic Egypt and the Seleucids of Coele-Syria , led by Antiochus III . Antiochus's victory cemented Seleucid control over Phoenicia , Galilee , Samaria , and Judea until

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1728-447: The fiefdom. On 18 May 1157, Nūr ad-Din began a siege on Banias using mangonels , a type of siege engine. Humphrey was under attack in Banias and Baldwin III was able to break the siege, only to be ambushed at Jacob's Ford in June 1157. The fresh troops arriving from Antioch and Tripoli were able to relieved the besieged crusaders. The Lordship of Banias which was a sub-vassal within

1782-503: The garrison of Subeiba. Al-Sa'id Hasan of Banias, released by Hulegu during the Mongol invasion of Syria, allied with him, and took part in the Battle of Ain Jalut . The traveller J. S. Buckingham described Banias in 1825: "The present town is small, and meanly built, having no place of worship in it; and the inhabitants, who are about 500 in number, are Mohammedans and Metouali , governed by

1836-680: The hands of Sarim ad-Din Khutluba. Shortly after the start of the Fifth Crusade , Banias was raided by the Franks for three days. Later, Al-Mu'azzam Isa , son of al-Adil, started to dismantle fortifications across Palestine, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders gain them, by fight or by land exchange. So, in March 1219, Khutluba was forced to relinquish Banias and destroy its fortress. Probably at

1890-435: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banyas&oldid=1227158103 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Banias The ancient city was first mentioned in the context of the Battle of Panium , fought around 200–198 BCE, when

1944-478: The local residents fled to Majdal Shams , the village was destroyed by Israeli bulldozers, leaving only the mosque, church and shrines. The Israelis have renamed several of the locations at Banias, removing their Roman, Arab and Syrian connection. In 1977, the Banias was declared a nature reserve by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority , named Hermon Stream (Banias) Nature Reserve . It consists of two areas –

1998-454: The motions and cries of birds during augury . In Virgil 's recounting of the blinding of the one-eyed giant , Polyphemus , from the Odyssey , in his Aeneid , he has Odysseus and his men first "ask for the assistance of the great numina" ( magna precati numina ). Reviewing public opinion of Augustus on the day of his funeral, the historian Tacitus reports that some thought "no honor

2052-458: The mountain nymph, and was dated to 87 BCE. The once very large spring gushed from the limestone cave, but an earthquake moved it to the foot of the natural terrace where it now seeps quietly from the bedrock, with a greatly reduced flow. From here the stream, called Nahal Hermon in Hebrew, flows towards what once were the malaria -infested Hula marshes . The pre-Hellenistic deity associated with

2106-505: The name of the region was given as the Panion . Later, Pliny called the city Paneas ( Ancient Greek : Πανειάς ). Both names were derived from that of Pan , the god of the wild and companion of the nymphs . Herod the Great , king of Judaea , constructed a temple dedicated to Augustus at the site. Subsequently, Herod's son, Philip the Tetrarch , further developed the area, establishing

2160-552: The nun Hugeburc visited Caesarea and reported that the town 'had' a church and a great many Christians, but her account does not clarify whether any of those Christians were still living in the town at the time of her visit. The transfer of the Abbasid Caliphate capital from Damascus to Baghdad inaugurated the flowering of the Islamic Golden Age at the expense of the provinces. With the decline of Abbasid power in

2214-499: The same time, the city was passed to Al-Mu'azzam's brother, al-'Aziz 'Uthman . For a while it was ruled as the hereditary principality of the dynast and his sons. The fourth prince, al-Sa'id Hasan, surrendered it to As-Salih Ayyub in 1247. He later tried to retake the land, at the time of An-Nasir Yusuf , but was imprisoned. In 1252 Banias was attacked by the forces of the Seventh Crusade and took it, but they were driven out by

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2268-448: The scheme The project was to divert 20 to 30 million cubic metres of water from the river Jordan tributaries to Syria and Jordan for the development of Syria and Jordan. The diversion plan for the Banias called for a 73 kilometre long canal to be dug 350 metres above sea level, that would link the Banias with the Yarmuk . The canal would carry the Banias's fixed flow plus the overflow from

2322-533: The spring of Banias was variously called Ba'al-gad or Ba'al Hermon . The spring lies close to the 'way of the sea' mentioned by the Book of Isaiah , along which many armies of Antiquity marched. It was certainly an ancient place of great sanctity, and when Hellenised religious influences began to overlay the region, the cult of its local numen gave place to the worship of the Arcadian goat-footed god Pan , to whom

2376-416: The springs and the archaeological site, and the waterfall with a hanging trail. Numen Numen (plural numina ) is a Latin term for " divinity ", "divine presence", or "divine will". The Latin authors defined it as follows: Cicero writes of a "divine mind" ( divina mens ), a god "whose numen everything obeys", and a "divine power" ( vis divina ) "which pervades the lives of men". It causes

2430-620: The state religion. In Paneas this was achieved by replacing Christian symbols with pagan ones, though the change was short lived. In the 5th century, following the division of the Empire , the city was part of the Eastern (later Byzantine ) Empire, but was lost to the Arab conquest of the Levant in the 7th century. In 635, Paneas gained favourable terms of surrender from the Muslim army of Khalid ibn al-Walid after it had defeated Heraclius ' forces. In 636,

2484-428: The tenth century, Paneas found itself a provincial backwater in a slowly collapsing empire, as district governors began to exert greater autonomy and used their increasing power to make their positions hereditary. The control of Syria and Paneas passed to the Fatimids of Egypt. At the end of the 9th century Al-Ya'qubi reaffirms that Paneas was still the capital of al-Djawlan in the jund of Dimshq , although by then

2538-646: The town was known as Madīnat al-Askat (city of the tribes) with its inhabitants being Qays , mostly of the Banu Murra with some Yamani families. Due to the Byzantine advances under Nicephorus Phocas and John Zimisces into the Abbasid empire, a wave of refugees fled south and augmented the population of Madīnat al-Askat. The city was taken over by an extreme Shī‘ah sect of the Bedouin Qarāmita in 968. In 970

2592-438: The western tradition. When used in this sense, numen is nearly synonymous with mana . However, some authors reserve use of mana for ideas about magic from Polynesia and Southeast Asia . Etymologically, the word means "a nod of the head", here referring to a deity as it were "nodding", or making its will or its presence known. According to H. J. Rose : The literal meaning is simply "a nod", or more accurately, for it

2646-422: Was turned over to the Franks following the purge of the sect from Damascus by Buri . Later on, Shams al-Mulk Isma'il attacked Banias and captured it on 11 December 1132. In 1137, Banias became under the rule of Imad al-Din Zengi . In late spring 1140, Mu'in ad-Din Unur handed Banias to the Crusaders during the reign of King Fulk , due to their assistance against Zengi's aggression towards Damascus. With

2700-403: Was a product of the post-World War I Anglo-French partition of Ottoman Syria. British forces had advanced to a position at Tel Hazor against Turkish troops in 1918 and wished to incorporate all the sources of the Jordan River within the British controlled Palestine. Due to the French inability to establish administrative control, the frontier between Syria and Palestine was fluid. Following

2754-427: Was deposed. The international boundary between Palestine and Syria was agreed by Great Britain and France in 1923 in conjunction with the Treaty of Lausanne , after Britain had been given a League of Nations mandate for Palestine in 1922. Banyas (on the Quneitra /Tyre road) was within the French Mandate of Syria. The border was set 750 metres south of the spring. In 1941, Australian forces occupied Banias in

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2808-422: Was left to the gods" when he "established the cult of himself" ( se ... coli vellet ) "with temples and the effigies of numina" ( effigie numinum ). Pliny the Younger in a letter to Paternus raves about the "power", the "dignity", and "the majesty"; in short, the " numen of history". Lucretius uses the expression numen mentis , or "bidding of the mind", where "bidding" is numen , not, however,

2862-436: Was rejected by the Arab League . Instead, at the 2nd Arab summit conference in Cairo of January 1964 the League decided that Syria , Lebanon and Jordan would begin a water diversion project. Syria started the construction of canal to divert the flow of the Banias river away from Israel and along the slopes of the Golan toward the Yarmouk River . Lebanon was to construct a canal from the Hasbani River to Banias and complete

2916-427: Was to survive in Banias under the tutelage of Arab scholars such as Abú Ishaq (Ibrahim b. Hatim) and al-Balluti. The Crusaders' arrival in 1099 quickly split the mosaic of semi-independent cities of the Seljuk sultanate of Damascus. The Crusaders held the town twice, between 1129–1132 and 1140–1164. It was called by the Franks Belinas or Caesarea Philippi. From 1126–1129, the town was held by Assassins , and

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