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125-624: Banksia is a genus of around 170 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae . These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes, and woody fruiting "cones" and heads. Banksias range in size from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. They are found in a wide variety of landscapes: sclerophyll forest, (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts. Heavy producers of nectar , banksias are

250-467: A Periconiella species, Satchmopsis australiensis , Tryssglobulus aspergilloides , and a species of Veronaea . All banksias have developed proteoid or cluster roots in response to the nutrient-poor conditions of Australian soils (particularly lacking in phosphorus ). The root system of the suckering forms of Banksia marginata in Victoria and South Australia have a characteristic pattern with

375-816: A morphological cladistic analysis published in 1994, Kevin Thiele placed it as the most basal member of a newly described subseries Integrifoliae , within the series Salicinae . However, this subgrouping of the Salicinae was not supported by George. George did concede that major work is needed on Banksia marginata , which shows such a high degree of variability over its range. B. marginata 's placement within Banksia may be summarised as follows: Since 1998, American botanist Austin Mast and co-authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for

500-409: A deep tap root, and an extensive system of thick lateral roots 7.5–15 cm (3.0–5.9 in) below the surface. During the winter months, segments around 30 cm (0.98 ft) in length develop vegetative buds capable of forming suckers. Clusters of fine proteoid roots up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long arise from these lateral roots. The response of Banksia marginata to fire is variable. In

625-670: A few of the Western Australian species native to the Stirling Ranges – B. solandri , B. oreophila , B. brownii and B. montana – survive at high elevations. Studies of the south-western species have found the distribution of Banksia species to be primarily constrained by rainfall. With the exception of B. rosserae , no species tolerates annual rainfall of less than 200 millimetres, despite many species surviving in areas that receive less than 400 millimetres. Banksia species are present throughout

750-418: A few of them ever develop fruit, and in some species a flower spike will set no fruit at all. The fruit of Banksia is a woody follicle embedded in the axis of the inflorescence. In many species, the resulting structure is a massive woody structure commonly called a cone. Each follicle consists of two horizontal valves that tightly enclose the seeds. The follicle opens to release the seed by splitting along

875-501: A few years of infection. In southwest Western Australia, where dieback infestation is widespread, infested areas of Banksia forest typically have less than 30% of the cover of uninfested areas. Plant deaths in such large proportions can have a profound influence on the makeup of plant communities. For example, in southwestern Australia Banksia often occurs as an understorey to forests of jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata ), another species highly vulnerable to dieback. Infestation kills both

1000-721: A further four varieties all now sunk into B. marginata in series Salicinae . In 1870, George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis . In Bentham's arrangement , the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46. Bentham observed that the characteristics Brown used to define B. australis , B. depressa , B. patula , and B. insularis were unable to distinguish separate forms as more specimens came to light, and hence declared them synonyms of B. marginata . Meissner's four series were replaced by four sections based on leaf, style and pollen-presenter characters. B. marginata

1125-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

1250-633: A glasshouse at Kew was described as a tree 24 feet (7.3 m) high with a trunk girth of two feet (60 cm) at 40 years of age. B. marginata is generally fairly easy to grow in a well-drained sunny or partly-shaded position in the garden. It can be leggy in shadier positions, or a more compact bushy shrub in full sun. Some varieties from drier areas seem to do poorly in areas of summer humidity. The flowers are not prominent unless they are numerous. Established plants can withstand drought, coastal exposure and temperatures as low as −10 °C (14 °F). Propagation of plants can be by seed or cuttings ;

1375-401: A head; and recently the large genus Dryandra has been found to have arisen from within the ranks of Banksia , and sunk into it as B.  ser. Dryandra . They similarly have capitate flower heads rather than spikes. Banksia flowers are usually a shade of yellow , but orange , red , pink and even violet flowers also occur. The colour of the flowers is determined by the colour of

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1500-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

1625-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

1750-471: A low shrub which suckers (grows shoots from lateral roots) after fire. Plants do not appear to live longer than 25 years; after this time the ageing plants begin to die and are succeeded by younger plants arising from suckers around the parent. A field study in Gippsland found counting the nodes of Banksia marginata plants to be accurate in indicating age within a year up to 21 years since the last fire. There

1875-426: A number of species are rare and endangered . Banksias grow as trees or woody shrubs . Trees of the largest species, B. integrifolia (coast banksia) and B. seminuda (river banksia), often grow over 15 metres tall, some even grow to standing 30 metres tall. Banksia species that grow as shrubs are usually erect, but there are several species that are prostrate, with branches that grow on or below

2000-449: A period of years. In some species, old flower parts are lost, revealing the axis; in others, the old flower parts may persist for many years, giving the fruiting structure a hairy appearance. Old flower spikes are commonly referred to as "cones", although they are not technically cones according to the botanical definition of the term: cones only occur in conifers and cycads . Despite the large number of flowers per inflorescence, only

2125-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

2250-455: A role in pollination of Banksia . Various studies have shown mammals and birds to be important pollinators. In 1978, Carpenter observed that some banksias had a stronger odour at night, possibly to attract nocturnal mammal pollinators. Other associated fauna include the larvae of moths (such as the Dryandra Moth ) and weevils , which burrow into the "cones" to eat the seeds and pupate in

2375-777: A severe problem for banksias that are watered, such as in the cut flower industry and urban gardens. Most of species are shrubs, only few of them can be found as trees and they are very popular because of their size, the tallest species are: B. integrifolia having its subspecies B. integrifolia subsp. monticola notable for reaching the biggest size for the genus and it is the most frost tolerant in this genus, B. seminuda , B. littoralis , B. serrata ; species that can grow as small trees or big shrubs: B. grandis , B. prionotes , B. marginata , B. coccinea , B. speciosa and B. menziesii . Due to their size these species are popularly planted in parks, gardens and streets,

2500-492: A single flower spike. In many populations, only a few follicles develop. Small and elliptic, they measure 0.7–1.7 cm (0.3–0.7 in) long, 0.2–0.5 cm (0.1–0.2 in) high, and 0.2–0.4 cm (0.1–0.2 in) wide. In coastal and floodplain populations, these usually open spontaneously and release seed, while they generally remain sealed until burnt by fire in plants from heathland and montane habitats. Each follicle contains one or two fertile seeds, between which lies

2625-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

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2750-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

2875-547: A vast number of filaments; which, being shed, leave a fruit like a pine top." The genus Banksia was named in honor of Sir Joseph Banks , a botanist who was with Captain Cook during his first voyage (1768–1771) in which he circumnavigated the world, including stops in New Zealand and Australia ( Botany Bay ). The species marginata was first collected by Luis Née in 1793, from somewhere between Sydney and Parramatta . In 1800,

3000-468: A vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for nectarivorous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums, stingless bees and a host of invertebrates. Further, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries. However, these plants are threatened by a number of processes including land clearing , frequent burning and disease, and

3125-427: A woody axis covered in tightly packed pairs of flowers attached at right angles. A single flower spike generally contains hundreds or even thousands of flowers; the most recorded is around 6000 on inflorescences of B. grandis . Not all Banksia have an elongate flower spike, however: the members of the small Isostylis complex have long been recognised as banksias in which the flower spike has been reduced to

3250-774: A woody dark brown separator of similar shape to the seeds. Measuring 0.9–1.5 cm (0.4–0.6 in) in length, the seed is egg- to wedge-shaped ( obovate to cuneate ) and composed of a dark brown 0.8–1.1 cm (0.3–0.4 in) wide membranous "wing" and wedge- or sickle-shaped (cuneate– falcate ) seed proper, which measures 0.5–0.8 cm (0.2–0.3 in) long by 0.3–0.4 cm (0.1–0.2 in) wide. The seed surface can be smooth or covered in tiny ridges, and often glistens . The resulting seedling first grows two obovate cotyledon leaves, which may remain for several months as several more leaves appear. The cotyledons of Banksia marginata , B. paludosa and B. integrifolia are very similar in appearance. Banksia marginata

3375-888: Is an active subculture of Banksia enthusiasts who seek out interesting flower variants, breed and propagate cultivars, exchange materials and undertake research into cultivation problems and challenges. The main forum for exchange of information within this group is ASGAP 's Banksia Study Group . With the exception of the nursery industry , Banksia have limited commercial use. Some species, principally B. coccinea (scarlet banksia), B. baxteri , B. hookeriana (Hooker's banksia), B. sceptrum (sceptre banksia), and B. prionotes (acorn banksia), and less commonly B. speciosa (showy banksia), B. menziesii (Menzies' banksia), B. burdettii and B. ashbyi are grown on farms in Western and Southern Australia, as well as Israel and Hawaii, and

3500-477: Is anecdotal evidence of plants reaching 150 years old in this region. Plant species from communities dependent on fire are thought to self-select to be more flammable; Banksia marginata tested from a dry sclerophyll community in southeastern Tasmania was shown to burn readily, and fire would spread easily through it. Tasmanian forms are frost tolerant at any time of year, which might explain some of their success in spreading and growing in different habitats around

3625-566: Is commonly called the silver banksia, because the white undersides of its leaves contrast with the otherwise green foliage and give the plant a 'silvery' look. Alternate common names include honeysuckle and dwarf honeysuckle. The aboriginal name in the Jardwadjali language of western Victoria was warock , while the Kaurna name from the Adelaide Plains was pitpauwe and the local name in

3750-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

3875-530: Is found from Baradine and Gibraltar Range National Park in northern New South Wales , southwards into Victoria and South Australia , as well as across Tasmania . It is found on the major islands of Bass Strait , including King, Flinders and Cape Barren Islands . There is one report of a collection from the Springbrook Mountains southwest of Southport in southeastern Queensland. It is extremely rare in southwestern New South Wales. In Victoria, it

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4000-682: Is generally a shrub which regenerates from a lignotuber or suckers after bushfire and sets few seed. It has been recorded as a low spreading shrub in Croajingolong National Park in East Gippsland. In the Wombat State Forest west of Melbourne, it grows as a 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) high shrub on less fertile soils, and as a large tree to 8 m (26 ft) on more fertile soils. Few trees remain, having been cleared for agriculture or for fuel. Similarly, further west in

4125-806: Is most commonly seen as a garden plant, with dwarf forms being commercially propagated and sold. Banksia marginata is a highly variable species, usually ranging from a small shrub around a metre (3 ft) tall to a 12-metre-high (39 ft) tree. Unusually large trees of 15 to possibly 30 m (50–100 ft) have been reported near Beeac in Victoria's Western District as well as several locations in Tasmania, while compact shrubs limited to 20 cm (7.9 in) high have been recorded on coastal heathland in Tasmania (such as at Rocky Cape National Park ). Shrubs reach only 2 m (6.6 ft) high in Gibraltar Range National Park . The bark

4250-631: Is no macrofossil record for the species, so it is unclear whether it is a recent introduction from the mainland or has only recently evolved, although its presence on both the mainland and Tasmania suggests it has been present since the Pleistocene . It grows in coastal habitats that would be occupied by Banksia integrifolia on the mainland. Banksia marginata grows on a variety of soil types, from clay loams , shale and peaty loams to sandy or rocky soils composed of quartzite , sandstone , limestone or granite , although sandier soils predominate. It

4375-435: Is notoriously difficult to treat, although there has been some success with phosphite and phosphorous acid , which are currently used to inoculate wild B. brownii populations. However this is not without potential problems as it alters the soil composition by adding phosphorus . Some evidence suggests that phosphorous acid may inhibit proteoid root formation. Because dieback thrives in moist soil conditions, it can be

4500-584: Is now only native to Australia and New Guinea, there are fossils from New Zealand, between 21 and 25 million years old. Evolutionary scientists Marcell Cardillo and Renae Pratt have proposed a southwest Australian origin for banksias despite their closest relatives being north Queensland rainforest species. Banksias are heavy producers of nectar , making them an important source of food for nectivorous animals, including honeyeaters and small mammals such as rodents, antechinus , honey possums , pygmy possums , gliders and bats . Many of these animals play

4625-624: Is pale grey and initially smooth before becoming finely tessellated with age. The new branchlets are hairy at first but lose their hairs as they mature, with new growth a pale or pinkish brown. The leaves are alternately arranged on the stems on 2–5 mm long petioles , and characteristically toothed in juvenile or younger leaves, which are 3–7 cm (1.2–2.8 in) long. The narrow adult leaves are dull green in colour and generally linear, oblong or wedge-shaped (cuneate) and measure 1.5–6 cm (0.6–2.4 in) long and 0.3–1.3 cm (0.1–0.5 in) wide. The margins become entire with age, and

4750-566: Is placed in B.  subg. Spathulatae . Hybridisation with Banksia conferta subsp. penicillata at the site of an old abandoned railway between Newnes and Clarence in the Blue Mountains has been recorded; a single B. marginata plant was surrounded by plants with intermediate features but more strongly resembling B. conferta subsp. penicillata . B. marginata can also interbreed with B. paludosa where they are found together. A hybrid with B. saxicola

4875-673: Is predominantly coastal or near-coastal east of Traralgon , but in New South Wales it is absent from coastal areas in the Sydney region. Banksia marginata often grew as a large tree on the basalt plains west of Melbourne, but has almost disappeared. In the vicinity of Adelaide, it was common in the western suburbs on old sand dunes behind the beach foredunes. It remains common in the Adelaide foothills. The annual rainfall over its distribution ranges from 400 to 1,000 mm (16 to 39 in). In

5000-578: Is reddish in color with an attractive grain but it is rarely used as it warps badly on drying. It is occasionally used for ornamental purposes in wood turning and cabinet paneling. It has also been used to make keels for small boats . Historically, the wood of certain species such as B. serrata was used for yokes and boat parts. The large "cones" or seed pods of B. grandis are used for woodturning projects. They are also sliced up and sold as drink coasters ; these are generally marketed as souvenirs for international tourists . Woodturners throughout

5125-1549: Is restricted to sandy soils in the Adelaide region. The soil types are of a wide range of pH , from highly acidic soils in the Grampians to alkaline soils in South Australia. Plants have been recorded at altitudes ranging from sea level to as high as 1,200 m (3,900 ft) AHD at Mount Field National Park . Numerous species of birds have been observed foraging and feeding at the flowers; these include rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus ), musk lorikeet ( Glossopsitta concinna ), purple-crowned lorikeet ( Parvipsitta porphyrocephala ), double-eyed fig-parrot ( Cyclopsitta diophthalma ), red wattlebird ( Anthochaera carunculata ), little wattlebird ( A. chrysoptera ), yellow wattlebird ( A. paradoxa ), spiny-cheeked honeyeater ( Acanthagenys rufogularis ), yellow-faced honeyeater ( Caligavis chrysops ), singing honeyeater ( Gavicalis virescens ), white-plumed honeyeater ( Ptilotula penicillata ), black-chinned honeyeater ( Melithreptus gularis ), brown-headed honeyeater ( M. brevirostris ), white-naped honeyeater ( M. lunatus ), crescent honeyeater ( Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus ), New Holland honeyeater ( P. novaehollandiae ), tawny-crowned honeyeater ( Gliciphila melanops ), eastern spinebill ( Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris ), noisy miner ( Manorina melanocephala ), silvereye ( Zosterops lateralis ) and thornbills ( Acanthiza species). In addition,

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5250-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

5375-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

5500-505: Is the water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi , commonly known as "dieback". Dieback attacks the roots of plants, destroying the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. Banksia' s proteoid roots , which help it to survive in low-nutrient soils, make it highly susceptible to this disease . All Western Australian species are vulnerable, although most eastern species are fairly resistant. Vulnerable plants typically die within

5625-465: Is the banksia longicorn beetle ( Paroplites australis ) which bores holes in the base of banksia plants which then weaken and fall or blow over with wind and die. Several species of fungus have been recorded growing on the foliage, including Acrospermum gaubae , Argopericonia elegans , Asterina systema-solare , Botryosphaeria banksiae , a species of Cladosporium , Cooksonomyces banksiae , Dimerium banksiae , Episphaerella banksiae ,

5750-408: Is the main centre of biodiversity ; over 90% of all Banksia species occur only there, from Exmouth in the north, south and east to beyond Esperance on the south coast. Eastern Australia has far fewer species, but these include some of best known and most widely distributed species, including B. integrifolia (coast banksia) and B. spinulosa (hairpin banksia). Here they occur from

5875-478: Is widespread as an understory species in medium rainfall eucalypt forests across Victoria, occurring in association with manna gum ( Eucalyptus viminalis ), narrow-leaf peppermint ( E. radiata ), messmate ( E. obliqua ), swamp gum ( E. ovata ) and brown stringybark ( E. baxteri ). It is a common shrub, sometimes small tree, in heathy and shrubby forests as well as coastal scrub and heath in part of its range. In South Gippsland , it

6000-511: The Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook 's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean . Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770, at a place that he later named Botany Bay in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr Solander found in this place". Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including

6125-784: The Banksia Environmental Foundation was created to support and recognise people and organizations that make a positive contribution to the environment. The Foundation launched the annual Banksia Environmental Awards in the same year. Announced in June 2023, the exoplanet WASP-19b was named "Banksia" in the third NameExoWorlds competition. The approved name was proposed by a team from Brandon Park Primary School in Wheelers Hill ( Melbourne , Australia), led by scientist Lance Kelly and teacher David Maierhofer, after various types of Banksia plants. Genus The composition of

6250-569: The Corangamite region, it is either a tree or suckering shrub. In Tasmania, Banksia marginata occupies a wide range of habitats, in mixed forest (where it grows as a small tree), buttongrass moorlands, flood plains of the Loddon, Franklin and Huon Rivers , as well as coastal regions. In parts of the west and southwest of Tasmania, the species is dominant within the threatened native vegetation community known as Banksia marginata wet scrub. There

6375-565: The Eyre Peninsula in South Australia right around the east coast up to Cape York in Queensland . The vast majority of Banksia are found in sandy or gravelly soils, though some populations of B. marginata (silver banksia) and B. spinulosa do occur on soil that is heavier and more clay-like. B. seminuda is exceptional for its preference for rich loams along watercourses. Most occur in heathlands or low woodlands ; of

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6500-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

6625-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

6750-592: The Macquarie Harbour region in Tasmania was tangan . A widely distributed and diverse plant, B. marginata was described independently and given many different names by early explorers. During his third voyage in January ;1777, Captain James Cook reported a "most common tree [...] about ten feet high, branching pretty much, with narrow leaves, and a large, yellow, cylindrical flower, consisting only of

6875-648: The Wilsons Promontory topodeme , he noted that it colonised sand dunes, had leaves similar to but narrower than integrifolia , and had persisting flowers on old spikes but not as persistent as marginata . He had collected this form from Revesby in New South Wales as well as Cape Paterson, and had received reports of similar plants at Marlo and Bemm Rivers . Stands of plants intermediate between B. integrifolia and B. marginata have been recorded near Mallacoota in East Gippsland . Banksia marginata

7000-712: The cultivar Banksia 'Giant Candles' . Banksia species are primarily propagated by seed in the home garden as cuttings can be difficult to strike. However, commercial nurserymen extensively utilize the latter method (indeed, cultivars by nature must be vegetatively propagated by cuttings or grafting). Over time, dwarf cultivars and prostrate species are becoming more popular as urban gardens grow ever smaller. These include miniature forms under 50 cm high of B. spinulosa and B. media , as well as prostrate species such as B. petiolaris and B. blechnifolia . Banksias possibly require more maintenance than other Australian natives, though are fairly hardy if

7125-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

7250-463: The perianth parts and often the style . The style is much longer than the perianth, and is initially trapped by the upper perianth parts. These are gradually released over a period of days, either from top to bottom or from bottom to top. When the styles and perianth parts are different colours, the visual effect is of a colour change sweeping along the spike. This can be most spectacular in B. prionotes (acorn banksia) and related species, as

7375-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

7500-545: The yellow-tailed black cockatoo ( Zanda funerea ) feeds on the seed. The agile antechinus ( Antechinus agilis ), bush rat ( Rattus fuscipes ), feathertail glider ( Acrobates pygmaeus ), and sugar glider ( Petaurus breviceps ) have been recorded visiting flower spikes. Both pollen and nectar are consumed by the southwestern pygmy possum ( Cercarteus concinnus ). Ants, bees (both native and European honeybees), blowflies and brown butterflies have been recorded as visitors to flower spikes. The wasp Mesostoa kerri of

7625-471: The Forsters had collected during Cook's second voyage. However Linnaeus incorrectly attributed the Forsters' specimens to the genus Passerina , and therefore considered the name Banksia available for use. By the time Joseph Gaertner corrected Banks' error in 1788, Banksia L.f. was widely known and accepted, so Gaertner renamed Banksia J.R.Forst, & G.Forst to Pimelea , a name previously chosen for

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7750-929: The Gibraltar Range National Park, it is a dominant shrub of open heathland and a non-dominant shrub of closed heath, mostly found in swampy heath associated with sedges. Plants here have some degree of self-compatibility. In the Sydney region, it grows in association with heath banksia ( Banksia ericifolia ), old man banksia ( B. serrata ), mountain devil ( Lambertia formosa ), lance-leaved geebung ( Persoonia lanceolata ) and dwarf apple ( Angophora hispida ) in heathland, and with silvertop ash ( Eucalyptus sieberi ), Blue Mountains ash ( E. oreades ), Sydney peppermint ( E. piperita ), scribbly gum ( E. haemastoma ), Blue Mountains mallee ash ( E. stricta ), brittle gum ( E. mannifera ), snow gum ( E. pauciflora ) and red bloodwood ( Corymbia gummifera ) in forested areas. It

7875-541: The Gibraltar Range and Sydney regions, plants are killed by fire and regenerate from seed. They are serotinous , storing their seed in old cones, forming a seedbank in their canopy which is released after bushfire. A field study found that seeds were dispersed short distances, generally 8 m (26 ft) or less, with those closest to the parent plant faring the best. In Little Desert National Park in northwestern Victoria and also eastern South Australia, it grows as

8000-499: The Gibraltar Range. Cylindrical in shape, they are composed of a central woody spike or axis, perpendicularly from which a large number of compact floral units arise. The flower spikes measure 5–10 cm (2–4 in) tall and 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) wide. Pale yellow in colour, they are composed of up to 1,000 individual flowers (784 recorded in the Gibraltar Range ) and arise from nodes on branchlets that are at least three years old. Sometimes two may grow from successive nodes in

8125-600: The Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles gave the species the binomial name it still bears today. The species name is the Latin adjective marginatus ('bordered') and refers to appearance of the lower surface of the recurved margins of the leaves when viewed from underneath. Cavanilles also described another specimen collected by Née in the same locality as a different species, Banksia microstachya Cav. A smaller shrub with dentate leaves, this turned out to be an immature plant of

8250-484: The appearance of aged Banksia "cones", with follicles for eyes and other facial features. There is some contention over which species actually provided the inspiration for the "Banksia men": the drawings most resemble the old cones of B. aemula or B. serrata , but B. attenuata (slender banksia) has also been cited, as this was the species that Gibbs saw as a child in Western Australia. In 1989,

8375-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

8500-402: The branches in irregular spirals, but in some species they are crowded together in whorls . Many species have differing juvenile and adult leaves (e.g., Banksia integrifolia has large serrated juvenile leaves). The flowers are arranged in flower spikes or capitate flower heads. The character most commonly associated with Banksia is the flower spike, an elongated inflorescence consisting of

8625-402: The eastern species, B. integrifolia and B. marginata occur in forests; many south-western species such as B. grandis , B. sphaerocarpa , B. sessilis , B. nobilis and B. dallanneyi grow as understorey plants in jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata ), wandoo ( E. wandoo ) and karri ( E. diversicolor ) forests , with B. seminuda being one of

8750-437: The first group are known as 'seeders' and the second group as 'sprouters'. Infrequent bushfires at expected intervals pose no threat, and are in fact beneficial for regeneration of banksia populations. However, too frequent bushfires can seriously reduce or even eliminate populations from certain areas, by killing seedlings and young plants before they reach fruiting age. Many fires near urban areas are caused by arson, and thus

8875-448: The first specimens of Dryandra ( now Banksia) sessilis (Parrotbush) and D. ( now Banksia) pellaeifolia . Upon Menzies' return to England, he turned his specimens over to Banks; as with most other specimens in Banks' library, they remained undescribed for many years. Robert Brown gave a lecture, naming the new genus Dryandra in 1809, however Joseph Knight published

9000-451: The first specimens of a new genus that would later be named Banksia in Banks' honour. Four species were present in this first collection: B. serrata (Saw Banksia), B. integrifolia (Coast Banksia), B. ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia) and B. robur (Swamp Banksia). In June the ship was careened at Endeavour River , where specimens of B. dentata (Tropical Banksia) were collected. The genus Banksia

9125-420: The flower heads harvested for the cut flower trade . Eastern species, such as B. ericifolia , B. robur and B. plagiocarpa , are sometimes cultivated for this purpose. The nectar is also sought by beekeepers , not for the quality of the dark-coloured honey , which is often poor, but because the trees provide an abundant and reliable source of nectar at times when other sources provide little. Banksia wood

9250-415: The flower spikes, as do native and European honeybees. The response to bushfire varies. Some populations are serotinous : they are killed by fire and regenerate from large stores of seed, which have been held in cones in the plant canopy and are released after a fire. Others regenerate from underground lignotubers or suckers from lateral roots. Although it has been used for timber , Banksia marginata

9375-495: The follicles; and birds such as cockatoos , who break off the "cones" to eat both the seeds and the insect larvae. A number of Banksia species are considered rare or endangered. These include B. brownii (feather-leaved banksia), B. cuneata (matchstick banksia), B. goodii (Good's banksia), B. oligantha (Wagin banksia), B. tricuspis (pine banksia), and B. verticillata (granite banksia). Banksia plants are naturally adapted to

9500-413: The forest trees in suitable habitat. Most species do not grow well near the coast , notable exceptions being the southern Western Australian species B. speciosa , B. praemorsa and B. repens . Only a few species, such as B. rosserae and B. elderiana (swordfish banksia), occur in arid areas. Most of the eastern Australian species survive in uplands , but only

9625-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

9750-426: The frequency is often much higher than fires would have been prior to human habitation. Furthermore, residents who live in areas near bushland may pressure local councils to burn areas near homes more frequently, to reduce fuel-load in the bush and thus reduce ferocity of future fires. Unfortunately there are often discrepancies in agreed frequency between these groups and conservation groups. Another threat to Banksia

9875-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

10000-455: The genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and published B.  subg. Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B.  subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete. In the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. marginata

10125-483: The genus by Banks and Solander. The first specimens of a Dryandra were collected by Archibald Menzies , surgeon and naturalist to the Vancouver Expedition . At the request of Joseph Banks , Menzies collected natural history specimens wherever possible during the voyage. During September and October 1791, while the expedition were anchored at King George Sound , he collected numerous plant specimens, including

10250-587: The genus into subgenus Banksia and subgenus Spathulatae . All but one of the living Banksia species are endemic to Australia. The exception is B. dentata (tropical banksia), which occurs throughout northern Australia, and on islands to the north including New Guinea and the Aru Islands . An extinct species, B. novae-zelandiae , was found in New Zealand . The other species occur in two distinct geographical regions: southwest Western Australia and eastern Australia. Southwest Western Australia

10375-514: The genus into two subgenera—subgenus Isostylis (containing B. ilicifolia , B. oligantha and B. cuneata ) and subgenus Banksia (containing all other species except those he considered dryandras)—in his 1981 monograph and 1999 treatment for the Flora of Australia series. He held that flower morphology was the key to relationships in the genus. Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele published the official merging of Dryandra within Banksia in 2007, recalibrating

10500-477: The island. This attribute might have allowed them to survive cold periods in Tasmania during the Pleistocene. A trial in Western Australia showed Banksia marginata to be mildly sensitive to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback. At Brisbane Ranges National Park west of Melbourne, which was invaded by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the 1970s, Banksia marginata (along with such species as Grevillea steiglitziana )

10625-446: The islands of Bass Strait . It grows in various habitats, including Eucalyptus forest, scrub , heathland and moorland . Banksia marginata varies widely in habit , ranging from a 20-centimetre (7.9 in) shrub to a 12-metre (40 ft) tree. The narrow leaves are linear and the yellow inflorescences occur from late summer to early winter. These flower spikes fade to brown and then grey and develop woody follicles bearing

10750-574: The jarrah overstorey and the original Banksia understorey, and over time these may be replaced by a more open woodland consisting of an overstorey of the resistant marri ( Corymbia calophylla ), and an understorey of the somewhat resistant Banksia sessilis (parrot bush). A number of species of Banksia are threatened by dieback. Nearly every known wild population of B. brownii shows some signs of dieback infection, which could possibly wipe it out within years. Other vulnerable species include B. cuneata , and B. verticillata . Dieback

10875-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

11000-436: The latter is essential if trying to replicate plants of particular habit (such as dwarf specimens). Some Banksia marginata seeds of subalpine provenance require stratification , namely keeping at 5 °C (41 °F) for 60 days before germination takes place over 6 to 25 days. Salkin proposed this was necessary so that seed released in a summer or autumn bushfire would lie dormant over the winter months before germinating in

11125-556: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Banksia marginata Banksia marginata , commonly known as the silver banksia , is a species of tree or woody shrub in the family Proteaceae found throughout much of southeastern Australia. It ranges from the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia to north of Armidale, New South Wales , and across Tasmania and

11250-404: The location of the collection as Port Phillip Bay in Victoria in 1802 (having crossed out Van Diemen's Land 1804). Brown's other collections which were reduced to synonymy with B. marginata were Banksia depressa R.Br., a prostrate shrub from Margate Rivulet in southeastern Tasmania, Banksia insularis R.Br., from Flinders and King Island , and Banksia patula R.Br., a shrub from

11375-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

11500-400: The name Josephia before Brown published his paper with the description of Dryandra . Brown ignored Knight's name, as did subsequent botanists. In 1891, Otto Kuntze , strictly applying the principle of priority , argued that Pimelea should revert to the name Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst. He proposed the new genus Sirmuellera to replaced Banksia L.f. and transferred its species to

11625-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

11750-497: The new genus. This arrangement was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries. Banksia L.f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940. Banksia belongs to the family Proteaceae , subfamily Grevilleoideae , and tribe Banksieae . There are around 170 species. The closest relatives of Banksia are two genera of rainforest trees in North Queensland ( Musgravea and Austromuellera ). Alex George arranged

11875-473: The presence of regular bushfires in the Australian landscape. About half of Banksia species are killed by bushfire, but these regenerate quickly from seed, as fire also stimulates the opening of seed-bearing follicles and the germination of seed in the ground. The remaining species usually survive bushfire, either by resprouting from a woody base known as a lignotuber or, more rarely, epicormic buds protected by thick bark. In Western Australia , banksias of

12000-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

12125-681: The region of suitable rainfall, with greatest speciation in cooler, wetter areas. Hotter, drier regions around the edges of its range tend to have fewer species with larger distributions. The greatest species richness occurs in association with uplands, especially the Stirling Range. There are many fossils of Banksia . The oldest of these are fossil pollen between 65 and 59 million years old. There are fossil leaves between 59 and 56 million years old found in southern New South Wales. The oldest fossil cones are between 47.8 and 41.2 million years old, found in Western Australia. Although Banksia

12250-435: The remaining species in this genus are only shrubs. Banksias are popular garden plants in Australia because of their large, showy flower heads, and because the large amounts of nectar they produce attracts birds and small mammals . Popular garden species include B. spinulosa , B. ericifolia , B. aemula (Wallum Banksia ), B. serrata (Saw Banksia), Banksia media (Southern Plains Banksia) and

12375-427: The right conditions are provided (sunny aspect and well drained sandy soil). They may need extra water during dry spells until established, which can take up to two years. If fertilised, only slow-release, low- phosphorus fertilizer should be used, as the proteoid roots may be damaged by high nutrient levels in the soil. All respond well to some form of pruning. Within the Australian horticultural community there

12500-417: The same flowering season. They can have a grey or golden tinge in late bud. As with most banksias, anthesis is acropetal ; the opening of the individual buds proceeds up the flower spike from the base to the top. Over time the flower spikes fade to brown and then grey, and the old flowers generally persist on the cone. The woody follicles grow in the six months after flowering, with up to 150 developing on

12625-466: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

12750-441: The same species with juvenile leaves. Robert Brown described 31 species of Banksia in his 1810 work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen , including six taxa ( B. marginata α and β plus four further species) now attributable to B. marginata . He split the genus into two subgenera, placing these species in subgenus Banksia verae , the "True Banksias". He described Banksia australis R.Br., giving

12875-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

13000-441: The soil. The leaves of Banksia vary greatly between species. Sizes vary from the narrow, 1– 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 centimetre long needle-like leaves of B. ericifolia (heath-leaved banksia), to the very large leaves of B. grandis (bull banksia), which may be up to 45 centimetres long. The leaves of most species have serrated edges, but a few, such as B. integrifolia , do not. Leaves are usually arranged along

13125-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

13250-480: The spent flower cones to strain water by placing the cones in their mouths and using them like a straw. Banksia trees are a reliable source of insect larvae which are extracted as food. A number of field guides and other semi-technical books on the genus have been published. These include: Perhaps the best known cultural reference to Banksia is the "big bad Banksia men" of May Gibbs ' children's book Snugglepot and Cuddlepie . Gibb's "Banksia men" are modelled on

13375-417: The spring. Banksia saxicola and Banksia canei seed also share this trait. Some dwarf forms have been commercially available in Australian nurseries, although some selections do not maintain their dwarf status in cultivation. Banksia 'Mini Marg' is a small form selected from the northeastern coast of Tasmania which reaches 30 cm (12 in) high and 1 m (3.3 ft) wide. 'Mallacoota Dwarf'

13500-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

13625-419: The subfamily Mesostoinae within the family Braconidae causes stem galls on B. marginata in southeastern South Australia. The galls are either round to a diameter of 3.3 cm (1.3 in), or cigar-shaped to 15 cm (5.9 in). Their effect on the plant is unclear. B. marginata is a host plant for the larval and adult stages of the buprestid beetle Cyrioides imperialis . Much more pathological

13750-432: The subtribe Banksiinae , which then comprised genera Banksia and Dryandra . Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George's taxonomic arrangement. Banksia marginata resolves as the closest relative, or "sister", to B. saxicola , the two taxa part of a larger group containing B. paludosa and the three subspecies of B. integrifolia . Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged

13875-453: The suture. In some species, each valve splits too. In some species the follicles open as soon as the seed is mature, but in most species most follicles open only after stimulated to do so by bushfire . Each follicle usually contains one or two small seeds, each with a wedge-shaped papery wing that causes it to spin as it falls to the ground. Specimens of Banksia were first collected by Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander , naturalists on

14000-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

14125-536: The tip is most commonly truncate or emarginate , but can be acute or mucronate . The cellular makeup of the leaves shows evidence of lignification , and the leaves themselves are somewhat stiff. Leaves also have sunken stomates . The leaf undersurface is white with a prominent midrib covered in brownish hairs. The complex flower spikes, known as inflorescences , appear generally from late summer to early winter (February to June) in New South Wales and Victoria, although flowering occurs in late autumn and winter in

14250-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

14375-627: The vicinity of Port Lincoln, South Australia . The French naturalist Aimé Bonpland in 1816 called it Banksia marcescens Bonpl., deemed an illegitimate name , as by that time the name Banksia marginata already had been published. Still more synonyms are Banksia ferrea Vent. ex Spreng. and Banksia gunnii Meisn. By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species. Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae , which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847, into four series based on leaf properties. He listed six species and

14500-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

14625-466: The western district of Victoria used the spent flower cones to strain water by placing the cones in their mouths and using them like a straw. The red-hued heartwood is coarse-grained and soft. It is sometimes used for turning , but requires careful drying before use to avoid warping. A sample was prepared in Victoria in 1885 as part of a collection of local timber species under the direction of Government botanist Ferdinand von Mueller . The collection

14750-476: The white inflorescence in bud becomes a brilliant orange. In most cases, the individual flowers are tall, thin saccate (sack-shaped) in shape. Occasionally, multiple flower spikes can form. This is most often seen in Banksia marginata and B. ericifolia (pictured right) . As the flower spikes or heads age, the flower parts dry up and may turn shades of orange, tan or dark brown colour, before fading to grey over

14875-468: The winged seeds. Originally described by Antonio José Cavanilles in 1800, further collections of B. marginata were designated as several separate species by Robert Brown in 1810. However, all were reclassified as a single species by George Bentham in 1870. No distinct subspecies have been recognised by Banksia expert Alex George , who nonetheless concedes that further work is needed. Many species of bird, in particular honeyeaters , forage at

15000-433: The world value Banksia pods for making ornamental objects. The Indigenous people of south-western Australia would suck on the flower spikes to obtain the nectar, they also soaked the flower spikes in water to make a sweet drink. The Noongar people of southwest Western Australia also used infusions of the flower spikes to relieve coughs and sore throats. The Girai wurrung peoples of the western district of Victoria used

15125-700: Was displayed in various exhibitions, including the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889, and is housed at the Melbourne Museum . Banksia marginata was first cultivated in England in 1802 (and was also listed as B. australis , B. insularis and B. marcescens ). It was grown at Kew , Cambridge Botanic Gardens , Woburn Abbey and private gardens in Chelsea , Hackney and Harringay House . One specimen grown in

15250-509: Was finally described and named by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in his April 1782 publication Supplementum Plantarum ; hence the full name for the genus is " Banksia L.f.". Linnaeus placed the genus in class Tetrandra , order Monogynia of his father's classification, and named it in honour of Banks. The name Banksia had in fact already been published in 1775 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst , referring to some New Zealand species that

15375-449: Was part of a secondary regrowth of understory species after more resistant shrubs, such as grasses and sedges, had grown back. The plant was often used by many indigenous clans and tribes throughout the east coast of Australia. The sweet nectar from the flowers was sucked or drained by soaking in water and in some cases mixed with some wattle gum to make a sweet lolly. The wood was also used to make needles. The Gunditjmarato peoples of

15500-601: Was placed in section Eubanksia along with B. integrifolia and B. dentata . The current taxonomic arrangement of the genus Banksia is based on botanist Alex George 's 1999 monograph for the Flora of Australia book series. In this arrangement, B. marginata is placed in Banksia subgenus Banksia , because its inflorescences take the form of Banksia 's characteristic flower spikes, section Banksia because of its straight styles , and series Salicinae because its inflorescences are cylindrical. In

15625-551: Was recorded from Mount William during the Banksia Atlas project. A purported hybrid with B. integrifolia , thought to be from Cape Paterson on Victoria's south coast, was first described by Alf Salkin and is commercially available in small quantities. It forms an attractive hardy low-growing plant to 1 m (3.3 ft). Salkin observed an intermediate form which occurred in coastal areas where Banksia marginata and B. integrifolia are found together. Calling it

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