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69-774: Balangiga is the site of the Balangiga Encounter in 1901, which remains one of the longest-running and most controversial issues of the Philippine–American War . During the Philippine-American War, on September 28, 1901, Eugenio Daza , Area Commander of Southeastern Samar and Valeriano Abanador, the Balangiga's pulahan chief, launched an attack on U.S. Army Company C 9th Infantry Regiment who were occupying Balangiga. With Philippine Revolutionary Army forces and Balangiga villagers, killing 48 and wounding 22 of

138-509: A baseball bat to fend off the attackers before being overwhelmed. The men detained in the Sibley tents broke out and made their way to the municipal hall. Simultaneously, the attackers hidden in the church broke into the parish house and killed the three American officers there. An unarmed Company C soldier was ignored, as was Captain Connell's Philippine houseboy. The attackers initially occupied

207-533: A Chicago court from 1869 to 1883. Another creditor, named Henry, continued a claim against Smith for $ 7 for payment of a harness. The case dragged on from 1871 to 1901. Henry even sent a letter to President McKinley about Smith and his $ 7 debt. On July 31, 1884, Smith was sued again in Chicago by the legal firm Pedrick and Dawson. Smith was court martialed in 1885 in San Antonio for "conduct unbecoming an officer and

276-408: A disrespectful longhand response. Technically, the colonel could not censure Smith because he had been released from his command because of the incident that was being investigated. When Smith's company was marching away, the colonel indicated his displeasure. Smith's reply made fun of the colonel, saying he was like Prussian general von Moltke . Smith said the colonel's rebuke was like an "Irishman who

345-450: A gentleman", for deeds in the "Mint Saloon" in Brackett, Texas . The opposing party claimed Smith had been playing a game of draw poker with M. S. Moore and C. H. Holzy a.k.a. Jiggerty, lost $ 135 to Moore, and refused to pay the debt. Smith was found guilty and was confined to Fort Clark for a year and forfeited half his pay for the same time period. The Reviewing Authority thought the court

414-506: A group of " tax evaders " to bolster their numbers. Much palm wine was brought in to ensure that the American soldiers would be drunk the day after the fiesta . Hours before the attack, women and children were sent away to safety. To mask the disappearance of the women from the dawn service in the church, 34 men from Barrio Lawaan cross-dressed as women worshippers. These "women", carrying small coffins , were challenged by Sergeant Scharer of

483-640: A mustering officer/recruiter in Louisville for three years. His service record states that he excelled in recruitment efforts for the United States Colored Troops . While working in Louisville, he met and later married his first wife Emma L. Haverty on November 10, 1864; they quietly divorced October 1, 1880. After the war, he became a Veteran Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of

552-648: A permanent position. One of the parties in the bankruptcy case informed the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army , Joseph Holt , about Smith's bounty brokerage scheme. Smith wrote a letter to Holt in response. Smith's letter attempted to cast the scheme in a sympathetic light. He wrapped himself in the flag and argued that he had been in seven engagements and had been wounded in the Battle of Shiloh . He portrayed himself as "one who took upon himself all

621-472: A rebuttal witness. Smith was not above selling out Waller to save his career. On April 7, 1902, Smith perjured himself again by denying that he had given any special verbal orders to Waller. In response, Waller revealed Smith's order to him and produced three officers who corroborated Waller's version of the Smith–Waller conversation, and copies of every written order he had received from Smith. Waller informed

690-611: The Lieber Code , dictating how U.S. soldiers were expected to conduct themselves during wartime. That code is considered a precursor to the Geneva Conventions but, in contrast to later agreements regarding rules of war, it permitted the killing of prisoners of war in reprisal for violations of the rules of war by the enemy, and called for the summary execution of spies, saboteurs and guerrilla fighters. Waller's counsel had rested his defense. The prosecution decided to call Smith as

759-520: The 11th Infantry Regiment, which had taken all three bells when they left Balangiga for Tacloban on 18 October 1901. Smith and his primary subordinate, Major Littleton Waller of the United States Marine Corps , were both court-martialled for illegal vengeance against the civilian population of Samar. Waller was acquitted of the charges. Smith was found guilty, admonished and retired from service, but charges were dropped shortly after. He

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828-634: The 2020 census, the population of Balangiga, Eastern Samar, was 14,341 people, with a density of 75 inhabitants per square kilometre or 190 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Balangiga Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Balangiga can be reached through public utility vans and buses from Tacloban City. Pedicabs ( potpot ), tricycles, and habal-habal by the means of inner town transportation. Balangiga has 9 public elementary schools, namely: Has 1 public secondary school: Has 1 private secondary school: The municipalities of Lawaan, Giporlos, and Quinapondan were former barangays of

897-403: The 78 men of the unit, with only four escaping unhurt and four missing in action. The villagers captured about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunition. An estimated 20 to 25 of them died in the fighting, with a similar number of wounded. In reprisal, General Jacob H. Smith ordered that Samar be turned into a "howling wilderness" and that they shoot any Filipino male above ten years of age who

966-486: The 9th U.S. Infantry Regiment who had been stationed in the town of Balangiga , the third largest town on the southern coast of Samar Island , were killed in a surprise guerrilla attack . They had been deployed to Balangiga to close its port and prevent supplies reaching Filipino forces in the interior, which at that time were under the command of General Vicente Lukbán . Lukbán had been sent there in December 1898 to govern

1035-632: The April 19 publication of a "Peace Manifesto" by Emilio Aguinaldo acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the Philippines. Some Filipino historians have asserted that the term Balangiga Massacre more appropriately refers to actions ordered in retaliation by American General Jacob H. Smith during the pacification of Samar that resulted in an estimated 2,000 Filipino civilians killed and over 200 homes burned. The battle

1104-641: The Army, with no additional punishment. Smith retired to Portsmouth, Ohio , doing some world traveling. He volunteered his military services by letter to the Adjutant General's Office on April 5, 1917, to fight in World War I , but was refused due to old age and because his atrocities in the Philippines had severely tarnished the image and reputation of the U.S. military. Smith died in San Diego on March 1, 1918, and

1173-483: The Balangiga incident. These include: Jacob H. Smith General Jacob Hurd Smith (January 29, 1840 – March 1, 1918) was a U.S. Army officer notorious for ordering indiscriminate retaliation on the island of Samar in response to what is called the Balangiga massacre during the Philippine–American War . Smith's plan involved stopping the flow of food and causing extensive destruction in order to make

1242-509: The Department of the Visayas and was responsible for Samar, instigated an aggressive policy of food deprivation and property destruction on the island. The objective was to force the end of Philippine resistance. Part of his strategy was to close three key ports on the southern coast, Basey, Balangiga and Guiuan prevent supplies from reaching Lukban's forces in the interior. Company C was to close

1311-520: The Filipino population. American foreign policy was to stay strictly neutral in religious matters. In September 1900, while Smith was the military governor of Pangasinan , Tarlac , and Zambales on Luzon , Smith intervened in a religious dispute in the village of Dagupan . Smith sided with a priest who was friendly with the friars. This caused an angry civilian uproar in central Luzon. On September 28, 1901, fifty-one American soldiers of Company C of

1380-504: The Midwest, paying those recruits the regional bounty of $ 300 and pocketing the difference. Smith claimed he believed the plan was legal, at first. But before it could get off the ground, Smith took $ 92,000 the eastern recruiters had deposited for the bounties and used it to make speculative investments in side businesses involving whiskey, gold and diamonds. When the eastern recruiters demanded repayment which Smith could not provide, Smith noticed

1449-405: The Philippines the and information about that has appeared elsewhere.. The asserted mutilations have been disputed by historiat George Borrinaga with a counter-assertion to the effect that Filipinos have respect for the dead, he says, and would do no such thing. Several asserted factual inaccuracies in early published accounts have surfaced over the years as historians continue to re-investigate

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1518-498: The US and told his followers to lay down their arms and give up the fight. On May 30, 1901, prior to the stationing of any Americans in Balangiga, town mayor Pedro Abayan had written to Lukban pledging to "observe a deceptive policy with [Americans] doing whatever they may like, and when a favorable opportunity arises, the people will strategically rise against them." In the summer of 1901, Brigadier General Robert P. Hughes , who commanded

1587-402: The United States . In 1869, Smith's father-in-law Daniel Haverty was being sued for fraud in connection with a bankruptcy. The creditors looked into the assets of Haverty's family, believing Haverty had hidden most of his wealth by transferring it to others. These investigations revealed a tremendous enlargement of Jacob Smith's assets during the war, from $ 4,000 in 1862 to $ 40,000 in 1865. Smith

1656-432: The army your favorable approval of the same, if you think it convenient. May God preserve you many years, Balangiga, 30th of May, 1901 P. ABAYAN, Local President However, this information never reached the American troops in Balangiga. Relations between the soldiers and the townspeople seemed amicable for the first month of the American presence in the town; indeed it was marked by extensive fraternization between

1725-476: The attack and fired Gamlin's rifle at the mess tent, hitting one of the soldiers. The pealing of the church bells and the sounds from conch shells being blown followed seconds later. Some of the Company C troopers were attacked and hacked to death before they could grab their rifles; the few who survived the initial onslaught fought almost bare-handed, using kitchen utensils, steak knives, and chairs. One private used

1794-585: The case, "or act like an unbalanced lunatic." In May 1902, Smith faced a court-martial for his orders, being tried not for murder or other war crimes , but for "conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline". The court-martial found Smith guilty and sentenced him "to be admonished by the reviewing authority." To ease the subsequent public outcry in America, Secretary of War Elihu Root recommended that Smith be retired. President Roosevelt accepted this recommendation, and ordered Smith's retirement from

1863-472: The court he had been directed to take no prisoners and to kill every male Filipino over 10. General Adna Chaffee , military governor of the Philippines, cabled the War Department requesting permission to keep Smith in the islands for a short time, since he feared that Smith, if given the opportunity to talk to reporters, could speak "absurdly unwise" and might say things contrary to the facts established in

1932-546: The extravagance of his language. Prior to the ensuing march, Waller had pulled aside Marine Captain David Dixon Porter , one of the officers chiefly responsible for carrying it out. Waller partly revoked Smith's order and told Porter to show restraint. "Porter, I've had instructions to kill everyone over ten years old. But we are not making war on women and children, only on men capable of bearing arms. Keep that in mind no matter what other orders you receive." Smith's order

2001-458: The figure at 2,000; an exhaustive research made by a British writer in the 1990s put the figure at about 2,500. David Fritz used population ageing techniques and suggested a figure of a little more than 2,000 losses in males of combat age but nothing to support widespread killing of women and children. Some Filipino historians believe it to be around 50,000. The rate of Samar's population growth slowed as refugees fled from Samar to Leyte, yet still

2070-418: The guerrillas and the townspeople. American columns marched across the island, destroying homes and shooting people and draft animals. Littleton Waller, in a report, stated that over an eleven-day period his men burned 255 dwellings, shot 13 carabaos and killed 39 people. The exact number of Filipino civilians killed by US troops will never be known, but an encyclopedic book on casualties in warfare puts

2139-400: The honor to let you know, after having conferred with the principals of the town about the policy to be pursued with the enemy in case they come in, we have agreed to have a fictitious policy with them, doing whatever they may like, and when the occasion comes the people will strategically rise against them. This I communicate to you for your superior knowledge, begging of you to make known all

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2208-520: The island followed. Food and trade to Samar were cut off, intended to starve the revolutionaries into submission. Smith's strategy on Samar involved widespread destruction to force the inhabitants to stop supporting the guerrillas and turn to the Americans from fear and starvation. He used his troops in sweeps of the interior in search for guerrilla bands and in attempts to capture Philippine General Vicente Lukbán , but he did nothing to prevent contact between

2277-598: The island on behalf of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo . The attack provoked shock in the U.S. public, with newspapers equating what they called a "massacre" to George Armstrong Custer 's last stand at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. Major General Adna R. Chaffee , military governor of the Philippines, received orders from President Theodore Roosevelt to pacify Samar. To this end, Chaffee appointed Smith to Samar to accomplish

2346-659: The island. At the same time United States interests were eager to secure control of the hemp trade, which was a vital material both for the United States Navy and American agro-industries such as cotton. Filipino forces in the area were under the command of Captain General Vicente Lukbán who had been sent there in December 1898 to govern the island on behalf of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo . Aguinaldo had been captured by American forces on March 23, 1901. On April 1, he had sworn allegiance to

2415-499: The late 1880s, the U.S. Army had adopted the system of filling each brigadier general position not by qualifications, but by mere seniority. The system usually gave elderly colonels a few more months, weeks or days of active duty with a new title, followed by nearly immediate retirement at a higher pay rate. Jacob Smith was slightly younger and his promotion to general was made earlier than typical; he had three years left until retirement became mandatory by law. William Howard Taft , who

2484-547: The municipality of Balangiga. Balangiga massacre Philippine attack: 74 men Visayas Mindanao The Balangiga massacre was an incident in which the residents of the town of Balangiga on the island of Samar conducted a surprise attack on an occupying unit of the US 9th Infantry , killing 54. The incident is also known as the Balangiga encounter , Balangiga incident , or Balangiga conflict . The incident occurred on September 28, 1901, over five months after

2553-572: The natives were "worse than fighting Indians", he had already adopted appropriate tactics that he had learned in the American frontier fighting Native Americans , characterized by Smith as "savages", without waiting for orders to do so from General Elwell S. Otis . This interview provoked a headline announcing that "Colonel Smith of 12th Orders All Insurgents Shot At Hand", and the New York Times endorsed Smith's tactics as "long overdue." Starting in

2622-458: The number as high as 5,000 civilians. Some sources place the death toll as high as 50,000, but these are now believed to have resulted from typographical errors and misreading of documents. During the massacre, American soldiers killed military-age males, but simply ignored most of the women and children. At times, they ignored Smith's orders outright and took male prisoners. This was due to Smith's subordinate, Littleton Waller , partly revoking

2691-570: The odium that the rebels and conservatives of Louisville, Kentucky, heaped upon him, by being the first officer, to my knowledge, who commenced mustering into service the colored man in Kentucky during the year 1863." Smith said that he had scoured Kentucky's prison pens, jails, and workhouses to find these men and that his only aim was to serve his God and his country properly. Smith admitted to speculating, but justified it by saying that others had made three times as much money as he had in Louisville during

2760-572: The order and telling the troops to show restraint. Smith enlisted in the Union Army early in the Civil War, but was disabled in the Battle of Shiloh in 1862; he would later receive a brevet promotion to Major in 1867 for his actions. He tried to return to duty that summer, but the wound would not heal properly, so he became a member of the Invalid Corps , serving out the remainder of the Civil War as

2829-582: The parish house and the municipal hall; however, the attack at the mess tents and the barracks failed, with Pvt. Gamlin, recovering consciousness and managing to secure another rifle, caused considerable casualties among the Philippine forces. With the initial surprise wearing off and the attack degrading, Abanador called for the attackers to break off and retreat. The surviving Company C soldiers, led by Sergeant Frank Betron, escaped by sea to Basey and Tanauan, Leyte . The townspeople buried their dead and abandoned

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2898-487: The people of Samar abandon their support for the rebels out of fear and malnutrition and turn to the Americans instead. He ordered, "kill everyone over the age of ten [and make the island] a howling wilderness." Court-martialed for his conduct of operations on Samar, he was dubbed "Hell Roaring Jake" Smith, "The Monster", and "Howling Jake" by the press as a result. Most estimates are that American soldiers killed between 2,000 and 2,500 civilians. Some Filipino historians put

2967-512: The plot in detail, and argued that his only offense was using other people's money for his own profit. He claimed that all his creditors had been repaid, and no recruits had been defrauded out of their bounty. But conveniently, Smith claimed that all other witnesses to his story had either died or left the country, and that he had destroyed or lost all of his own bank account records for that period. The Secretary found Smith's explanation to be unavailing. Smith's temporary appointment as judge advocate

3036-721: The population of Samar increased by 21,456 during the war. A great loss of life is not supported. The abuses outraged anti-Imperialist groups in the United States when these became known in March 1902. The Judge Advocate General of the Army observed that only the good sense and restraint of the majority of Smith's subordinates prevented a complete reign of terror in Samar. As a consequence of his order in Samar, Smith became known as "Howling Wilderness Smith." Smith earned another sobriquet , "Hell-Roaring Jake" not due to his violence in war, but because of his penchant for making outrageous oaths and

3105-481: The port at Balangiga. On August 11, 1901, Company C of the 9th US Infantry Regiment , arrived in Balangiga—the third largest town on the southern coast of Samar island—to close its port and prevent supplies reaching Philippine forces in the interior, Abaya's letter to Lukban had been among papers captured by American troops on August 18; it read, in translation: As a representative of this town of Balangiga I have

3174-413: The prisoners' communal labor in the town plaza, grabbed the rifle of Private Adolph Gamlin, one of the American sentries, and stunned him with a blow to the head. This served as the signal for the rest of the communal laborers in the plaza to rush the other sentries and soldiers of Company C, who were mostly having breakfast in the mess area. Abanador then gave a shout, signaling the other Philippine men to

3243-459: The recruiters refused to engage the law. From that, he concluded the plot must have been illegal. Eventually Smith's investments produced large profits, and Smith claimed he repaid all of his creditors in full, except for a few who had died or left town. At the time of the Haverty bankruptcy, Smith had been given a temporary judge advocate assignment with the army that he was attempting to convert into

3312-408: The sentry post about the town plaza near the church. Opening one of the coffins with his bayonet, he saw the body of a dead child who, he was told, was a victim of a cholera epidemic. Abashed, he let the women pass on. Unbeknownst to the sentries, the other coffins hid the bolos and other weapons of the attackers. There is much conflict between accounts by members of Company C. That day, the 27th,

3381-449: The task. Smith instructed Major Littleton Waller , commanding officer of a battalion of 315 U.S. Marines assigned to bolster his forces in Samar, regarding the conduct of pacification: I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn, the more you kill and burn the better it will please me. I want all persons killed who are capable of bearing arms in actual hostilities against the United States," General Jacob H. Smith said. Since it

3450-522: The term Balangiga massacre properly refers to the burning of the town by US forces following the attack and to retaliatory acts during the March across Samar . Other Philippine sources also employ this usage. In US sources, however, the term massacre is used to refer to this attack. Mutilation of the bodies of the Americans who were killed was reported in testimony before the US Senate Committee on

3519-514: The town. Of the 74 men in Company C, 36 were killed in action , including all its commissioned officers: Captain Thomas W. Connell, First Lieutenant Edward A. Bumpus and Major Richard S. Griswold. Twenty-two were wounded in action and four were missing in action . Eight died later of wounds received in combat; only four escaped unscathed. The villagers captured about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunition and suffered 28 dead and 22 wounded. This

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3588-422: The townspeople inadvertently cut down vegetation with food value, in violation of Lukbán's policies regarding food security . As a consequence, on September 18, 1901, around 400 guerrillas sent by Lukbán appeared in the vicinity of Balangiga. They were to mete sanctions upon the town officials and local residents for violating Lukbán's orders regarding food security and for fraternizing with the Americans. The threat

3657-582: The townspeople, and they planned revenge against the Americans. A few days before the attack, Valeriano Abanador, the town's police chief, and Captain Daza met to plan the attack on the American unit. To address the issue of sufficient manpower to offset the Americans' advantage in firepower, Abanador and Daza disguised the congregation of men as a work force aimed at preparing the town for a local fiesta which, incidentally, also served to address Connell's preparations for his superior's visit. Abanador also brought in

3726-464: The two parties. This took the form of tuba (palm wine) drinking among the soldiers and male villagers, baseball games, and arnis demonstrations. However, tensions rose due to several reasons: Captain Thomas W. Connell, commanding officer of the American unit in Balangiga, ordered the town cleaned up in preparation for a visit by the US Army's inspector-general. However, in complying with his directive,

3795-602: The war, and he had not defrauded anyone. Holt did not accept Smith's excuse, and submitted the papers to the Secretary of War with the recommendation that the matter be given to the United States Senate Committee on Military Affairs , who had the authority to confirm Smith for the permanent position he sought. Smith wrote a more apologetic explanation to the Secretary, painting himself as a gullible dupe. He explained

3864-664: Was a military operation planned by Captain Eugenio Daza (an area commander of Captain General Vicente Lukbán 's forces in southeastern Samar) and transpired in Balangiga in 1901 during the Philippine–American War. The attack was led by Valeriano Abanador, who was the Jefe de la Policía (Chief of Police). Samar was a major center for the production of Manila hemp , the trade of which was financing Philippine forces on

3933-416: Was a popular belief among the Americans serving in the Philippines that native males were born with bolos in their hands, Major Littleton "Tony" Waller asked, "I would like to know the limit of age to respect, sir." "Ten years", Smith said. "Persons of ten years and older are those designated as being capable of bearing arms?" "Yes." Smith confirmed his instructions a second time. A march through

4002-434: Was called as a witness in the suit to explain his sudden fortune. Smith claimed ignorance of any fraud on behalf of his father-in-law, and explained that the money was the result of a bounty brokerage scheme. During the war, eastern seaboard states were offering recruits enlistment bonuses (then called "bounties") of up to $ 700. Smith, along with a group of eastern recruiters, planned to fill eastern troop quotas using men from

4071-430: Was capable of bearing arms. The American soldiers seized three church bells including Bangahon Church bell of old Gandara and from the town church Balangiga and moved them home to the United States as war trophies. The 9th Infantry Regiment maintained that the single bell in their possession was presented to the regiment by villagers when the unit left Balangiga on 9 April 1902. The bell had been actually given to them by

4140-637: Was described as the "worst defeat of United States Army soldiers since the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876" . The attack and subsequent actions on Samar have been some of the longest-running and most controversial issues between the Philippines and the United States . Conflicting interpretations by American and Philippine historians have confused the issue. The attack has been termed Balangiga Massacre in many English language sources. However, Philippine historian Teodoro Agoncillo has asserted that

4209-553: Was later hailed as a war hero. The bells were returned on December 11, 2018. Balangiga is located on the southern coast of the island of Samar facing Leyte Gulf , and sits at the mouth of the Balangiga River. To the west lies the municipality of Lawaan , to the north is Llorente , and to the east are the municipalities of Quinapondan and Giporlos . Balangiga is politically subdivided into 13 barangays .   Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . In

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4278-451: Was not discovered by superiors or the media at the time it was given. It was only revealed in the course of the court martial of Major Littleton Waller , one of Smith's subordinates, which began on March 17, 1902. Major Waller was being tried for ordering the execution of eleven mutinous Filipino porters. Waller did not mention Smith's order in his defense, instead relying on provisions of U.S. Armies General Order Number 100 , also known as

4347-524: Was probably defused by Captain Eugenio Daza, a member of Lukbán's staff, and by the parish priest, Father Donato Guimbaolibot. A few days later, Connell had the town's male residents rounded up and detained for the purpose of hastening his clean-up operations. Around 80 men were kept in two Sibley tents unfed overnight. In addition, Connell had the men's bolos and the stored rice for their tables confiscated. These events sufficiently insulted and angered

4416-461: Was remonstrated for letting his wife whip him, and answered, 'It is fun for her, and don't hurt me.'" The colonel notified Smith there would be a court-martial, and so Smith wrote the colonel a nasty letter. Smith was not court-martialed, and instead Major John Pope lectured Smith and recommended the whole affair be dropped since Smith had apologized. During the 1870s, Smith was called away from duty for several lawsuits for debt. One case dragged on in

4485-545: Was revoked by the President. In the Judge Advocate General's summation of the events, Holt excoriated Smith for how his own testimony appeared to suggest he believed it was alright to mislead and deceive military auditors. Holt concluded, "[b]y his conflicting statements and his unfortunate explanation, he is placed in a dilemma full of embarrassment." In 1877, Smith responded to a written reprimand from his colonel with

4554-404: Was saved by the intercession of President Grover Cleveland , who allowed Smith to return to the military with merely a reprimand. In 1891, Smith was charged with using enlisted men as his servants in his home. Smith was sent to the Philippines during the Philippine–American War . In December 1899, Jacob H. Smith (now a colonel) boastingly informed reporters in the Philippines that, because

4623-430: Was the 52nd anniversary of the founding of the parish, an occasion on which an image of a recumbent Christ known as a Santo Entierro would have been carried around the parish. In modern times these Santo Entierros are enclosed in a glass case but at the time were commonly enclosed in a wooden box. Between 6:20 and 6:45 in the morning of September 28, 1901, the villagers made their move. Abanador, who had been supervising

4692-566: Was the civilian governor of the Philippines, decided to promote Smith to Brigadier General on 1 June 1900, citing his service during the Spanish–American War and believing that he would retire after being promoted. Smith was promoted, but he decided not to retire. Resentment of Spanish Dominican Friars of the Catholic Church were alleged to be the principal cause of the Filipino revolution against Spain, and many friars were killed by

4761-461: Was too lenient on Smith. It also felt that Smith's courtroom tactics made a mockery of the legal procedure: While the draw poker case was still pending in 1885, Smith wrote a letter to the Adjutant General of the Army regarding the case, but many of the statements were lies. Because of this, Smith was tried again in 1886. He was found guilty, and would have been thrown out of the military. Smith

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