The inner ear ( internal ear , auris interna ) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear . In vertebrates , the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals , it consists of the bony labyrinth , a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:
70-400: A balance board is a device used as a circus skill , for recreation , balance training , athletic training , brain development , therapy , musical training and other kinds of personal development . It is a lever similar to a see-saw that the user usually stands on, usually with the left and right foot at opposite ends of the board. The user's body must stay balanced enough to keep
140-462: A basilar papilla, having instead an entirely separate set of sensory cells at the upper edge of the saccule, referred to as the papilla amphibiorum , which appear to have the same function. Although many fish are capable of hearing, the lagena is, at best, a short diverticulum of the saccule, and appears to have no role in sensation of sound. Various clusters of hair cells within the inner ear may instead be responsible; for example, bony fish contain
210-414: A basketball) or a solid polyurethane ball, is the fulcrum on which the board is balanced, and the fulcrum is kept contained under the board by a guard rail or ring on the underside. By redistributing his/her weight across the board, the rider can move the board in any direction– side to side, forward and backward, twisting, diagonal, and full rotations or any combination of these movements. A rider can move
280-402: A degree of instability to the rocker board that makes them much more challenging for the rider than a rocker board is. Rather than on a fixed pivot, a rocker-roller's board is placed on a cylindrical roller; this fulcrum is a wheel that moves in relation to the ground and in relation to the board. The board's pivot point shifts back and forth as the cylinder rolls beneath it. In almost all models
350-412: A different visual spectacle. The user stands on a board or other platform which is on top of an unstable ground-contacting member, the fulcrum . The height of the fulcrum of most models is between 3 and 6 inches (i.e., the top of the fulcrum is that distance above the ground). Due to the fulcrum's instability , the user must remain balanced and coordinated in order to prevent the board from touching
420-667: A hobby. Circus schools and instructors use various systems of categorization to group circus skills by type. Systems that have attempted to formally organize circus skills into pragmatic teaching groupings include the Gurevich system (the basis of the Russian Circus School's curriculum) and the Hovey Burgess system. Of course, there are many other arts that are not included in this list, and some are more modern so they have not appeared. Inner ears The inner ear
490-663: A hundred models of balance boards on the market in the United States. Each of them is a version of one of about fifteen types of balance board. Each of these models and types can be classified as one of five basic types of balance board according to two binary parameters: whether its fulcrum is attached to the board and whether the board tilts in only two opposite directions (left and right or forward and back) or in every direction (360 degrees). More specifically: In other words: Those five analogies are not precise definitions. They ignore some details of models' structure. A rocker board
560-399: A sensory cluster called the macula neglecta in the utricle that may have this function. Although fish have neither an outer nor a middle ear, sound may still be transmitted to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, or by the swim bladder , parts of which often lie close by in the body. By comparison with the cochlear system, the vestibular system varies relatively little between
630-416: A short perilymphatic duct to a second opening, the round window , which equalizes pressure, allowing the incompressible fluid to move freely. Running parallel with the perilymphatic duct is a separate blind-ending duct, the lagena , filled with endolymph . The lagena is separated from the perilymphatic duct by a basilar membrane , and contains the sensory hair cells that finally translate the vibrations in
700-413: A shorter distance than in the case of a rocker-roller board and sphere-and-ring board. Most wobble boards are made of plastic. Wooden models are better able than plastic ones to withstand long use, such as in a gym. Some plastic models are more durable than others. Wobble boards are made by manufacturers of gym, sports and physical therapy equipment. A sphere, either an inflatable rubber ball (such as
770-421: A single row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells. The hair cells have a hair bundle at the apical surface of the cell. The hair bundle consists of an array of actin-based stereocilia. Each stereocilium inserts as a rootlet into a dense filamentous actin mesh known as the cuticular plate. Disruption of these bundles results in hearing impairments and balance defects. Inner and outer pillar cells in
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#1732852440444840-433: A sphere-and-ring board, the difficulty and ride speed, which is how fast the rider can move the board on the ball, are determined by the following: These are underwater balance boards. They were developed for physical therapy and are used also for recreation. Besides the general advantages of aquatic therapy over non-aquatic therapy (the use of the smooth resistance of water instead of the jerky resistance of weights and
910-420: A stable and level base such as a floor. For additional muscle exercise while wobbling, some models can have an elastic stretch band attached: each hand pulls up one of the bands ends. The ends of the band fit through two opposed holes near the rim of the board, for quick attachment and detachment. A wobble board offers full rotation about the vertical axis (i.e., yawing , i.e., twisting), part rotation about
980-483: A type of neuroglial cell found in the organ of Corti and organised in one row of inner phalangeal cells and three rows of outer phalangeal cells. They are the supporting cells of the hair cell area within the cochlea. They are named after the German pathologist Otto Deiters (1834–1863) who described them. Hensen's cells are high columnar cells that are directly adjacent to the third row of Deiters' cells. Hensen's stripe
1050-694: Is a V-shaped rocker board that a user stands, kneels or sits on. The Wonder Board is a V-shaped rocker board that a user kneels or sits on. The Aquatic Balance Board (a.k.a. the Aquafit Balance Board) is a wobble board . The holes in it allow water to fill it, making it neutrally buoyant (i.e., neither sinking on its own nor floating up to the water's surface) so that it is easier to control and safer than it would be if this wobble board were more buoyant. Two products that Theraquatics Australia calls balance boards, its Star Balance Board and its Theraquatics Balance Board with Straps, are not balance boards in
1120-420: Is a semi-sphere or smaller spherical cap (or a shape that is approximately such) whose flat side is attached to the center of the board's underside. This allows the board to pivot in all directions, through 360 degrees. Standing on a wobble board exercises muscles that are not exercised by standing on boards that tilt in only two (opposite) directions. In almost all models, the board's length and width are about
1190-483: Is characterized by idiopathic, rapidly progressive, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. It is a fairly rare disorder while at the same time, a lack of proper diagnostic testing has meant that its precise incidence cannot be determined. Birds have an auditory system similar to that of mammals, including a cochlea. Reptiles, amphibians, and fish do not have cochleas but hear with simpler auditory organs or vestibular organs, which generally detect lower-frequency sounds than
1260-400: Is found in all vertebrates, with substantial variations in form and function. The inner ear is innervated by the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates. The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. The bony labyrinth , or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum . The three major parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear ,
1330-515: Is primarily responsible for balance, equilibrium and orientation in three-dimensional space. The inner ear can detect both static and dynamic equilibrium. Three semicircular ducts and two chambers, which contain the saccule and utricle , enable the body to detect any deviation from equilibrium. The macula sacculi detects vertical acceleration while the macula utriculi is responsible for horizontal acceleration. These microscopic structures possess stereocilia and one kinocilium which are located within
1400-410: Is separate in detecting high and low-frequency sounds. Georg von Békésy (1899–1972) employed the use of a microscope in order to examine the basilar membrane located within the inner-ear of cadavers. He found that movement of the basilar membrane resembles that of a traveling wave; the shape of which varies based on the frequency of the pitch. In low-frequency sounds, the tip (apex) of the membrane moves
1470-531: Is supplied by the labyrinthine artery . Venous drainage of the inner ear is through the labyrinthine vein, which empties into the sigmoid sinus or inferior petrosal sinus . Neurons within the ear respond to simple tones, and the brain serves to process other increasingly complex sounds. An average adult is typically able to detect sounds ranging between 20 and 20,000 Hz. The ability to detect higher pitch sounds decreases in older humans. The human ear has evolved with two basic tools to encode sound waves; each
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#17328524404441540-420: Is the most basic and least challenging type of balance board. It is a flat board with a fulcrum attached to the board's underside. In some models the fulcrum is perpendicular to the board's length and in the other models the fulcrum is two rockers that are parallel to each other and parallel to the board's length, one in front of the person who is standing on the board and one behind. The ground-contacting edge of
1610-419: Is the section of the tectorial membrane above the inner hair cell. Nuel's spaces refer to the fluid-filled spaces between the outer pillar cells and adjacent hair cells and also the spaces between the outer hair cells. Hardesty's membrane is the layer of the tectoria closest to the reticular lamina and overlying the outer hair cell region. Reissner's membrane is composed of two cell layers and separates
1680-409: Is wrapped in a simple loop around the lagena, with the basilar membrane lying along one side. The first half of the duct is now referred to as the scala vestibuli , while the second half, which includes the basilar membrane, is called the scala tympani . As a result of this increase in length, the basilar membrane and papilla are both extended, with the latter developing into the organ of Corti , while
1750-423: The auditory placode , a thickening of the ectoderm which gives rise to the bipolar neurons of the cochlear and vestibular ganglions . As the auditory placode invaginates towards the embryonic mesoderm , it forms the auditory vesicle or otocyst . The auditory vesicle will give rise to the utricular and saccular components of the membranous labyrinth . They contain the sensory hair cells and otoliths of
1820-420: The macula of utricle and of the saccule , respectively, which respond to linear acceleration and the force of gravity . The utricular division of the auditory vesicle also responds to angular acceleration , as well as the endolymphatic sac and duct that connect the saccule and utricle. Beginning in the fifth week of development, the auditory vesicle also gives rise to the cochlear duct , which contains
1890-418: The semicircular canals , and the cochlea . The membranous labyrinth runs inside of the bony labyrinth, and creates three parallel fluid filled spaces. The two outer are filled with perilymph and the inner with endolymph. In the middle ear , the energy of pressure waves is translated into mechanical vibrations by the three auditory ossicles. Pressure waves move the tympanic membrane which in turns moves
1960-417: The stria vascularis , which produces the endolymph . The hair cells develop from the lateral and medial ridges of the cochlear duct, which together with the tectorial membrane make up the organ of Corti. Rosenthal's canal or the spiral canal of the cochlea is a section of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear that is approximately 30 mm long and makes 2¾ turns about the modiolus , the central axis of
2030-494: The ankle and knee; and for rehabilitation after injuries to several parts of the body. Uses of a balance board beyond its athletic origin have become more common: to expand neural networks that enable the left and right hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other, thereby increasing its efficiency; to develop sensory integration and cognitive skills in children with developmental disorders ; to make dancers lighter on their feet; to teach singers optimal posture for
2100-443: The arms forward to catch the fall or over-correcting and sharply shifting weight onto the opposite leg, causing a fall in the opposite direction. Falls from balance boards can break bones, sprain joints, and tear tendons, ligaments and cartilage. These risks can be diminished by preparing the space, wearing protective gear and following manufacturers' other safety recommendations. Risk can be lowered by anticipating falls and clearing
2170-528: The avoidance of burdening an injured joint with excessive weight– in this case, the weight of the patient's own body), aquatic balance boards have the specific advantage over non-aquatic balance boards of saving a patient who slips off of a board from the impact of falling and crashing into a floor. Slipping off of an aquatic balance board is safe as long as the user knows to avoid inhaling while underwater and knows how to tread water. Three models are produced by Theraquatics Australia: The Theraquatics Balance Board
Balance board - Misplaced Pages Continue
2240-485: The balance board as the rola bola. Skillful and dramatic balancing acts using the rola bola are performed by circus performers in traditional circus as well as by freelance circus skills artists. The performance can involve a single rola bola or a stack of multiple rola bolas on top of one another to increase the challenge and visual spectacle. Some circus performers also combine the use of the rola bola with other circus skills such as juggling or equilibristics to present
2310-471: The board can move – sliding, pivoting , rotating , tilting , rolling or some combination of those – and the speed of the board differ in different types and subtypes of models, depending on the shape and size of the fulcrum, whether it is attached to the board and, if it isn't attached, the method(s) by which it is constrained by the board, if any. With an increase of speed and with each additional degree of movement through which one model or another can move,
2380-573: The board vertically by doing an advanced maneuver called an ollie . It can also be tilted in any direction and fully rotated. Sphere-and-ring boards provide the greatest freedom of movement of any type of balance board, allowing rotation about all axes (yawing, pitching and banking) and translation (i.e., sliding) in both transverse (i.e., lateral) and longitudinal directions. They, like wobble boards, simultaneously exercise muscles that are not exercised by use of boards that tilt about only one axis (in two opposite directions). When balancing or riding on
2450-417: The board's edges from touching the ground and to keep from falling off the board. A different challenge is presented by each of the five basic types of balance boards and their subtypes. Some of them can be attempted successfully by three-year-olds and elderly people, and some, because of their steepness and speed , are difficult and dangerous for professional athletes. In their design, what differentiates
2520-410: The cochlea that contains the spiral ganglion . Specialized inner ear cell include: hair cells, pillar cells, Boettcher's cells, Claudius' cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and Deiters' cells (phalangeal cells). The hair cells are the primary auditory receptor cells and they are also known as auditory sensory cells, acoustic hair cells, auditory cells or cells of Corti. The organ of Corti is lined with
2590-421: The cochlea uses, and sends information to the brain about the attitude, rotation, and linear motion of the head. The type of motion or attitude detected by a hair cell depends on its associated mechanical structures, such as the curved tube of a semicircular canal or the calcium carbonate crystals ( otolith ) of the saccule and utricle . The human inner ear develops during week 4 of embryonic development from
2660-444: The cochlea. The cochlea of birds is also similar to that of crocodiles, consisting of a short, slightly curved bony tube within which lies the basilar membrane with its sensory structures. In reptiles , sound is transmitted to the inner ear by the stapes (stirrup) bone of the middle ear. This is pressed against the oval window , a membrane-covered opening on the surface of the vestibule. From here, sound waves are conducted through
2730-472: The control of air-flow; to teach musicians how to hold their instrument; to shake off writer's block and other inhibitors of creativity; as an accessory to yoga and as a form of yoga, cultivating holistic health , self-awareness and calm. Some people use a balance board for recreational purposes, enjoying the challenge that this equipment presents. The balance board is used as a circus skill for recreation and performance. Many circus performers refer to
2800-461: The familiar sense of the term, though they can be used for practicing balance skills. The Wii Balance Board is not a rocking board as described in this article, but an electronic board which tracks the user's center of balance. It is used as an accessory with the Wii home video game console and compatible applications such as Wii Fit . Proper use of a balance board is a test of both physical skill and
2870-443: The five types (and their subtypes) is how unstable each of them is, i.e., in how many and in which of the three dimensions of space each board turns and/or sways and how freely its fulcrum contacts the board and the ground. In 1953, Stanley Washburn Jr. filed a patent for a balance board with the intention of its use for recreation. These boards quickly become popular for skiers and surfers to practice their balancing skills in
Balance board - Misplaced Pages Continue
2940-506: The fluid into nerve signals. It is attached at one end to the saccule. In most reptiles the perilymphatic duct and lagena are relatively short, and the sensory cells are confined to a small basilar papilla lying between them. However, in mammals , birds , and crocodilians , these structures become much larger and somewhat more complicated. In birds, crocodilians, and monotremes , the ducts are simply extended, together forming an elongated, more or less straight, tube. The endolymphatic duct
3010-400: The front and back (if the rider's feet are oriented accordingly). The roller has a different form in different models. Some are a cylinder and some are a cylinder in their midsection that tapers toward the two ends. That tapering enables tricky moves by the rider. How the roller and rocker interface can vary. Rollers may have grooves to fit a guide on the board to keep the roller aligned with
3080-475: The fulcrum (a cylinder or mainly a cylinder) isn't constrained by the board (except by their friction), and in most rocker-rollers the cylinder is constrained by the board in any of five ways (a different number and combination of those ways in each type of rocker-roller) that are described below, in this article's "Rocker-Roller Boards" section. Positions other than standing are also used, in order to work on particular muscles and skills. For better foot traction,
3150-494: The fulcrum is curved in most models and is flat in some models. With one foot placed at each end of the board, the user can tilt it from side to side until the balance point is found and can then either try to keep the board stationary or continue rocking. Rocker boards offer only one degree of movement: part rotation about the longitudinal axis , i.e., banking (left-right tilting). Most rocker boards are made by manufacturers of toys or of gym equipment. Rocker-roller boards add
3220-413: The ground. Thus, the rider stimulates, exercises and teaches the parts of the body that implement the act of balancing (toes, soles, ankles, knees, hips, shoulders, arms and neck) and the parts of the body and brain that create the sense of balance and that engineer the implementation of the act of balancing ( inner ears , cerebellum , proprioceptors and eyes ). The degrees of movement through which
3290-407: The ground. Other common exercises are squats , standing on the board with one foot while keeping the other foot off the ground, push-ups (pressing down on the board with the hands while lying face-down with only the knees or toes contacting the ground), and sit-ups (with the board under the buttocks). Any exercise is much more work when a person's weight is on a wobble board than when supported by
3360-408: The head and ending close to the brain. In cartilaginous fish , this duct actually opens onto the top of the head, and in some teleosts , it is simply blind-ending. In all other species, however, it ends in an endolymphatic sac . In many reptiles, fish, and amphibians this sac may reach considerable size. In amphibians the sacs from either side may fuse into a single structure, which often extends down
3430-443: The inner ear. The oval window has only approximately 1/18 the area of the tympanic membrane and thus produces a higher pressure . The cochlea propagates these mechanical signals as waves in the fluid and membranes and then converts them to nerve impulses which are transmitted to the brain. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea. The vestibular system works with
3500-488: The lagena is now called the cochlear duct . All of these structures together constitute the cochlea. In therian mammals, the lagena is extended still further, becoming a coiled structure (cochlea) in order to accommodate its length within the head. The organ of Corti also has a more complex structure in mammals than it does in other amniotes . The arrangement of the inner ear in living amphibians is, in most respects, similar to that of reptiles. However, they often lack
3570-437: The length of the body, parallel with the spinal canal . The primitive lampreys and hagfish , however, have a simpler system. The inner ear in these species consists of a single vestibular chamber, although in lampreys, this is associated with a series of sacs lined by cilia . Lampreys have only two semicircular canals, with the horizontal canal being absent, while hagfish have only a single, vertical, canal. The inner ear
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#17328524404443640-412: The malleus, the first bone of the middle ear. The malleus articulates to incus which connects to the stapes. The footplate of the stapes connects to the oval window, the beginning of the inner ear. When the stapes presses on the oval window, it causes the perilymph, the liquid of the inner ear to move. The middle ear thus serves to convert the energy from sound pressure waves to a force upon the perilymph of
3710-483: The most, while in high-frequency sounds, the base of the membrane moves most. Interference with or infection of the labyrinth can result in a syndrome of ailments called labyrinthitis . The symptoms of labyrinthitis include temporary nausea, disorientation, vertigo, and dizziness. Labyrinthitis can be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, or physical blockage of the inner ear. Another condition has come to be known as autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED). It
3780-451: The need to avoid losing control of the board forces the rider to exercise considerably more skill in order to avoid falling. In rocker boards and wobble boards, the fulcrum is attached to the board. In rocker-roller boards and sphere-and-ring boards, the fulcrum is a separate piece from the board. In sphere-and-ring boards, the fulcrum (an inflatable or solid ball) is constrained by a ring on the board's underside. In some rocker-roller boards,
3850-453: The off season or when natural conditions were poor. The balance board is a device that has come to be used for training in sports and martial arts, for physical fitness and for non-athletic purposes that are listed here. It is used to develop balance , motor coordination skills, weight distribution and core strength; to prepare people, before and after they reach old age , to avoid injurious falls; to prevent sports injuries, especially to
3920-454: The organ of Corti located above rows of Boettcher's cells. Like Boettcher's cells, they are considered supporting cells for the auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti. They contain a variety of aquaporin water channels and appear to be involved in ion transport. They also play a role in sealing off endolymphatic spaces. They are named after the German anatomist Friedrich Matthias Claudius (1822–1869). Deiters' cells (phalangeal cells) are
3990-429: The organ of Corti support hair cells. Outer pillar cells are unique because they are free standing cells which only contact adjacent cells at the bases and apices. Both types of pillar cell have thousands of cross linked microtubules and actin filaments in parallel orientation. They provide mechanical coupling between the basement membrane and the mechanoreceptors on the hair cells. Boettcher's cells are found in
4060-485: The organ of Corti where they are present only in the lower turn of the cochlea. They lie on the basilar membrane beneath Claudius' cells and are organized in rows, the number of which varies between species. The cells interdigitate with each other, and project microvilli into the intercellular space. They are supporting cells for the auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti. They are named after German pathologist Arthur Böttcher (1831–1889). Claudius' cells are found in
4130-426: The rocker and prevent the rocker from sliding along the roller. Rockers may have guard rails at the ends to prevent the rocker from rolling off the roller. The diameter of the roller of almost all rocker-rollers is between 3.5 and 6 inches at its widest section. The rollers of the rola bolas that circus performers use are usually between 7 and 9 inches in diameter. The fulcrum of almost all wobble boards
4200-400: The same size; a circle is the usual shape. Wobble boards are widely used in child development , gymnasiums, sport training, prevention of injuries to the ankle and knee, rehabilitation after ankle, knee and hip injuries and physiotherapy . The basic use of a wobble board is to stand on it with both feet, and tilt in any direction without letting the board tilt so far that its edge touches
4270-443: The scala media from the scala vestibuli. Huschke's teeth are the tooth-shaped ridges on the spiral limbus that are in contact with the tectoria and separated by interdental cells. The bony labyrinth receives its blood supply from three arteries: 1 – Anterior tympanic branch (from maxillary artery). 2 – Petrosal branch (from middle meningeal artery). 3 – Stylomastoid branch (from posterior auricular artery). The membranous labyrinth
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#17328524404444340-605: The shape might be unsuited for protecting from falls and might be pressed into the neck during impact. Standing on a balance board is extremely dangerous for a person who is prone to dizziness or whose balance is impaired, such as by being tired or under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Circus skill Circus skills are a group of disciplines that have been performed as entertainment in circus , carnival , sideshow , busking , variety , vaudeville , or music hall shows. Most circus skills are still being performed today. Many are also practiced by non-performers as
4410-413: The spiral organ of Corti and the endolymph that accumulates in the membranous labyrinth. The vestibular wall will separate the cochlear duct from the perilymphatic scala vestibuli , a cavity inside the cochlea. The basilar membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani , a cavity within the cochlear labyrinth. The lateral wall of the cochlear duct is formed by the spiral ligament and
4480-472: The stood-on surface of most boards is manufactured with an unsmooth texture: for plastic models, in the molding; for wooden models, with grip tape or rubber. A smooth surface under the feet or shoes can cause a user to slip off a balance board and fall. Wobble boards are the only type of balance board that is commonly made of plastic. Being no longer than their width, they don't need to be as strong and warp-resistant as other balance boards. There are more than
4550-434: The surrounding area of objects that the rider might fall onto, and making sure that the surface is soft. Some of the best surfaces for balance boarding include a soft yoga mat, a patch of grass, or the sand. Important protective gear is gear that protects the joints, the head and face, and otherwise protects from bumps and scrapes during falls. Care should be taken in selecting a helmet, as the weight could make falls worse or
4620-422: The transverse/lateral axis (i.e., pitching , i.e., backward-forward tilting) and part rotation about the longitudinal axis (i.e., banking , i.e., left-right tilting). Additional movement, translation (i.e., sliding or skidding, usually unintended and unwanted), across the supporting surface is possible, except for the few wobble boards that have a stationary base. Sliding occurs much less often and usually across
4690-408: The two flat ends of the wheel/roller are about as far from each other as the width of the board. In most models the axis of the roller is perpendicular to the board's length. Thus, as the rider's weight moves over the roller, the board both tilts from side to side and also slides sideways. In models whose roller can be placed with its axis parallel to the board's length, the board slides and tilts toward
4760-403: The user's sense of balance . Another sensation often experienced by a user of a balance board is the sensation of falling . Apart from actually falling, this often occurs during sharp accelerations caused by leaning too far or too quickly. Feeling like falling can raise fears and provoke reflexes that while useful on a stable surface can be counter-productive on a balance board, such as throwing
4830-403: The various groups of jawed vertebrates . The central part of the system consists of two chambers, the saccule and utricle, each of which includes one or two small clusters of sensory hair cells. All jawed vertebrates also possess three semicircular canals arising from the utricle, each with an ampulla containing sensory cells at one end. An endolymphatic duct runs from the saccule up through
4900-426: The visual system to keep objects in view when the head is moved. Joint and muscle receptors are also important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from all these systems to create the sensation of balance. The vestibular system of the inner ear is responsible for the sensations of balance and motion. It uses the same kinds of fluids and detection cells ( hair cells ) as
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