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42-585: The park stretches along a south-facing bay on the Caspian Sea. It traditionally starts at Freedom Square continuing west to the Old City and beyond. Since 2012, the Yeni Bulvar (new boulevard) has virtually doubled the length to 3.75 km, extending the promenades to National Flag Square . In 2015 White City Boulevard added a further 2 km to the east of Freedom Square and reports have suggested that eventually

84-504: A mobile radar measured winds up to 135 m/s (490 km/h; 300 mph; 262 kn; 440 ft/s) during the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado in Oklahoma on 3 May, although another figure of 142 m/s (510 km/h; 320 mph; 276 kn; 470 ft/s) has also been quoted for the same tornado. Yet another number used by the Center for Severe Weather Research for that measurement

126-664: A press release, the University announced that the methods used from measuring HD 189733b's wind speeds could be used to measure wind speeds on Earth-like exoplanets. An anemometer is one of the tools used to measure wind speed. A device consisting of a vertical pillar and three or four concave cups, the anemometer captures the horizontal movement of air particles (wind speed). Unlike traditional cup-and-vane anemometers, ultrasonic wind sensors have no moving parts and are therefore used to measure wind speed in applications that require maintenance-free performance, such as atop wind turbines. As

168-400: A small purpose-built cavity. Built into the cavity is an array of ultrasonic transducers , which are used to create the separate standing-wave patterns at ultrasonic frequencies. As wind passes through the cavity, a change in the wave's property occurs (phase shift). By measuring the amount of phase shift in the received signals by each transducer, and then by mathematically processing the data,

210-431: Is 135 ± 9 m/s (486 ± 32 km/h; 302 ± 20 mph; 262 ± 17 kn; 443 ± 30 ft/s). However, speeds measured by Doppler weather radar are not considered official records. Wind speeds can be much higher on exoplanets . Scientists at the University of Warwick in 2015 determined that HD 189733b has winds of 2,400 m/s (8,600 km/h; 4,700 kn). In

252-604: Is located next to it. In 2014, the 60-metre (197 ft) tall Baku Ferris Wheel opened in the new section of the Boulevard. In 2014, the new building of the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum was constructed at the Boulevard. In 2015, Stone Chronicle Museum , “XX-XXI Century Azerbaijani painting” Museum and "Yarat" Contemporary Art Center were opened at the Boulevard. Additionally, opening ceremonies of Water Sports Palace and White City Boulevard were held in 2015. In 2016,

294-402: Is now commonly measured with an anemometer . Wind speed affects weather forecasting , aviation and maritime operations, construction projects, growth and metabolism rates of many plant species, and countless other implications. Wind direction is usually almost parallel to isobars (and not perpendicular, as one might expect), due to Earth's rotation . The meter per second (m/s)

336-617: Is now the SOCAR Circle to the luxurious cinema, restaurant and the casino that was called "Phenomenon", designed by Polish architect Józef Plośko in 1912. During the Soviet period, the casino was converted to a Puppet Theater , a function it still serves today. Subsequently, the Boulevard was extended up to the Baku International Sea Trade Port . In 1936, a Parachute tower was built and used for extreme activities. However,

378-407: Is popular with dog-walkers and joggers , and is convenient for tourists, being adjacent to the newly built International Center of Mugham and musical fountain. The boulevard marked it is 100th anniversary in 2009 as the specific date of it is creation is still unknown. In 2010, a multi-story shopping mall Park Bulvar , Baku Business Centre and 5D cinema were opened on this promenade as part of

420-898: Is the SI unit for velocity and the unit recommended by the World Meteorological Organization for reporting wind speeds, and used amongst others in weather forecasts in the Nordic countries . Since 2010 the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) also recommends meters per second for reporting wind speed when approaching runways , replacing their former recommendation of using kilometers per hour (km/h). For historical reasons, other units such as miles per hour (mph), knots (kn), and feet per second (ft/s) are also sometimes used to measure wind speeds. Historically, wind speeds have also been classified using

462-586: Is the biggest city-centre square in Azerbaijan . It lies next to Baku Boulevard . The square, formerly named Lenin Square after Vladimir Lenin , was created in the 1960–70s, after construction of the Government House of Baku was finished in 1952. A monument to Lenin was erected in 1955. It was also formerly known as Stalin Square . Along with the square, Baku authorities constructed several buildings including

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504-442: Is the case today). Work was completed in 1911. Until the early 20th century, the avenue had mansions on one side and seafront on the other. There were no trees. Tons and tons of fertile soil were imported to enrich the soil quality . Baku's Mayor, R. R. Hoven, supported by the richest industrialists, passed a decree in the 1880s saying that all ships entering Baku harbors from Iran had to bring fertile soil with them. In reality, this

546-474: The Beaufort scale , which is based on visual observations of specifically defined wind effects at sea or on land. Wind speed is affected by a number of factors and situations, operating on varying scales (from micro to macro scales). These include the pressure gradient , Rossby waves , jet streams , and local weather conditions. There are also links to be found between wind speed and wind direction , notably with

588-701: The "Azerbaijan" and "Absheron" hotels encircling the square, which were later demolished and replaced with the Hilton Baku and the JW Marriott Absheron Baku Hotel . The Lenin monument sculpted by D. M. Garyaghdi was removed in the early 1990s. The square was renamed Azadliq Square (Freedom Square) in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union . In 2006, a government-sponsored project oversaw renovation works at Government House and its vicinity including Azadliq Square. Works lasted until 2010. During

630-506: The 1980s, the area was mismanaged and maintenance was neglected. The situation further deteriorated as the level of the sea began to rise so high that many of the trees and shrubs in the park started dying off due to the salinity of the water. At present, once again, the Caspian sea level is going back down. In 1999, the boulevard was proclaimed a National Park by Heydar Aliyev , former president of Azerbaijan. This status also helped to mitigate

672-569: The Cold War, Lenin Square was used as a parade ground for the annual International Workers' Day demonstration on May 1, as well as the Victory Day and October Revolution Day military parades on May 9 and November 7 respectively. Azadliq Square is the main venue for the bi-annual Day of the Armed Forces military parade which takes place on June 26. In 2018, the square was used as the main venue for

714-681: The Government's regeneration policy to boost shopping and leisure in Baku. In 2012, after Azerbaijan's victory in Eurovision Song Contest 2011 , the boulevard extended towards Bayil settlement, where National Flag Square unveiled. Confirmed by the Guinness Book of Records , the flag flies on a pole 162 meters high and measures 70 by 35 meters, which makes it the world's highest flag. Baku Crystal Hall , which hosted Eurovision Song Contest 2012 ,

756-592: The Seaside Boulevard Office is Ilgar Mustafayev since January 2016. The square has often been the scene of public meetings, cultural gatherings, celebrations, ceremonies, parades, concerts and has lately become the venue for the city's extensive New Year celebrations. 40°21′36″N 49°50′14″E  /  40.3600°N 49.8371°E  / 40.3600; 49.8371 Freedom Square, Baku Azadliq Square ( Azerbaijani : Azadlıq meydanı ), in Baku

798-525: The US on 12 April 1934, using a hot-wire anemometer . The anemometer, specifically designed for use on Mount Washington, was later tested by the US National Weather Bureau and confirmed to be accurate. Wind speeds within certain atmospheric phenomena (such as tornadoes ) may greatly exceed these values but have never been accurately measured. Directly measuring these tornadic winds is rarely done, as

840-566: The alleged destruction of a forest near Shusha by Armenians. As the demonstrations continued, they became increasingly anti-Armenian, with chants of "death to the Armenians" and demands that those convicted of the murder of Armenians during the Sumgait pogrom be released. The demonstrations also developed into an anti-central government, anti-Soviet protest. On 23 November, a curfew was imposed in Baku and Soviet troops tried unsuccessfully to disperse

882-463: The anemometer was mechanically sound and that the gust was within statistical probability and ratified the measurement in 2010. The anemometer was mounted 10 m above ground level (and thus 64 m above sea level). During the cyclone, several extreme gusts of greater than 83 m/s (300 km/h; 190 mph; 161 kn; 270 ft/s) were recorded, with a maximum 5-minute mean speed of 49 m/s (180 km/h; 110 mph; 95 kn; 160 ft/s);

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924-411: The architects in Baku. However, since most of the city's 30 architects were busy designing mansions for oil barons, only three submitted plans for it. The winning design was titled "Zvezda" (Star) and featured a bathing house, luxurious restaurant and a dozen pavilions. The design specified that wastewater would be collected in a separate manifold instead of being discharged directly into the Caspian (which

966-709: The boulevard might be as long as 26 km, including Bibiheybət . The boulevard was established to connect the oilfields in Bibi Heybet as part of the urban development projects by Municipal Horticultural Commission. In 1900, the Municipal Horticultural Commission decided to plant trees and shrubs along the seafront. Kazimierz Skurewicz, a Polish engineer, designed a 20-meter-wide embankment, using vegetation that would survive Baku's extremely hot, dry and gusty climate. In 1909, Mammad Hassan Hajinski, Head of Baku's Municipal Construction Department improved

1008-571: The centennial celebrations of the Battle of Baku , which was attended by Presidents Ilham Aliyev and Recep Tayyip Erdogan . On 10 December 2020, a victory parade took place on Azadliq Square, honouring the Azerbaijani victory during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , during which Armenian war trophies and Azerbaijani military vehicles, were displayed. Starting on 17 November 1988, large-scale demonstrations began in Baku's Lenin Square to protest against

1050-529: The crowds. The events later led to the proclamation, in 1992, of National Revival Day of 17 November. Following the Black January crackdown by Soviet troops in Baku on 20 January 1990, Azadliq Square became the gathering and mourning place for approximately 2 million people who gathered to take the dead to a burial site in Martyrs' Lane in upper Baku. Protests during the 2003 Azerbaijani protests took place on

1092-601: The environmental concerns, such as cleanup of oil pollution from Caspian Sea oilfields. Until 2009, there were 28 entertainment attractions in boulevard's amusement park. However, due to safety reasons, old attractions were replaced by new carousels and rides from Italy and Germany. In 2008, the Parachute Tower was reconstructed and started to display wind speed , time, date, air and sea water temperature. The boulevard contains an amusement park , yacht club and musical fountain , and various statues and monuments. The park

1134-534: The extreme gust factor was on the order of 2.27–2.75 times the mean wind speed. The pattern and scales of the gusts suggest that a mesovortex was embedded in the already-strong eyewall of the cyclone. Currently , the second-highest surface wind speed ever officially recorded is 103.266 m/s (371.76 km/h; 231.00 mph; 200.733 kn; 338.80 ft/s) at the Mount Washington (New Hampshire) Observatory 1,917 m (6,288 ft) above sea level in

1176-479: The flow velocity of the wind. The fastest wind speed not related to tornadoes ever recorded was during the passage of Tropical Cyclone Olivia on 10 April 1996: an automatic weather station on Barrow Island , Australia , registered a maximum wind gust of 113.3 m/s (408 km/h; 253 mph; 220.2 kn; 372 ft/s) The wind gust was evaluated by the WMO Evaluation Panel, who found that

1218-415: The lateral design of buildings and structures. In Canada, reference wind pressures are used in design and are based on the "mean hourly" wind speed having a probability of being exceeded per year of 1 in 50. The reference wind pressure q is calculated using the equation q = ρv / 2 , where ρ is the air density and v is the wind speed. Historically, wind speeds have been reported with

1260-407: The name suggests, ultrasonic wind sensors measure the wind speed using high-frequency sound. An ultrasonic anemometer has two or three pairs of sound transmitters and receivers. Each transmitter constantly beams high-frequency sound to its receiver. Electronic circuits inside measure the time it takes for the sound to make its journey from each transmitter to the corresponding receiver. Depending on how

1302-611: The new section of the Boulevard saw the opening of Baku's first open-air cinema. Seaside Boulevard Office was established under the Cabinet of Ministers according to the Decree of the President of Azerbaijan on January 10, 2008 in order to restore the natural landscape of the boulevard, maintain its historical appearance, develop the area's rich flora, protect the boulevard, and ensure the implementation of social and cultural events. The Chairman Of

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1344-405: The park by spending 60,000 rubles after Duma passed his resolution. The park was intended to provide for the continued expansion of the city to the north, providing relaxation and recreation opportunities for the new middle class to the west, and an escape from the rapid slumming of the city centre for those left behind. To select the best design for the Boulevard, Hajinski organized a contest among

1386-593: The pressure gradient and terrain conditions. The Pressure gradient describes the difference in air pressure between two points in the atmosphere or on the surface of the Earth. It is vital to wind speed, because the greater the difference in pressure, the faster the wind flows (from the high to low pressure) to balance out the variation. The pressure gradient, when combined with the Coriolis effect and friction , also influences wind direction . Rossby waves are strong winds in

1428-458: The required lateral strength of a structure's design. In the United States, the wind speed used in design is often referred to as a "3-second gust", which is the highest sustained gust over a 3-second period having a probability of being exceeded per year of 1 in 50 (ASCE 7-05, updated to ASCE 7-16). This design wind speed is accepted by most building codes in the United States and often governs

1470-541: The seaside promenade of Baku Boulevard in central Baku as part of the Baku White City development project. Since then, Formula One made Alstom change the plans and the route of this tram line, which is never happened and project was not implemented yet. Wind speed In meteorology , wind speed , or wind flow speed , is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high to low pressure , usually due to changes in temperature. Wind speed

1512-467: The sensor is able to provide an accurate horizontal measurement of wind speed and direction. Another tool used to measure wind velocity includes a GPS combined with pitot tube . A fluid flow velocity tool, the Pitot tube is primarily used to determine the air velocity of an aircraft. Wind speed is a common factor in the design of structures and buildings around the world. It is often the governing factor in

1554-503: The square. In 1989 one of Azerbaijan's greatest vocalists, Yaqub Zourofchi , held a revolutionary concert as Azerbaijan was gaining their independence from USSR . The square was used for the Baku City Circuit . The B6 Metro Station is planned in this area by Baku Metro in the future. In February 2012, the government of Azerbaijan announced that it is planning to restore the tram line in Baku. A new line had to be laid along

1596-431: The tower stopped functioning after a fatal accident in the 1960s, which led to the ultimate ban of parachuting from the tower. To this day, the tower is considered one of the landmarks of the boulevard. The Boulevard developed further after the construction of Bahar and Mirvari cafes, summer cinema and other leisure attractions during 1950-1960s. In 1970, the boulevard was expanded to both eastward and westward. In

1638-409: The upper troposphere . These operate on a global scale and move from west to east (hence being known as westerlies ). The Rossby waves are themselves a different wind speed from that experienced in the lower troposphere . Local weather conditions play a key role in influencing wind speed, as the formation of hurricanes , monsoons , and cyclones as freak weather conditions can drastically affect

1680-506: The violent wind would destroy the instruments. A method of estimating speed is to use Doppler on Wheels or mobile Doppler weather radars to measure the wind speeds remotely. Using this method, a mobile radar ( RaXPol ) owned and operated by the University of Oklahoma recorded winds up to 150 metres per second (340 mph; 540 km/h) inside the 2013 El Reno tornado , marking the fastest winds ever observed by radar in history. In 1999,

1722-426: The wind blows, some of the sound beams will be affected more than the others, slowing it down or speeding it up very slightly. The circuits measure the difference in speeds of the beams and use that to calculate how fast the wind is blowing. Acoustic resonance wind sensors are a variant of the ultrasonic sensor. Instead of using time of flight measurement, acoustic resonance sensors use resonating acoustic waves within

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1764-455: Was a kind of "tax" or "duty" imposed for the right to use the harbor and load up with oil. Within a very short time, enough soil was deposited, and the parks that characterize the city's seafront today were developed. At the new Baku Bathing House, visitors could take a swim while visiting the Boulevard. This bathing house was closed in the late 1950s due to poor maintenance and the bay's polluted water. The improved Boulevard stretched from what

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