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52-439: In search of exhibits, Alexey Alexandrovich Bakhrushin repeatedly made long trips to Russia, from which he brought not only theatre rarities, but also works of folk art, furniture, and traditional Russian costumes. In the early XX century Bakhrushin made three trips to improve the sections on the history of Western theatre. One of the main sources of enlargement of the museum's collection was through gifts. The museum's founding day

104-480: A broad term for systematized learning which includes both natural sciences and social sciences and fields such as literary studies, linguistics, history, or art history. (Often these terms are calques from Latin scientia (the etymological source of English science ) and, accordingly, derivatives of the verb 'know', such as German Wissenschaft , Swedish vetenskap , Hungarian tudomány , Estonian teadus or Finnish tiede .) Accordingly, for example

156-450: A common language with the new reality. Meyerhold's methods of scenic constructivism and circus -style effects were used in his most successful works of the time. Some of these works included Nikolai Erdman 's The Mandate , Mayakovsky's Mystery-Bouffe , Fernand Crommelynck 's Le Cocu magnifique ( The Magnanimous Cuckold ) and Aleksandr Sukhovo-Kobylin 's Tarelkin's Death . Mayakovsky collaborated with Meyerhold several times, and

208-501: A form of honor. The other type of academies are Academy of Arts or combination of both (e.g., American Academy of Arts and Sciences ). Academy of Letters is another related expression, encompassing literature. In non-English-speaking countries, the range of academic fields of the members of a national Academy of Science often includes scholarly disciplines which would not normally be classed as "science" in English. Many languages use

260-555: A formalist... in hunting formalism, you have eliminated art. This is from a version of the speech written up later by the emigre musician Yuri Yelagin, from notes he said that he made at the conference – but its accuracy is disputed. After the speech, he returned to Leningrad, and was arrested on arrival on 20 June 1939. Shortly afterwards, intruders broke into his flat and repeatedly stabbed his wife, Zinaida Reich , who died from her injuries. Taken to NKVD headquarters in Moscow, and placed in

312-560: A number of theatrical projects, as both a director and actor. Each project was an arena for experiment and creation of new staging methods. Meyerhold was one of the most fervent advocates of Symbolism in theatre, especially when he worked as the chief producer of the Vera Komissarzhevskaya theatre in 1906–1907. He was invited back to the MAT around this time to pursue his experimental ideas. Meyerhold continued theatrical innovation during

364-598: A reflection of the modern exhibition and exhibition activities of all structural units of the museum. The museum and its branches organise sightseeing and thematic tours for students, schoolchildren, foreign delegations, tourists and other categories of visitors. Academy of sciences An academy of sciences is a type of learned society or academy (as special scientific institution) dedicated to sciences that may or may not be state funded. Some state funded academies are national , or royal (i.e. United Kingdom's Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge ) as

416-584: A revolution was disappointed to discover that the Alexandrinsky was closed. Meyerhold was one of the first prominent Russian artists to welcome the Bolshevik Revolution – and one of only five out of 120 who accepted an invitation to meet the new People's Commissar for Enlightenment, Anatoly Lunacharsky in November 1917. (Among the others were the poets Alexander Blok and Vladimir Mayakovsky .) He joined

468-427: A sick 65-year-old man. I was made to lie face down and beaten on the soles of my feet and my spine with a rubber strap. They sat me on a chair and beat my feet from above, with considerable force... For the next few days, when those parts of my legs were covered with extensive internal hemorrhaging, they again beat the red-blue-and-yellow bruises with the strap and the pain was so intense that it felt as if boiling water

520-466: Is considered to be 29 October 1894, when Bakhrushin first presented his collection for public inspection. In 1913, on November 25, the museum was transferred to the Academy of sciences with the condition of leaving it in Moscow, and in 1917 the museum was included in the network of state institutions, and in 1918 Alexei Bakhrushin — at the suggestion of Vladimir Lenin — was appointed the life director of

572-451: Is often a smoke screen to conceal mediocrity." A year later, in April 1937, his wife, the actress Zinaida Reich, wrote Stalin a long letter alleging that her husband was the victim of a conspiracy by Trotskyists and former members of the disbanded Russian Association of Proletarian Writers . The letter was not answered. In December 1937, Stalin's crony, Lazar Kaganovich went to a production at

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624-784: The Bolshevik Party in 1918, narrowly escaping execution when he was caught on the wrong side of the battle lines during the civil war. He became an official of the Theatre Division (TEO) of the Commissariat of Education and Enlightenment . In 1918–1919, Meyerhold formed an alliance with Olga Kameneva , the head of the Division. Together, they tried to radicalize Russian theatres, effectively nationalizing them under Bolshevik control. Meyerhold came down with tuberculosis in May 1919 and had to leave for

676-663: The National Academy of Engineering (or National Academy of Engineering Sciences), separate from the national academy of sciences. Academies of science play an important role in science diplomacy efforts. Academies are increasingly organized in regional or even international associations. The Interacademy Partnership for example is a global network consisting of over 140 national, regional and global member academies of science, engineering and medicine. Additionally, there are many regional associations such as ALLEA in Europe, NASAC as

728-606: The "conditional theatre" were elaborated in his book On Theatre in 1913. On the day when the February Revolution broke out – on 25 February, under the old style calendar then used in Russia – Meyerhold's production of Masquerade by Mikhail Lermontov had a dress rehearsal at the Alexandrinsky Theatre , in front of an audience that included the poet Anna Akhmatova . That evening has been described as "the last act of

780-521: The 120th anniversary of the preservation of the history of the emergence and formation of domestic and foreign theatre was awarded the silver order of "Audience sympathy". The museum is located in the former manor house of A. A. Bakhrushin in Zamoskvorechye District . The main building, a one-storey mansion in English Gothic style, was built in 1896. The archive and manuscript department of

832-616: The 1850s. After completing school in 1895, Meyerhold studied law at Moscow University but never completed his degree. He was torn between studying theatre or a career as a violinist. However, he failed his audition to become the second violinist in the University orchestra and in 1896 joined the Moscow Philharmonic Dramatic School . On his 21st birthday, he converted from Lutheranism to Orthodox Christianity and accepted "Vsevolod" as an Orthodox Christian name (after

884-522: The American method actor 's conception. While method acting melded the character with the actor's own personal memories to create the character's internal motivation, Meyerhold connected psychological and physiological processes. He had actors focus on learning gestures and movements as a way of expressing emotion physically. Following Konstantin Stanislavski's lead, he said that the emotional state of an actor

936-588: The Austrian Academy of Sciences ( Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften ), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences ( Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ), or the Estonian Academy of Sciences ( Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia ) also cover the areas of social sciences and humanities. As the engineering sciences have become more varied and advanced, there is a recent trend in many advanced countries to organize

988-460: The Department of the memorial and clothing Fund is a collection collected by the founder of the museum, A. A. Bakhrushin. It houses a collection of gramophone and long-playing records on Russian and foreign Opera music, a collection of magnetic phonograms , film and video materials, audio cassettes and CDs. The basis of the museum collection of records is a collection donated to the museum in 1982 by

1040-885: The Meyerhold Theatre, and walked out in disgust. The theatre was closed, by order of the Politburo, on 7 January 1938, on the grounds that 'throughout its entire existence, the Meyerhold Theatre has been unable to free itself from thoroughly bourgeois Formalist positions', his works were proclaimed antagonistic and alien to the Soviet people. The ailing Stanislavsky, who was the director of an opera theatre now known as Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Theatre , invited Meyerhold to be his assistant – an invitation that surprised many in Moscow, given their long standing artistic differences. Stanislavsky died soon afterwards, in August 1938. His dying wish

1092-568: The Moscow art theatre; film materials about the activities of the Moscow art theatre-2, depicting one of the most outstanding actors of the Russian theatre Mikhail Chekhov ; miraculously surviving footage with excerpts from performances of Chamber theatre, posed by A. Y. Tairov with the participation of A. G. Koonen and fragments of rehearsals and performances of the State Jewish theatre with the participation of Solomon Mikhoels . The book collection of

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1144-601: The Network of African Science Academies, IANAS in Latin America, and AASSA in Asia. Apart from national academies of science, there are now increasingly also national young academies. National young academies usually select members for a limited term, normally 4–5 years, after which members become academy alumni. Young academies typically engage with issues important to young scientists. These include, for example, science education or

1196-697: The Russian writer Vsevolod Garshin , whose prose he loved). Meyerhold began acting in 1896 as a student of the Moscow Philharmonic Dramatic School under the guidance of Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko , co-founder with Konstantin Stanislavsky of the Moscow Art Theatre . At the MAT, Meyerhold played 18 roles, such as Vasiliy Shuiskiy in Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and Ivan the Terrible in The Death of Ivan

1248-519: The Society of lovers of art and literature and Alexis circle), Studio Art theatre (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th), Habima Theatre , Zimin Opera , Moscow private Russian Opera Private Opera Mamontov ; other pre-revolutionary private theatres and repertory: Korsh Theatre , entreprise Sukhodil'ski, in particular, provincial: Kharkov repertory company under the direction of N. Sinelnikov, Solovtsov theatre, Moscow Free theatre,

1300-675: The Soviet ( State theate Vsevolod Meyerhold , Moscow chamber theatre ) and modern theatres. The Department of posters and programmes contains more than 600 thousand units. It is based on posters of the imperial and private theatres, collected by the founder of the museum, Alexei Alexandrovich Bakhrushin. Decoration poster of the Fund were art posters and programmes made by famous artists: A. Y. Golovin, Ivan Bilibin , L. Bakst, K. Somov, S. Sudeikin, A. M. and V. M. Vasnetsova, artists of Russian avant-garde: H. A. and V. A. Stenberg, Nathan Altman , V. M. Khodasevich, Yu. p. Annenkov and others. The basis of

1352-401: The Terrible (both by Aleksey Tolstoy ). In 1898, in the first successful production of Chekhov's first play, The Seagull , Meyerhold played the lead male role, opposite Chekhov's future wife, Olga Knipper . After leaving the MAT in 1902, wanting to break free of the highly naturalistic 'missing fourth wall' productions of Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, Meyerhold participated in

1404-624: The artist had paid more attention to the form of a work than to its political message. After Shostakovich had been singled out as being guilty of 'formalism', in January 1936, Meyerhold evidently surmised that he would soon be a target, and in March delivered a talk entitled "Meyer Against Meyerholdism" in which he said – reportedly to 'thunderous applause' – that "the path to simplicity is not an easy one. Each artist goes at his own pace, and they must not lose their distinctive way of walking... Soviet subject matter

1456-456: The bourgeois are always obese, drinking, eating, and smoking, whereas the workers are more athletic. For the original production of The Bedbug , in February 1929, Meyerhold hired the young Dmitri Shostakovich as a pianist. Many years later, Shostakovich reputedly recalled: "It's impossible to imagine now how popular Meyerhold was. Everyone knew him, even those who had no interest or connection with

1508-411: The collector I. F. Boyarsky. T The formation of the collection of video materials began with the translation of film documents into video for the sake of their preservation. Among the materials that were primarily translated into video documents relating to the work of V. E. Meyerhold, K. S. Stanislavsky, A. ya. Tairov, S. I. mihoels; rare films relating to the life and work of the creators and artists of

1560-407: The cot and fell asleep, after 18 hours of interrogation, in order to go back in an hour's time for more, I was woken up by my own groaning and because I was jerking about like a patient in the last stages of typhoid fever ... "death, oh most certainly, death is easier than this!" the interrogated person says to himself. I began to incriminate myself in the hope that this, at least, would lead quickly to

1612-480: The decade 1907–1917, while working with the imperial theatres in St. Petersburg . He introduced classical plays in an innovative manner, and staged works of controversial contemporary authors like Fyodor Sologub , Zinaida Gippius , and Alexander Blok . In these plays, Meyerhold tried to return acting to the traditions of Commedia dell'arte , rethinking them for the contemporary theatrical reality. His theoretical concepts of

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1664-782: The dialog between science and society. Most young academies are affiliated with a senior Academy of Sciences or with a network of senior academies. The Global Young Academy , which itself is a science academy (e.g. full member of Interacademy Partnership ) often serves as a facilitator of the growing global network of young academies. Since its creation, more than 35 national young academies have been established. In 2019, there were 41 national young academies. Vsevolod Meyerhold Vsevolod Emilyevich Meyerhold ( Russian : Всеволод Эмильевич Мейерхольд , romanized :  Vsévolod Èmíl'evič Mejerchól'd ; born German : Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold ; 9 February [ O.S. 28 January] 1874 – 2 February 1940)

1716-586: The dynamic with the static, happy jesting humour with bitter and glum satire. Meyerhold also gave a start to his one time assistant of " The Queen of Spades " Matvey Dubrovin , who later created his own theater in Leningrad . In autumn 1921, Meyerhold was appointed head of the State Higher Theatre Workshops, in Moscow, where one of his first students was Sergei Eisenstein, who later wrote The God-like, incomparable Meyerhold, I beheld him then for

1768-556: The first time and I was to worship him all my life. But they fell out, apparently because Eisenstein failed to treat the older man with sufficient deference, for which he was, as he put it, "expelled from the Gates of Heaven." In his films, Eisenstein used actors who worked in Meyerhold's tradition. He also cast actors based on what they looked like and their expression, and followed Meyerhold's stylized acting methods. In Strike , for instance,

1820-467: The hands of the notorious torturer, Lev Shvartzman , Meyerhold broke down and confessed to being a British and Japanese spy. In his final days, he wrote a letter to the head of the Soviet government Vyacheslav Molotov , which was retained in police files, where it was discovered after the dissolution of the USSR by the journalist Vitaly Shentalinsky . In it, he wrote: The investigators began to use force on me,

1872-463: The main building, the state Central Theatre Museum named after A. A. Bakhrushin has nine branches. These are memorial houses and apartments of outstanding figures of the Russian theatre and exhibition hall: Publishing Department the museum has produced a number of scientific and popular science publications, whose main goal — the promotion of the artistic heritage and scientific potential of the state Central theatre Museum im. A. A. Bakhrushin, as well as

1924-481: The museum is a unique collection of documentary monuments to the history of the national theatre, from the 18th century to the present day. The museum's collection of decorative and pictorial materials consists of sketches of costumes and scenery; picturesque, graphic, and sculptural portraits of theatrical figures; images of theatre buildings, actors, and theatrical performances; cartoons and caricatures; and models of scenery. Are creations of eminent artists working in

1976-585: The museum is formed on the basis of the personal library of the museum founder, Alexey Alexandrovich Bakhrushin. It was created on January 1, 2008, on the basis of the materials of the former state Museum of children's theatres, transferred to the SCTM. AA Bakhrushin on the orders of the Ministry of Culture (Russia) No. 1084 dated 6 August 2003 are working to reconcile the materials and putting them on record in state Central theatre Museum im. A. A. Bakhrushin. In addition to

2028-403: The museum. Until 1917, the museum was visited by about 300-400 people a year, then much more. By 1917, the museum had about twelve thousand exhibits. The museum funds were actively replenished in Soviet times, in 1949, they numbered 314 thousand units of storage, and in the 1990s-more than one million exhibits. In 2014 The state theatre Museum named after him. A. A. Bakhrushin in connection with

2080-429: The scaffold. He was sentenced to death by firing squad on 1 February 1940, and executed the next day. The Soviet Supreme Court cleared him of all charges in 1955, during the first wave of de-Stalinization . Meyerhold married his first wife, Olga Munt, in 1896 and together they had three daughters. He later met the actress Zinaida Reich when she began studying with him. They fell in love and he divorced his wife; Reich

2132-626: The south. In his absence, the head of the Commissariat, Anatoly Lunacharsky , secured Vladimir Lenin 's permission to revise government policy in favor of more traditional theatres and dismissed Kameneva in June 1919. After returning to Moscow, Meyerhold founded his own theatre in 1920, which was known from 1923 as the Meyerhold Theatre until 1938. Meyerhold confronted the principles of theatrical academism , claiming that they are incapable of finding

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2184-415: The stage careers of some of the most distinguished comic actors of the USSR, including Sergey Martinson , Igor Ilyinsky and Erast Garin . His landmark production of Nikolai Gogol 's The Government Inspector (1926) was described as the following: Energetic, mischievous, charming Ilyinsky left his post to the nervous, fragile, suddenly freezing, grotesquely anxious Garin. Energy was replaced by trance,

2236-449: The state prosecutor who had presided over the infamous Moscow show trials. His speech was not reported in the Soviet press, giving rise to a report that he had declared, defiantly: If what you have been doing with the Soviet theatre recently is what you call anti-formalism, if you consider what is now taking place on the stages of the best theatres in Moscow as an achievement of the Soviet theatre, then I would prefer to be what you consider

2288-520: The theatre or art. In the circus, clowns always made jokes about Meyerhold. They go for instant laughs in the circus, and they wouldn't sing ditties about people the audience wouldn't recognise immediately. They even used to sell combs called Meyerhold." In the early 1930s, Joseph Stalin launched a campaign to bring Soviet artists to heel, and compel them all to observe the rules of 'socialist realism', which precluded avant-garde art and experimentation, and any art form reckoned to be 'formalist', in that

2340-1151: The theatre: Pietro Gonzaga , Ivan Bilibin , N. Roerich , Fyodor Fedorovsky , Aleksandr Golovin , Mikhail Vrubel , Alexandre Benois , Léon Bakst , Konstantin Korovin , Boris Anisfeld , Aleksandra Ekster , Natalia Goncharova , Mstislav Dobuzhinsky , Robert Falk , Vladimir Tatlin , Alexander Tyshler , Boris Kustodiev , Konstantin Yuon , Nathan Altman , Aristarkh Lentulov , Yuri Annenkov , Nikolai Akimov , Sergei Eisenstein , Alexander Rodchenko , Pyotr Williams , Boris Messerer , Valery Levental , Eduard Kochergin and others. The Department of photo-negative documents includes photos of scenes from performances (drama, Opera, ballet, operetta); portraits of actors (in life and in roles), writers, playwrights, directors, artists, entrepreneurs and other theatre figures; group portraits; pictures of theatre buildings inside and outside. Described imperial theatres: Bolshoi Theatre , Mariinsky Theatre , Maly Theatre and Alexandrinsky Theatre , Moscow art theatre (Chekhov) and Moscow Art Theatre (as well as

2392-459: The tragedy of the old regime, when the Petersburg elite went to enjoy themselves at this splendidly luxurious production in the midst of the chaos and confusion." Sergei Eisenstein , who was then a teenager but would later be a world-renowned film director, desperately wanted to see the production, having heard that it featured clowns, but having made his way across the city that was in the throes of

2444-483: Was "Take care of Meyerhold; he is my sole heir in the theatre – here or anywhere else." Meyerhold directed his theatre for nearly a year, and was engaged with producing the première of Sergei Prokofiev 's Semyon Kotko , when he was instructed that he was to choreograph a spectacle in Leningrad involving 30,000 athletes. On 15 June 1939, he addressed a conference of theatre directors, in the presence of Andrey Vyshinsky ,

2496-475: Was a Russian and Soviet theatre director , actor and theatrical producer . His provocative experiments dealing with physical being and symbolism in an unconventional theatre setting made him one of the seminal forces in modern international theatre. During the Great Purge , Meyerhold was arrested in June 1939. He was tortured, his wife was murdered, and he was executed on 2 February 1940. Vsevolod Meyerhold

2548-421: Was being poured on these sensitive areas. I howled and wept from the pain. They beat my back with the same rubber strap and punched my face, swinging their fists from a great height ... The intolerable physical and emotional pain caused my eyes to weep unending streams of tears. Lying face down on the floor, I discovered that I could wriggle, twist and squeal like a dog when its master whips it ... When I lay down on

2600-448: Was born Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold in Penza on 9 February [ O.S. 28 January] 1874 to Russian-German wine manufacturer Friedrich Emil Meyerhold and his Baltic German wife, Alvina Danilovna ( née  van der Neese ). He was the youngest of eight children. His father came from an old noble family Meyerhold von Ritterholm. The elder Meyerhold emigrated to Russia in

2652-431: Was inextricably linked to his physical state (and vice versa), and that one could call up emotions in performance by practicing and assuming poses, gestures, and movements. He developed a number of body expressions that his actors would use to portray specific emotions and characters. (Stanislavski was also at odds with Method acting, because like Meyerhold, his approach was psychophysical.) Meyerhold gave initial boosts to

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2704-485: Was said to have written The Bedbug especially for him; Meyerhold continued to stage Mayakovsky's productions even after the latter's suicide . The actors participating in Meyerhold's productions acted according to the principle of biomechanics (only distantly related to the present scientific use of the term), the system of actor training that was later taught in a special school created by Meyerhold. Meyerhold's acting technique had fundamental principles at odds with

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