Édouard Benjamin Baillaud (14 February 1848 – 8 July 1934) was a French astronomer .
31-660: Born in Chalon-sur-Saône , Baillaud studied at the École Normale Supérieure (1866-1869) and the University of Paris . He worked as an assistant at the Paris Observatory beginning in 1872. Later he was director of the Toulouse Observatory from 1878 to 1907, during much of this time serving as Dean of the University of Toulouse Faculty of Science. He greatly expanded the observatory and enthusiastically supported
62-697: A dandy horse , for which he coined the word vélocipède . Another famous resident is Dominique Vivant Denon (1747–1825), who was involved in the creation of the Louvre museum, converting the former royal palace into a museum after the French Revolution. In the late 19th century, copper and iron works were the town's main industry. The large engineering works of Petit-Creusot, a branch of those of Le Creusot , manufactured heavy industrial items. The primary industries are nuclear, plastics, metallurgy, and mechanics. The Chamber of Commerce of Saône-et-Loire manages
93-510: A bus network ZOOM , including a free bus in the center, lines to surrounding communities, and services for disabled riders. There also exists a bike sharing scheme Réflex . St. Vincent's Cathedral on the Place Saint-Vincent which, while dating mainly from the 12th to the 15th centuries, has some elements dating from the eighth century and a neo-gothic nineteenth century façade. The church of St Pierre, with two steeples, dates from
124-490: A lycée (secondary school) named after him. There is a museum which contains some early photography relics, located on the Quai des Messageries in the town, containing more than two million photographs and many old artefacts such as cameras and other equipment for old and modern photography. Also on display are Niépce's 1807 Pyréolophore , which is probably the world's first internal combustion engine , plus his 1818 implementation of
155-697: A municipal library. The Élan Chalon basketball club is a member of the LNB Pro A , and plays its home matches at the Le Colisée . Other sports clubes include FC Chalon , HBC Chalon-sur-Saône, Volley-Ball Chalon-sur-Saône and the former RC Chalon . Notable people associated with the city include: Chalon-sur-Saône is twinned with: Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté ( French pronunciation: [buʁɡɔɲ fʁɑ̃ʃ kɔ̃te] ; lit. ' Burgundy-Free County ' , sometimes abbreviated BFC ; Arpitan : Borgogne-Franche-Comtât )
186-595: A population of 2,811,423 in 2017. Its prefecture and largest city is Dijon , although the regional council sits in Besançon , making Bourgogne-Franche-Comté one of two regions in France (along with Normandy ) in which the prefect does not sit in the same city as the regional council. The text of the territorial reform law gives interim names for most of the merged regions, combining the names of their constituent regions separated by hyphens. Permanent names would be proposed by
217-433: A press conference the desire for the merger of the two regions, further to the declarations of Prime Minister Manuel Valls , who proposed a simplification of the administrative divisions of France . On 2 June 2014 a map presented by President François Hollande showed the two regions as one. These two regions were the only ones to have voluntarily discussed a merger, and their alliance was the only one not needing revision by
248-479: Is a region in eastern France created by the 2014 territorial reform of French regions, from a merger of Burgundy and Franche-Comté . The new region came into existence on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections of December 2015 , electing 100 members to the Regional Council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté . The region covers an area of 47,783 km (18,449 sq mi) and eight departments ; it had
279-458: Is made available by the town, so people know of the main groups performing, and several newspapers report what performances are must-see and where and when to find them. An institute of research of the engineering school Arts et Métiers ParisTech was established in Chalon in 1997. This institute offers graduate and doctoral programs in the domain of virtual reality and image engineering. It includes
310-453: Is said to have been martyred here in 179 AD. Chalon became one of the de facto capitals of the kingdom of Burgundy under Guntram , king from 561 to 592, who died here. Guntram also promoted the cult of Saint Marcellus. It continued to pay for its importance by being frequently attacked until the 10th century. The bishopric of Chalon-sur-Saône , a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Lyon ,
341-569: Is the largest city in the department; however, the department capital is the smaller city of Mâcon . Chalon-sur-Saône lies in the south of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and in the east of France, approximately 55 km (34 mi) north of Mâcon. It is located on the Saône river, and was once a busy port, acting as a distribution point for local wines which were sent up and down the Saône river and
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#1732852659792372-546: The Carte du Ciel project. He specialized in celestial mechanics , in particular the motions of the satellites of Saturn . In 1903, the observatory took over a facility on the Pic du Midi in the Pyrenees that had been founded by amateurs in the 1850s with the goal of putting a telescope there. However, the height of 2865 metres (9400 feet) posed formidable logistical challenges and
403-688: The A6 autoroute from Paris to Lyon, the route nationale 73 , from Chalon to Besançon and the route nationale 80 , from Chalon to Montchanin . The city is also located on the pan-European bicycle route the EuroVelo 6 , which stretches from Saint-Nazaire on the Atlantic Ocean near Nantes to Constanta on the Black Sea . The closest major commercial airport is Lyon-Saint-Exupéry , located about 120 kilometres away. The public transportation company STAC offers
434-624: The Canal du Centre , opened in 1792. Though the site (ancient Cabillonum ) was a capital of the Aedui and objects of La Tène culture have been retrieved from the bed of the river here, the first mention of Cavillonum is found in Commentarii de Bello Gallico (VII, chs. 42 and 90). The Roman city already served as a river port and hub of road communications , of the Via Agrippa and side routes. In 354 AD
465-728: The County of Burgundy (now Franche-Comté) of the Holy Roman Empire . The County was reintegrated as a free province within the Kingdom of France in the 17th century, separately from the Duchy which remained a vassal province of the Kingdom of France. These two former provinces were abolished during the French Revolution . Most of the area making up the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté used to belong to
496-538: The Duchy of Burgundy ( Duché de Bourgogne ) and the Free County of Burgundy ( Franche Comté de Bourgogne ) that were created by the partition of the Kingdom of Burgundy in the 843 Treaty of Verdun . The territory that is now Burgundy and Franche-Comté was already united under the Kingdom of Burgundy (from the 5th to the 8th century). It was divided into two parts: the Duchy of Burgundy (now Burgundy) of France, and
527-510: The Moon is named after him, and so are asteroids 11764 Benbaillaud and 1280 Baillauda . Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne Chalon-sur-Saône ( French pronunciation: [ʃalɔ̃ syʁ son] , literally Chalon on Saône ) is a city in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France . It is a sub-prefecture of the department. It
558-513: The National Assembly or the Senate . Acte III de la décentralisation officially adopted the merger of the two regions on 17 December 2014. It became effective on 1 January 2016. The region borders Grand Est to the north, Île-de-France to the northwest, Centre-Val de Loire to the west, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the south and Switzerland (the cantons of Vaud , Neuchâtel and Jura ) to
589-756: The École de Gestion et de Commerce de Chalon-sur-Saône , as well as the river port on the Saône . There are 2,472 businesses: 764 stores, 454 retail services, 409 schools and health and social services, 378 wholesale services, 122 construction companies, 69 agricultural and alimentary businesses, 64 real estate businesses, 60 transportation business, 49 industries de biens intermédiaires, 35 industries de biens de consommations, 34 entreprises d'énergie, 33 industries de biens d'équipements et 1 industrie automobile. The most important companies are Framatome (formerly Areva), Saint-Gobain , Nordeon, Cartonnerie Laurent, Chalondis, Carrefour 2000, Géant Casino, Comptoirs des Fers, Cayon, Amazon and Le journal de Saône-et-Loire . Until
620-688: The Roman Emperor Constantius II stationed the Roman 7th Army in Chalon (then called Cabyllona) for an invasion against the brother kings, Gundomadus and Vadomarius of the Alamanni . However, not having received supplies, the Roman troops revolted, and were pacified by the grand chamberlain Eusebius with money. In Late Antiquity the city had dwindled so much that a wall round it encircled fifteen hectares. Saint Marcellus of Chalons ( Saint Marcel )
651-419: The ambition had remained unrealised though a meteorological observatory had operated from 1873 to 1880. Baillaud organised a team of soldiers to erect a 0.5 metre (20 inch) reflecting telescope , and 0.25 metre refracting telescope on the summit. In 1907, he became director of the Paris Observatory where he immediately set to work to relaunch the stalled Carte du Ciel project with a conference held at
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#1732852659792682-663: The astronomical time standard led him to be an outspoken opponent of daylight saving time . Baillaud became founding president of the International Astronomical Union in 1919 and served in this position until 1922. He retired as director of the Paris Observatory in 1926. He was a regular academician in the astronomy section of the Académie des Sciences . He won the Bruce Medal in 1923. The crater Baillaud on
713-503: The early 2000s, Kodak was the largest employer in town. Their production site became the campus of Le Grand Chalon en Bourgogne in 2005. The Gare de Chalon-sur-Saône railway station offers connections with Paris, Dijon, Lyon and several regional destinations. The station is located along the PLM mainline from Paris Gare de Lyon to Marseille-Saint-Charles , at kilometre post 382.150 from Paris. The primary national roads serving Chalon are
744-405: The east. Bourgogne-Franche-Comté comprises eight departments: Côte-d'Or , Doubs , Jura , Nièvre , Haute-Saône , Saône-et-Loire , Yonne , Territoire de Belfort . The largest communes are (population as of 2017): The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was €75.6 billion in 2018, accounting for 3.2% of the total economic output of France. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power
775-498: The former provinces of Burgundy and Franche-Comté , but it also includes a significant part of the former provinces of Nivernais (now Nièvre ), Champagne (now the northern part of Yonne ), Orléanais (now the southwestern part of Yonne ), the Territoire de Belfort (the region of Alsace that remained French territory after 1871 ) and a small portion of Île-de-France (now the northwestern part of Yonne ). From 1941 to 1944
806-466: The late 17th century. The city square also has a number of cafés and a busy market on Fridays and Sundays. Every year in July, Chalon-sur-Saône hosts an international street artists festival, called Chalon dans la Rue ("Chalon in the street"). Over four days, artists from across Europe and beyond come to the streets of Chalon to perform, mostly for free, in music, theatre, acrobatics, comedy, etc. A program
837-522: The new regional councils and confirmed by the Conseil d'État by 1 October 2016. Hence the interim name of the new administrative region is composed of the names of former administrative regions of Burgundy and Franche-Comté . The region chose to retain its interim name as its permanent name, a decision made official by the Conseil d'État on 28 September 2016. The merger represents a historic reunification of
868-686: The observatory, entertained by singers from the Paris Opera and refreshed by wine provided by the director of the Bordeaux Observatory . Though the French government agreed to fund the project, it was becoming increasingly clear that its objectives were hopelessly unrealistic. Baillaud was the President of the Société astronomique de France (SAF) , the French astronomical society, from 1909 to 1911. Baillaud
899-498: The regional prefecture of Vichy reunited Burgundy and Franche-Comté , as did the igamie [ fr ] of Dijon from 1948 to 1964. During the formation of the regions of France , Burgundy and Franche-Comté once again became two separate regions, first as public establishments in 1972, then as territorial collectivities in 1982. On 14 April 2014, François Patriat and Marie-Guite Dufay (the presidents of Burgundy and Franche-Comté , respectively) announced in
930-588: Was active in time standardisation , becoming the founding president of the International Time Bureau and initiating the transmission of a time signal from the Eiffel Tower . Baillaud maintained the observatory and the time signal throughout World War I , even though the German howitzer Big Bertha was targeted on the nominal co-ordinates of Paris, the location of the observatory! Baillaud's concern for
961-461: Was also established here in the 6th century, and a Church Council was held here from 644–655. After the French Revolution , in accordance with the Concordat of 1801 , the diocese of Chalon was amalgamated with the diocese of Autun , which gave the name to the new entity. Chalon in the 19th century is best known as the birthplace of photography . Its most famous resident, Nicéphore Niépce , also has