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114-492: The success of the Bailey bridge was due to the simplicity of the fabrication and assembly of its modular components, combined with the ability to erect and deploy sections with a minimum of assistance from heavy equipment . Many previous designs for military bridges required cranes to lift the pre-assembled bridge and lower it into place. The Bailey parts were made of standard steel alloys , and were simple enough that parts made at

228-602: A coach house , and the Ship Inn which has the oldest licence in Christchurch. A known haunt of smugglers , the Ship Inn's history can be traced back to 1688. At the end of High Street is Church Street which contains Church Hatch, a Grade II* listed Georgian residence. Once the home of Sir Owen Tudor Burne , it was saved from demolition in 1929 by public appeal. Ye Olde Eight Bells, a Grade II listed gift shop in Church Street,

342-440: A mayor from at least 1297. It was reformed to become a municipal borough in 1886. The parish of Christchurch was gradually subdivided into smaller civil parishes. The chapelry of Holdenhurst was a separate civil parish from medieval times. As the town of Bournemouth began to develop from the early 19th century, it initially straddled the parishes of Christchurch and Holdenhurst, continuing to do so even after Bournemouth

456-799: A Bailey bridge before the war in 1936, but the idea was not acted upon. Bailey drew an original proposal for the bridge on the back of an envelope in 1940. On 14 February 1941, the Ministry of Supply requested that Bailey have a full-scale prototype completed by 1 May. Work on the bridge was completed with particular support from Ralph Freeman . The design was tested at the Experimental Bridging Establishment (EBE), in Christchurch, Dorset , with several parts from Braithwaite & Co. , beginning in December 1940 and ending in 1941. The first prototype

570-603: A century later in a car park next to the town hall, now the site of Saxon Square. When construction of the square began in 1983, the market was moved to a car park in Bank Close. Today it is held every Monday in High Street which is then closed to traffic. Periodically there are food fairs and a French market in the town. Every year since 2000 the town has held a food and wine festival during May. It includes an international food market with over 100 stalls selling food and drink, and

684-460: A confrontation between a gang of local smugglers and Customs and Excise officers led to the Battle of Mudeford in which a Royal Navy officer was killed and a smuggler subsequently executed. Another important industry during this period was the manufacture of fusee chains for watches and clocks. In 1790, Robert Cox began to manufacture fusee chains in workshops in the High Street. By 1793 Cox gained

798-623: A conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow , or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal . In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane , levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by

912-534: A functioning bridge. Full production began in July 1941. Thousands of workers and over 650 firms, including Littlewoods , were engaged in making the bridge, with production eventually rising to 25,000 bridge panels a month. The first Bailey bridges were in military service by December 1941, Bridges in the other formats were built, temporarily, to cross the Avon and Stour in the meadows nearby. After successful development and testing,

1026-400: A further 2.09% and those of mixed race 0.44%. Asian and British Asian make up the next largest group with 0.25% of the local population, followed by Chinese, 0.16%, black, 0.13% and 0.11% from other ethnic groups. Over 55% of the economically active population are in full-time employment; a further 22% work on a part-time basis. Of those in employment, over 40% of the borough's residents have

1140-560: A further 3% are second homes. The borough has around 25,000 cars: an average of 1.21 per household. Christchurch, in common with the rest of Dorset, has lower crime rates than average for the UK. Reported crime rates per 1,000 of the population in 2006 (with figures for 2001 in brackets) are as follows: violence against the person 10.4 (4.8), sexual offences 0.7 (0.3), robbery 0.2 (0.3), burglary 2.2 (4.0), theft of vehicles 0.9 (2.5), theft from vehicles 3.6 (7.2). (£M) (%) Between 2000 and 2007

1254-873: A growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition. A number of companies are currently developing ( Caterpillar and Bobcat ) or have launched ( Built Robotics ) commercial solutions to the market. These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization. Tractor Grader Excavator Backhoe Timber Pipelayer Scraper Mining Articulated Compactor Loader Track loader Skid-steer loader Material handler Paving Underground Hydromatic tool Hydraulic machinery Highway Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility

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1368-556: A high skill level occupation and 17% have a low level one. Some 28.18% have no formal qualifications but 16.63% have a level 4 qualification or above ( first or higher degree , HNC , HND , NVQ levels 4 or 5 ). Christchurch contains around 22,800 properties. In 2005 the average price of a detached house in Christchurch was £323,416. On average property in Christchurch is 24% more expensive than anywhere else in England and Wales. Nearly 80% of residences are owner occupied, 3% are vacant and

1482-624: A large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage. A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in engineering and construction projects. Typically only skilled workers may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment. Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers. The field of occupational medicine researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions. Due to

1596-482: A large marquee with a kitchen area erected in Saxon Square. Here cooking demonstrations are given, sometimes by a celebrity chef: past guests have included Gary Rhodes and Jean-Christophe Novelli . The week-long festival is a community event which aims to educate people in healthy eating as well as the availability of foods. During the festival local chefs are invited into schools to demonstrate recipes; and throughout

1710-500: A large storm damaged a groyne which blocked the entrance entirely. Over the following 150 years alternative schemes were proposed but none were ever taken up. Smuggling was one of Christchurch's most lucrative industries during the 18th and 19th centuries due to easy access to neighbouring towns and the difficult harbour entrance which acted as a barrier to customs cutters . Many townspeople were involved in this illegal trade and large quantities of wealth were accumulated. In 1784

1824-422: A long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura . The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818. Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With

1938-527: A monopoly on chain production in Britain, supplying watch, clock and chronometer makers throughout the country. In 1845 William Hart opened a similar factory in Bargates. However, by 1875 the chains were no longer required due to changes in watch designs and the factories were closed. The railway came to Christchurch in 1847 although the nearest station, Christchurch Road, was at Holmsley and passengers were taken

2052-619: A museum: the Red House Museum in Quay Road. Once the town's workhouse , the Red House contains permanent and temporary exhibitions pertaining to local history, costume, geology, natural history and archaeology. The museum grounds contain formal and informal gardens. The old power station in Bargates, owned by Scottish and Southern Energy , housed the Museum of Electricity. This is no longer open to

2166-588: A narrow strip of land. The eastern portion crosses the narrower of two branches of the River Avon that pass through the town and features five low round-headed arches . The western bridge features two arches and crosses the millstream which runs adjacent to the Avon. To the east of the Town Bridge on the same route from the town centre the Waterloo Bridge spans the larger branch of the Avon. Built circa 1816–1817 in

2280-399: A number of 19-foot-wide (5.8 m) transoms that run across the bridge, with 10-foot-long (3.0 m) stringers running between them, and over the top of the transoms, forming a square. Transoms rest on the lower chord of the panels, and clamps hold them together. Stringers are placed atop the completed structural frame, and wood planking (chesses) are placed atop the stringers to provide

2394-489: A number of different factories were interchangeable. Each individual part could be carried by a small number of men, enabling army engineers to move more easily and quickly, in preparing the way for troops and materiel advancing behind them. The modular design allowed engineers to build each bridge to be as long and as strong as needed, doubling or tripling the supportive side panels, or on the roadbed sections. The basic bridge consists of three main parts. The bridge's strength

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2508-481: A popular tourist destination. Bournemouth Airport , an international airport which handled around 800,000 passengers in 2019, is within the former borough boundary at Hurn . The airport's industrial park contains a number of aerospace and engineering businesses and is one of the largest employment sites in Dorset. Christchurch was founded in approximately AD 650 by missionaries sent to Wessex by St Birinus ,

2622-444: A primary source of motion. The word plant , in this context, has come to mean any type of industrial equipment, including mobile equipment (e.g. in the same sense as powerplant ). However, plant originally meant "structure" or "establishment" – usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises; as such, it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery, often in the phrase "plant and equipment". The use of heavy equipment has

2736-483: A range of 2 to 8.3 °C (35.6 to 46.9 °F). The average annual rainfall of 594.5 millimetres (23.41 in) is well below the UK average of 1,126 millimetres (44.3 in). Christchurch lies at the centre of a green belt region that extends into the wider surrounding counties. It is in place to reduce urban sprawl , prevent the towns in the South East Dorset conurbation from further convergence, protect

2850-517: A roadbed. Ribands bolt the planking to the stringers. Later in the war, the wooden planking was covered by steel plates, which were more resistant to damage of tank tracks . Each unit constructed in this fashion creates a single 10-foot-long (3.0 m) section of bridge, with a 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) roadbed. After one section is complete it is typically pushed forward over rollers on the bridgehead, and another section built behind it. The two are then connected together with pins pounded into holes in

2964-509: A stone keep which was constructed in the 12th century. Within the curtain wall of the castle stands the Constable's House, a Grade I listed Norman dwelling. Much of the building's stonework remains, including a rare example of a Norman chimney (one of only five in the country) and the privy which extends out across the mill stream. The castle was slighted by the Parliamentary army during

3078-477: A test jig at each factory to verify this. To do this efficiently, newly manufactured parts would be continuously added to the test bridge, while at the same time the far end of the test bridge was continuously dismantled and the parts dispatched to the end-users. Donald Bailey was a civil servant in the British War Office who tinkered with model bridges as a hobby. He had proposed an early prototype for

3192-484: A total population of over 400,000. Christchurch has one of the oldest populations in the country with significant proportion of residents wealthy senior citizens. The percentage of the population aged over 65 in Christchurch is 30.4%, almost double the national average of 16.5%. Highcliffe on the borough's eastern boundary possesses the highest percentage of elderly residents in the entire United Kingdom at 69%. The Office for National Statistics predicted that by 2031,

3306-410: Is a unitary authority , being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council. The merger was opposed by Christchurch Borough Council, which unsuccessfully challenged the government's decision to proceed with it in the courts. Ahead of the borough's abolition in 2019, the parishes in the borough were reviewed. The existing parish of Burton was renamed 'Burton and Winkton', and

3420-484: Is a town and civil parish on the south coast of Dorset , England. The parish had a population of 31,372 in 2021. It adjoins Bournemouth to the west, with the New Forest to the east. Part of the historic county of Hampshire , Christchurch was a borough within the administrative county of Dorset from 1974 until 2019, when it became part of the new Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole unitary authority. Founded in

3534-432: Is mainly composed of sand with patches of clay to the east and west, and superficial deposits ( drift ) of sand and gravel cover the entire area. The extraction of sand and gravel for construction purposes is carried out in the borough, and the opening of more sites is planned. Christchurch, like the rest of the country, has a temperate climate with a small variation in daily and annual temperatures. The presence of

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3648-411: Is protected by a sandbar known as Mudeford Spit which has fine sandy beach on both sides of a walkway lined with beach huts . The harbour is protected by a natural headland ( Hengistbury Head ) at the start of the sandbanks, and is a special site for sand martins which nest annually in the sandy cliffs. The harbour is only accessible to shallow draught boats drawing up to 4 feet (1.2 m) due to

3762-419: Is provided by the panels on the sides. The panels are 10-foot-long (3.0 m), 5-foot-high (1.5 m), cross-braced rectangles that each weigh 570 pounds (260 kg), and can be lifted by four men. The panel was constructed of welded steel. The top and bottom chord of each panel had interlocking male and female lugs into which engineers could insert panel connecting pins. The floor of the bridge consists of

3876-667: Is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earthmoving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are

3990-519: Is the most southerly of a chain of three hills, some 3 miles (4.8 km) long with 35-hectare (86-acre) area of heathland and coniferous forest. The New Forest , Christchurch Priory, Hengistbury Head, Avon Valley , Christchurch Bay, The Solent and The Needles of the Isle of Wight can be seen from viewpoints on the east side of the Hill. Stour Valley way, Poole Bay and the Isle of Purbeck can be viewed from

4104-593: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry of 901 as Tweoxneam (Twynham) from Old English betweoxn (between) and ēam (rivers). In around 890 AD, Alfred the Great considered Twynham to be of such strategic importance that, with the threat of invasion by the Danes , he made it a burh and defensive walls were erected around the town. In 1094 a chief minister of King William II , Ranulf Flambard , then Dean of Twynham, began

4218-478: The 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , the borough of Christchurch voted by 59% to leave. Christchurch is the most easterly coastal town of the administrative county of Dorset, and it lies within the historic county of Hampshire . The town abuts Bournemouth to the west and is approximately 9 miles (14 km) east of Poole , 20 miles (32 km) west of Southampton , 23 miles (37 km) south of Salisbury . The town centre lies between

4332-692: The Adventure Wonderland theme park. The New Forest National Park in Hampshire borders the green belt to the east of the borough in Burton parish. The Christchurch parish had a population of 31,372 in 2021, and around 50,000 for the wider borough, making it the fourth most populous settlement in Dorset. It lies in the South East Dorset conurbation which is one of the South Coast's major urban areas with

4446-562: The English Civil War to prevent the stronghold from falling into Royalist hands. Christchurch town centre and the harbour are overlooked by the 11th-century Grade I listed Christchurch Priory . Once a monastery , it was given to the town for use as a parish church by Henry VIII after the dissolution in 1540. It is the longest parish church in England, having a nave over 311 feet (95 m) long. The nave and transepts are Norman with heavy columns and round arches, whereas

4560-557: The Gulf Stream ensures that the British Isles maintain an all-year-round ambient temperature, and, because of its position on the south coast of England, Christchurch has slightly warmer winters and cooler summers than settlements further inland. The warmest months in Christchurch are July and August, which have an average temperature range of 12 to 22 °C (54 to 72 °F), and the coolest months are January and February, which have

4674-447: The House of Commons . The seat was recreated in 1983 from parts of the Christchurch and Lymington , North Dorset and New Forest constituencies, and was held by Robert Adley (Conservative) from its creation until his death in 1993. At the by-election Diana Maddock (Liberal Democrat) was elected with a swing of 35.4%, one of the largest-ever swings against a sitting party. The seat

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4788-810: The River Rhine at Rees, Germany , in 1945 by the Royal Canadian Engineers was named "Blackfriars Bridge", and, at 558 m (1814 ft) including the ramps at each end, was then the longest Bailey bridge ever constructed. In all, over 600 firms were involved in the making of over 200 miles of bridges composing of 500,000 tons, or 700,000 panels of bridging during the war. At least 2,500 Bailey bridges were built in Italy, and another 2,000 elsewhere. Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery wrote in 1947: Bailey Bridging made an immense contribution towards ending World War II. As far as my own operations were concerned, with

4902-578: The Sangro River bridge in Italy, spanned 1,126 feet (343 m). Another on the Chindwin River in Burma , spanned 1,154 feet (352 m). Such long bridges required support from either piers or pontoons . A number of bridges were available by 1944 for D-Day , when production was accelerated. The US also licensed the design and started rapid construction for their own use. A Bailey Bridge constructed over

5016-705: The Second World War was built by 237 Field Company R.E. over Medjerda River near Medjez el Bab in Tunisia on the night of 26 November 1942. The first Bailey bridge built under fire was constructed at Leonforte by members of the 3rd Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers. The Americans soon adopted the Bailey bridge technique, calling it the Portable Panel Bridge . In early 1942, the United States Army Corps of Engineers initially awarded contracts to

5130-570: The Vampire , Sea Venom and Sea Vixen . In the 1950s, Bournemouth Airport , a former RAF base situated on the outskirts of borough boundaries at Hurn , also became heavily involved in aircraft production after Vickers Armstrong —which later became the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC)—established a factory at the airport. Although the de Havilland factory closed down in 1962 and aircraft manufacturing at Bournemouth Airport ceased by

5244-603: The civil war with the Empress Matilda . The castle again saw action during the Civil War of 1642–1651 when occupied by the Parliamentarians . Christchurch changed hands a number of times: originally under Royalist control, it was captured by Sir William Waller 's Parliamentary army in 1644. Lord Goring briefly retook the town in 1645 but was obliged to withdraw and returned with a larger force days later and laid siege to

5358-621: The implement , traction , structure, power train , and control/information. Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC, when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane powered by human or animal labor in De architectura . Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine that multiplies the ratio between input force applied and force exerted, easing and speeding tasks which often could otherwise take hundreds of people and many weeks' labor. Some such equipment uses hydraulic drives as

5472-466: The lady chapel is from the 14th century and more Perpendicular in style. The great choir is even later, having been rebuilt in the 16th century. The Priory is noted for its Miraculous Beam , which attracts pilgrims from all over the world. Within the Priory grounds stands Priory House, a Grade II listed mansion built in 1777 by Gustavus Brander . The Priory is in active use for worship and forms part of

5586-399: The unparished part of the borough (corresponding to the pre-1974 municipal borough of Christchurch) was made into two new parishes, one called Christchurch and the other called 'Highcliffe and Walkford'. The new parish arrangements took effect on 1 April 2019, being the same day that the old borough was replaced by Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole. The new Christchurch parish council takes

5700-858: The 2023 floods in Madrid, Spain, the Spanish Army is set to build a Bailey bridge in the village of Aldea del Fresno . In 2024, following the catastrophic landslide in Kerala’s Wayanad district, the Indian Army build a 190 feet Bailey bridge in the village of Mundakkai. Heavy equipment Heavy equipment , heavy machinery , earthmovers , construction vehicles , or construction equipment , refers to heavy-duty vehicles specially designed to execute construction tasks, most frequently involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment systems:

5814-413: The 7th century at the confluence of the rivers Avon and Stour which flow into Christchurch Harbour , the town was originally named Twynham but became known as Christchurch following the construction of the priory in 1094. The town developed into an important trading port, and was fortified in the 9th century. Further defences were added in the 12th century with the construction of a castle , which

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5928-474: The Canadian War Assets Corporation. The commission used bridging in an office building. Over 200,000 tons of bridging were used in a hydroelectric project. The Ontario government was, several years after World War II, the largest holder of Bailey Bridging components. After World War II and especially post Hurricane Hazel in 1954, some of the bridging was used to construct replacement bridges in

6042-817: The Detroit Steel Products Company, the American Elevator Company and the Commercial Shearing and Stamping Company, and later several others. The Bailey provided a solution to the problem of German and Italian armies destroying bridges as they retreated. By the end of the war, the US Fifth Army and British 8th Army had built over 3,000 Bailey bridges in Sicily and Italy alone, totaling over 55 miles (89 km) of bridge, at an average length of 100 feet (30 m). One Bailey, built to replace

6156-660: The Indian Army erected three new footbridges at Elphinstone Road , a commuter railway station in Mumbai , and at Currey Road and Ambivli . These were erected quickly, in response to a stampede some months earlier, where 23 people died. The United States Army Corps of Engineers uses Bailey Bridges in construction projects, including an emergency replacement bridge on the Hana Highway in Hawaii. Two temporary Bailey bridges have been used on

6270-438: The Saxon Square shopping precinct in 1982 added a further 41,748 square feet (3,878.5 m ) of shop floor to the town centre—an increase of 67.5%. The combined number of shops and floor space makes Christchurch the fifth largest shopping centre in Dorset. In 2008, Christchurch attracted some 837,000 staying visitors and 792,000 day visitors, and tourism generated £76   million for the local economy. Although important to

6384-623: The Toronto area: The longest Bailey bridge was put into service in October 1975. This 788-metre (2,585 ft), two-lane bridge crossed the Derwent River at Hobart , Australia. The Bailey bridge was in use until the reconstruction of the Tasman Bridge was completed on 8 October 1977. Bailey bridges are in regular use throughout the world, particularly as a means of bridging in remote regions. In 2018,

6498-546: The advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester . The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine , that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller . During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene and ethanol engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission

6612-674: The bridge was taken into service by the Corps of Royal Engineers and first used in North Africa in 1942. The original design violated a patent on the Callender-Hamilton bridge . The designer of that bridge, A. M. Hamilton , successfully applied to the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors . The Bailey Bridge was more easily constructed, but less portable than the Hamilton bridge. Hamilton

6726-407: The bridge. A useful feature of the Bailey bridge is its ability to be launched from one side of a gap, without a need for ANY equipment or personnel on the far bank. In this system the front-most portion of the bridge is angled up with short "launch-links" to form a "launching nose" and most of the bridge is left without the roadbed and ribands. The bridge is placed on rollers and simply pushed across

6840-400: The building of a priory on the site of the original mission church. Soon after the construction of the priory the town became known as Christchurch. Some time in the early 12th century, a castle was built within the town. Originally a wooden fort built by Richard de Redvers , first cousin to King Henry I , it was rebuilt in stone by Baldwin de Redvers to resist King Stephen during

6954-496: The built up area of Burton, as well as Bournemouth Airport, with the rest of the borough including the rural portions and hamlets in the Hurn and Burton parishes being 'washed over' by the green belt. Landscape features and greenfield facilities within include the rivers Stour, Moors , Avon and their floodplains , Christchurch Priory, Chapel Lane solar farm, Blackwater and St Catherine's hills, Hurn Forest, Stanpit Marsh, Mudeford Spit, and

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7068-400: The bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket-wheel excavators , built since the 1920s. Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel —moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load

7182-468: The castle. However, the Parliamentarians withstood the siege and maintained their hold on the town. Fearing such a powerful stronghold might once again fall into Royalist hands, Cromwell ordered the castle to be destroyed in 1652. Although the fishing industry thrived in Christchurch, the importance of the harbour declined as it became inaccessible to vessels of a large draught. The harbour entrance

7296-566: The construction of pillboxes , gun emplacements and tank traps in and around the town, made Christchurch an "anti-tank island". Between 1941 and 1942 Donald Bailey developed the Bailey bridge at the Military Engineering Experimental Establishment at Christchurch Barracks. Much development with a large increase in housing occurred from the mid-18th century. In 1873, 300 acres (120 ha) of common land north of

7410-516: The corners of the panels. For added strength up to three panels (and transoms) can be bolted on either side of the bridge. Another solution is to stack the panels vertically. With three panels across and two high, the Bailey Bridge can support tanks over a 200-foot span (61 m). Footways can be installed on the outside of the side-panels. The side-panels form an effective barrier between foot and vehicle traffic, allowing pedestrians to safely use

7524-567: The eighth Army in Italy and with the 21 Army Group in North West Europe , I could never have maintained the speed and tempo of forward movement without large supplies of Bailey Bridging. The Skylark launch tower at Woomera was built up of Bailey bridge components. In the years immediately following World War II, the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission purchased huge amounts of war-surplus Bailey bridging from

7638-465: The equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge

7752-472: The equipment. These costs are as follows: The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair . A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life , while a minor repair is normal maintenance . How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to

7866-500: The first Bishop of Dorchester (Oxfordshire). They settled on a stretch of raised land between the rivers Avon and Stour which carried people and their wares to and from market settlements such as Blandford and Old Sarum (near modern Salisbury ). The harbour became one of the most important in Saxon England as it was easily reached from the continent and boats could travel up the river Avon to Salisbury. The town appears in

7980-449: The gap, using manpower or a truck or tracked vehicle, at which point the roller is removed (with the help of jacks) and the ribands and roadbed installed, along with any additional panels and transoms that might be needed. During WWII, Bailey bridge parts were made by companies with little experience of this kind of engineering. Although the parts were simple, they had to be precisely manufactured to fit correctly, so they were assembled into

8094-561: The highway after the old structure was destroyed in the May 2020 flooding and subsequent failure of the Edenville Dam . The department will replace the temporary bridge with a permanent structure in the coming years. Following the 2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods and Cyclone Gabrielle in the North Island of New Zealand, Bailey bridges were installed to reconnect communities. Following

8208-549: The identity of outlying communities, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building. The area is 3,477 hectares (34.77 km ; 13.42 sq mi) (2010) in size, and lies mainly to the north of the district, with portions surrounding the fringes of the Christchurch/Highcliffe-on-Sea urban area. Suburbs also excluded are Jumpers Common,

8322-402: The largest negative change at −42% whereas the electronics industry experienced the biggest fall with £16.2 million less than seven years previous. An aircraft manufacturing industry was established in the town with the construction of an Airspeed factory at Christchurch Airfield in 1942. In 1948 the factory became part of de Havilland and manufactured a wide range of aircraft such as

8436-555: The late 1970s, the aircraft and engineering industries remained important to the local economy. Major employers in Christchurch include: BAE Systems , Bournemouth Aviation Services Company (BASCO), Beagle Aerospace, Channel Express , College of Air Traffic Control, Data Track Process Instruments, European Aviation , FR Aviation , Honeywell , Reid Steel, Revvo Castor Company, Sainsbury's , Siemens VAI and SELEX Communications . The town's High Street has 48 shops with 61,847 square feet (5,745.8 m ) of retail space. The addition of

8550-481: The local economy, Christchurch is not so heavily dependent on tourism as some of its neighbours. In 2008, visitor accommodation consisted of 11 caravan and camping parks , and some 900 bed spaces in eight hotels and 75 guest houses or bed and breakfast establishments. A weekly market was granted to the town by Baldwin de Redvers and the first market took place in 1149 at the junction of Castle Street and High Street. These weekly markets stopped in 1872 but resumed

8664-405: The mediaeval tradition with dressed Portland stone , its design incorporates five wide segmental arches, circular piers and capped cutwaters. On the northern side of the bridge a modern steel pedestrian footbridge is cantilevered to the older structure. The Grade I listed Christchurch Castle is of Norman origin and was originally of a motte and bailey construction. The castle once dominated

8778-461: The narrow channels of Christchurch Harbour. It contains areas of salt marsh and freshwater marsh with reed beds and is home to grazing horses, rare birds, and 14 species of rare or endangered plants. It was designated as a Local Nature Reserve in 1964, and a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1986. To the north of Christchurch is St Catherine's Hill , the highest part of the borough at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level . This hill

8892-826: The northern span of the Dufferin Street bridges in Toronto since 2014. The first Bailey Bridge built for civilian use in India was on the Pamba river in a place called Ranni in Pathanamthitta district of the state of Kerala. It was on 1996 November 08. In 2017 the Irish Army built a Bailey bridge to replace a road bridge across the Cabry River , in County Donegal, after the original bridge

9006-497: The percentage of residents over 65 will rise to 37.9. In 2005, the life expectancy of female residents was 83.4 years and male residents 79.7 years. This was an increase on ten years previous (1995) when the life expectancy was 82.6 years and 77.0 years for females and males respectively. In common with the rest of Dorset, Christchurch has low numbers of black and minority ethnic groups: the vast majority (96.83%) consider themselves to be White British . Other white groups account for

9120-479: The public, although the company is working on new ways to share the museum's collection more widely across the UK. Christchurch is home to many churches, most notably Christchurch Priory . Christchurch's town centre encompasses a mixture of traditional public houses, restaurants, coffee shops, antiquated cottages and historic listed buildings . The older part of the town dates from Saxon times and retains its Saxon street layout. The Grade II listed Mayor's Parlour

9234-496: The railways made Christchurch accessible to more potential visitors. A power station was built in Christchurch in 1903 to power the public trams . The excess generated was sufficient to light the town, and it was added to the national grid in 1940. The Fisher Aviation Company began to provide flights from fields at the eastern end of Somerford Road in 1930, and by 1933 the company had flown over 19,000 passengers. In 1934, they obtained permission to establish an aerodrome on

9348-469: The rear. In 1980 the council moved to new Civic Offices on Bridge Street, after which most of the Town Hall was demolished to make way for the Saxon Square shopping centre, retaining only the original 1859 section. The borough of Christchurch was abolished in 2019, merging with Bournemouth and Poole to become a new local government district called Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole , the council of which

9462-405: The rest of the way by omnibus. In 1862 a new station was built in the town close to where it stands today and was served by a branch line from Ringwood . Christchurch joined the mainline in 1883, and a third station had to be built. Christchurch, and in particular Mudeford , had been enjoying a modest tourist trade since King George III had patronised the town in the 1790s but the arrival of

9576-401: The rivers Avon and Stour which flow directly into Christchurch Harbour . The borough boundaries stretched to Hurn Forest in the north encompassing Bournemouth Airport and eastwards along the coast as far as Walkford . The River Stour forms a natural boundary to the west; the estuary and harbour form the southern boundary. Christchurch Harbour contains large areas of salt marsh and

9690-449: The sandbars at the entrance. The entrance, known as the Run, has Mudeford Quay on one side and the spit on the other. Considerable tides flow here: up to 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph) during spring tides . The harbour is a protected wildlife refuge and is home to large populations of swans , waders and other bird life. On the south side, the harbour is enclosed by Hengistbury Head which

9804-566: The simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text: m = some year in the future N = equipment useful life (years) and D n = Annual depreciation amount Book value (BV) in year m example: N = 5 purchase price = $ 350,000 m = 3 years from now For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of

9918-651: The site which became known as Christchurch Airfield . During the Second World War an Airspeed factory was built on the airfield, and began manufacturing aircraft for the RAF ; the USAAF Ninth Air Force established a base there in 1944. A second aerodrome opened at Hurn in 1944 which became Bournemouth Airport . In 1940, with the German 6th Army at Cherbourg , Christchurch was fortified against an expected invasion:

10032-432: The small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization, repairs and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and operating cost . To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows: Depreciation can be calculated several ways,

10146-452: The south-west side of the Hill. Due to its commanding views, St. Catherine's Hill has been in use since prehistoric times as a look-out area and beacon and in more recent years served as a military training ground. The hill is home to protected and rare wildlife species, including the Dartford warbler , nightjar , and the sand lizard . The geology of the borough is unremarkable; the bedrock

10260-474: The style 'town council', with its chair being the mayor. The Old Town Hall was transferred to the new town council, which uses it as its headquarters. The Civic Offices on Bridge Street transferred to the BCP Council. They were closed in 2021 pending a proposed sale, after the new council consolidated its offices at Bournemouth Town Hall . Christchurch is represented by a single parliamentary constituency in

10374-601: The technology of that time. Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible. Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites. Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar, Volvo, Liebherr, and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric-powered heavy equipment. Commercially-available models and R&D models were announced in 2019 and 2020. Robotics and autonomy has been

10488-482: The total Gross Value Added (GVA) of the borough grew by 37% from £552 million to £757 million. The biggest contributor to the local economy through the period 2000–2007 was the transport and communication sector which in 2007 brought in £145 million GVA; £64 million more than in 2000. The sector which saw the largest growth during that period however, was metals and engineering which increased by 140%. The food, textiles and wood industries experienced

10602-526: The town but now lies in ruins and only a couple of the keep walls remain. A castle has stood in Christchurch since approximately 924 AD when Edward the Elder fortified the town with a wooden fort on a motte . After the Norman conquest in 1066 the castle's defences were strengthened with a ditch and bailey surrounded by a wooden palisade . The wooden fort was replaced; at first with another wooden structure and then

10716-462: The town known as Portfield was enclosed and built upon and the town's population rapidly expanded. During the 20th century further development has seen the population grown from a little over 11,000 to more than 45,000. In the 1950s a large housing estate was built to the east of the town centre and in 1958 a bypass was constructed which redirected traffic using the town's high street as the main thoroughfare to and from London and Southampton. In 1974

10830-581: The town quay where a large marquee contains the main stage. Local bars often host smaller bands and dancing and exhibitions take place throughout the town centre. Another annual event is the regatta which has been held every year since 1909. It takes place around the second week in August and involves rowing competitions on the River Stour and a travelling funfair sited on the adjacent town quay . A carnival procession and large firework display takes place at

10944-494: The town was transferred from the county of Hampshire to Dorset following local government reorganisation and was granted borough status by a Royal Charter . There are two tiers of local government covering Christchurch, at civil parish (town) and unitary authority level: Christchurch Town Council, and Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council . The town council is based at the Old Town Hall at 30 High Street, which

11058-509: The weekend the marquee hosts a cookery workshop for 7- to 10-year-olds. Christchurch holds an annual music festival on the first weekend in July. Originally a folk festival , the event has evolved to cater for a wider variety of tastes: clog and morris dancing groups and salsa and belly dancing exhibitions have featured. Rock bands and soul groups have been included alongside the more traditional types of music. The festival's format changes annually but usually takes place on and around

11172-503: The weekend. The part of the quay by the priory is known as The Quomps and was conveyed to the town in 1911 by Lord Malmesbury . A 19th-century bandstand situated in the Quomps was an anonymous gift to the town in 1938. During the summer months it is used for free open-air concerts on Saturdays, one of the most popular being "Stompin' on the Quomps", a smooth jazz festival. On Sunday afternoons brass bands often play there. The town has

11286-527: The western part of the old Christchurch East parish. The remainder of Christchurch East became a new parish called Bransgore and stayed in Hampshire as part of the New Forest District . Christchurch Borough Council was a lower-tier district council, with county-level services provided by Dorset County Council . The borough council was initially based at the Town Hall, which at that time was much larger, incorporating adjoining former school buildings to

11400-499: The work to a job – therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment. Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale . The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles. Christchurch, Dorset Christchurch ( / ˈ k r aɪ s ( t ) tʃ ɜːr tʃ / )

11514-676: Was awarded £4,000 in 1936 by the War Office for the use of his early bridges and the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors awarded him £10,000 in 1954 for the use, mainly in Asia, of his later bridges. Lieutenant General Sir Giffard Le Quesne Martel was awarded £500 for infringement on the design of his box girder bridge , the Martel bridge. Bailey was later knighted for his invention, and awarded £ 12,000. The first operational Bailey bridge during

11628-418: Was built as the market hall in 1745 at the far end of the High Street but was moved to its present position in 1849. It was enclosed and extended, and used as the town hall until the civic offices were built in the mid-1970s. It was restored to its former condition circa 1982 when the Saxon Square shopping precinct was built. High Street contains two Grade II listed public houses : Ye Olde George Inne, once

11742-455: Was built in 1859. Christchurch was historically in Hampshire and was both an ancient borough and an ancient parish . The parish extended beyond the borough, also including a large surrounding rural area. The borough was given a royal charter in 1315, confirming earlier borough rights which had been granted by the De Redvers family as lords of the manor . The borough is known to have had

11856-644: Was destroyed during the English Civil War by the Parliamentarian Army . During the 18th and 19th centuries, smuggling flourished and became one of the town's most lucrative industries. The town was heavily fortified during the Second World War as a precaution against an expected invasion , and in 1940 an Airspeed factory was established on the town's airfield to make aircraft for the Royal Air Force . The town's harbour, beaches, nature reserves and historically important buildings have made Christchurch

11970-512: Was destroyed in floods. In 2021 a Bailey bridge was built across the river Dijle in Rijmenam (Belgium) for the transportation of excavated soil from one side to the other of the river. The bridge allowed the trucks to cross the river without having to pass the city center. In March 2021, the Michigan Department of Transportation constructed a Bailey bridge on M-30 to temporarily reconnect

12084-631: Was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift . Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company . The first mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917. The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901 Lombard Steam Log Hauler . The use of tracks became popular for tanks during World War I , and later for civilian machinery like

12198-531: Was made a borough in 1890. The Local Government Act 1894 directed that parishes were no longer allowed to straddle borough boundaries. The parish of Christchurch was therefore reduced to match the borough of Christchurch, and a parish of Bournemouth was created matching that borough. The parts of the old Christchurch and Holdenhurst parishes outside the two boroughs were split into six rural parishes : Christchurch East, Holdenhurst, Hurn , Pokesdown , Southbourne and Winton . The southern part of Christchurch East

12312-463: Was made a separate parish called Highcliffe in 1897. Highcliffe was subsequently absorbed into the parish and borough of Christchurch in 1932. The old municipal borough of Christchurch was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 and replaced with a larger non-metropolitan district of Christchurch, which was transferred from Hampshire to Dorset. Christchurch's borough status

12426-554: Was once another alehouse frequented by smugglers and central to a number of local legends. Close by in Castle Street is the Perfumery, a 14th-century thatched property often referred to as the old courthouse; although some local historians maintain that this was next door and long gone. The town centre contains three Grade I listed bridges. The Town Bridge is a 15th-century ashlar stone bridge composed of two portions separated by

12540-523: Was particularly troublesome with constantly shifting sandbars. In 1665 Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon , bought the Lordship of the Manor of Christchurch. As part of his plans to improve trade in the town, he attempted to resolve the problems with the harbour entrance by cutting a new one through the sandspit at the foot of Hengistbury Head . However, upon completion the new entrance repeatedly silted up and in 1703

12654-533: Was retaken by Conservative candidate Christopher Chope in 1997, and retained in 2001 and 2005. In the 2010 general election , Chope retained his seat with a considerable majority of 15,410 and 56.4% of the vote, making Christchurch one of the safest Conservative constituencies in the country. Christchurch was part of the South West England constituency for elections to the European Parliament . In

12768-598: Was tested in 1941. For early tests, the bridge was laid across a field, about 2 feet (0.61 m) above the ground, and several Mark V tanks were filled with pig iron and stacked upon each other. The prototype of this was used to span Mother Siller's Channel, which cuts through the nearby Stanpit Marshes , an area of marshland at the confluence of the River Avon and the River Stour . It remains there (   50°43′31″N 1°45′44″W  /  50.7252806°N 1.762155°W  / 50.7252806; -1.762155 ) as

12882-531: Was the site of the earliest settlement here dating back to the Bronze Age . The landward end of the headland has a bank and ditch known as Double Dykes , built in about 700 BC, to protect the ancient settlement. Stanpit Marsh is a 65-hectare (160-acre) nature reserve situated just below the confluence of the Rivers Avon and Stour. During the 18th century it was notorious for smugglers landing tobacco and rum in

12996-409: Was transferred to the new district, allowing the council to take the name Christchurch Borough Council and giving the chair of the council the title of mayor, continuing Christchurch's series of mayors dating back to the 13th century. The new borough covered the area of the old borough plus the parish of Hurn (including an area transferred to it from Sopley ) and a new parish of Burton , created from

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