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28-535: Bagua's terrain is varied in height, from hills of 400 m. along the banks of the Marañón and Santiago rivers, to up to 2,500 m. in the mountain zone of the south . The Marañón river runs from south-west to north-east across the province and is one of the principal rivers in the Peruvian Amazon. The Chiriaco or Imaza river runs from the south to the northeast. The Nieva river runs from southeast to north, and

56-489: A roadblock in the region preventing access to an oil company site. On 5 June, the government declared a state of emergency and ordered the police to break out of the 59-day roadblock. The police intervention on 6 June resulted in a serious armed clash between the parties, resulting in 5 civilians being killed, with 5 natives, 23 policemen, and another 89 people wounded. The indigenous population in Bagua and some news reports dispute

84-633: Is a small chain and/or network system of mountain ranges , such as those in the west coast of the Americas . The term is borrowed from Spanish , where the word comes from cordilla , a diminutive of cuerda ('rope'). The term is most commonly used in physical geography and is particularly applied to the various large mountain systems of the American Cordillera , such as the Andes of South America , and less frequently to other mountain ranges in

112-580: Is a vast rent in the Andes about 600 m (2000 ft) deep, narrowing in places to a width of only 30 m (100 ft), the precipices "seeming to close in at the top." Through this canyon, the Marañón leaps along, at times, at the rate of 20 km/h (12 mi/h). The pongo is known for wrecking many ships and many drownings. Downstream of the Pongo de Manseriche, the river often has islands, and usually nothing

140-399: Is marked by a series of unnavigable rapids and falls. The Marañón was the subject of a landmark legal ruling related to the rights of nature. In March 2024, a Peruvian court ruled that the river itself has fundamental rights, including the right to ecological flows and to be free from pollution. The Marañón River is Peru's second-longest river, according to a 2005 statistical publication by

168-633: Is similar in many ways to the Grand Canyon of the United States, and has been labeled the "Grand Canyon of the Amazon". Most of this section of the river is in a canyon that is up to 3000 m deep on both sides – over twice the depth of the Colorado 's Grand Canyon. It is in dry, desert-like terrain, much of which receives only 250–350 mm/rain per year (10–14 in/yr) with parts such as from Balsas to Jaén known as

196-545: Is the principal or mainstem source of the Amazon River, arising about 160 km to the northeast of Lima , Peru , and flowing northwest across plateaus 3,650 m (12,000 feet) high, it runs through a deeply eroded Andean valley, along the eastern base of the Cordillera of the Andes , as far as 5° 36′ southern latitude; from where it makes a great bend to the northeast, and cuts through the jungle Ande in its midcourse, until at

224-685: Is visible from its low banks, but an immense forest -covered plain known as the selva baja (low jungle) or Peruvian Amazonia. It is home to indigenous peoples such as the Urarina of the Chambira Basin [2] , the Candoshi , and the Cocama-Cocamilla peoples. A 552-km (343-mi) section of the Marañón River between Puente Copuma (Puchka confluence) and Corral Quemado is a class IV raftable river that

252-473: The Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática . The Marañón River was considered the source of the Amazon River starting with the 1707 map published by Padre Samuel Fritz , who indicated the great river "has its source on the southern shore of a lake that is called Lauriocha , near Huánuco ." Fritz believed that the Marañón contributed the most water of all the Amazon's tributaries, making it

280-635: The Pongo de Manseriche it flows into the flat Amazon basin . Although historically, the term "Marañón River" often was applied to the river all the way to the Atlantic Ocean , nowadays the Marañón River is generally thought to end at the confluence with the Ucayali River , after which most cartographers label the ensuing waterway the Amazon River . As the Marañón passes through high jungle in its midcourse, it

308-460: The Utcubamba from the east to the northwest. The city of Bagua is located on a natural plateau rising from the right shore of the Utcubamba river . All the houses of the western part of the city have a view of the river waters. Numerous species of animals are typical of the zone: huanganas , pumas , anteaters , ocelots , cashpaicuros , and armadillos . There are also numerous snakes such as

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336-439: The macanche , colambo , uyurechonte , cascabel , shushupe , etc. The natives hunted them for food. These species attract tourists for hunting, which is regulated to preserve the species. For collectors, the quantity and variety of butterflies is a major attraction principally in the wooded zone of the district. Bagua is divided into six districts , which are: In August 2008 and June 2009, Bagua suffered social unrest and

364-551: The " ridge " that rims the Pacific Ocean . In Colombia and Venezuela , cordilleras are named according to their position: Cordillera Occidental , Central , and Oriental . Various local names are used for the cordilleras in Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile and Argentina . Such mountain systems have a complex structure, which is usually the result of folding and faulting accompanied by volcanic activity . In South America,

392-520: The Andes. He specialised in the Peruvian Upper Amazon, and in 1941 and 1942 discovered the sources of the Río Marañón, one of the tributaries of the Amazon. The upper Marañón River has seen a number of descents. An attempt to paddle the river was made by Herbert Rittlinger in 1936. Sebastian Snow was an adventurer who journeyed down most of the river by trekking to Chiriaco River starting at

420-585: The Chadin2 dam. A 2011 law stated "national demand" for the hydroelectric energy, while in 2013, Peruvian President Ollanta Humala explicitly made a connection with mining; the energy is to supply mines in the Cajamarca Region , La Libertad , Ancash Region , and Piura Region . Construction of the 406 MW dam in Chaglla District started in 2012. Opposition arose because the dams are expected to disrupt

448-470: The dumping of toxic waste, local communities in Peru have already experienced severe environmental and health damage. Congress responded in 2008 by repealing two of the decrees but took no action on others. In 2009, President Alan García signed new decrees, claiming they were necessary to implement the recently concluded Free Trade Agreement with the United States of America. In April 2009, protesters established

476-462: The entire river with various companions along the way. The Marañón River may supply 20 hydroelectric mega-dams planned in the Andes, and most of the power is thought to be destined for export to Brazil, Chile, or Ecuador. Dam survey crews have drafted construction blueprints, and the environmental impact statements have been available since November 2009 for the Veracruz dam, and since November 2011,

504-645: The government version, stating that the death toll was in the hundreds and that the military threw bodies of the indigenous people into the river in an attempt to hide them. Black vultures were reported seen around a corpse in the river. Local news correspondents confirmed that the government's version 'did not adjust to the truth'. 5°46′48″S 78°26′24″W  /  5.78000°S 78.44000°W  / -5.78000; -78.44000 Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n River 16,708 m /s (590,000 cu ft/s) The Marañón River ( Spanish : Río Marañón , IPA: [ˈri.o maɾaˈɲon] , Quechua : Awriq mayu )

532-544: The hottest infierno area of Peru. The Marañón Grand Canyon section flows by the village of Calemar, where Peruvian writer Ciro Alegría based one of his most important novels, La serpiente de oro (1935). One of the first popular descents of the Marañón River occurred in 1743, when Frenchman Charles Marie de La Condamine journeyed from the Chinchipe confluence all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. La Condamine did not descend

560-605: The initial section of the Marañón by boat due to the pongos . From where he began his boating descent at the Chiriaco confluence, La Condamine still had to confront several pongos , including the Pongo de Huaracayo (or Guaracayo) and the Pongo de Manseriche. In 1936, Bertrand Flornoy was appointed chargé de mission at the National Museum of Natural History of France , which sent him on study and exploration missions in Amazonia and

588-519: The jungle areas often with difficult rapids. The Pongo de Manseriche is the final pongo on the Marañón located just before the river enters the flat Amazon basin. It is 5 km (3.1 mi) long and located between the confluence with the Rio Santiago and the village of Borja. According to Captain Carbajal, who attempted ascent through the Pongo de Manseriche in the little steamer Napo , in 1868, it

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616-601: The major source of the Amazon, alter normal silt deposition into the lower river, damage habitat and migration patterns for fish and other aquatic life, displace thousands of residents along the river, and damage a national treasure "at least as nice as the Grand Canyon in the USA". Residents have launched efforts to halt the dams along the river with conservation groups such as SierraRios and International Rivers . Potential ecological impacts of 151 new dams greater than 2 MW on five of

644-520: The most important headstream. For most of the 18th–19th centuries and into the 20th century, the Marañón River was generally considered the source of the Amazon. Later explorations have proposed two headwaters rivers of the Marañón in the high Andes as sources of the Amazon: the Lauricocha and Nupe Rivers . The Lauricocha and Nupe unite near the village of Rondos to form from their confluence downstream

672-503: The occupation of road infrastructure by indigenous communities protesting against new laws that would allow oil and mining companies to enter indigenous territories without seeking the consent or consulting with local communities. Indigenous communities complained that some 70% of the Peruvian Amazon would be leased for oil and gas exploration, putting at risk their own lives and the environment. In other areas affected by oil drilling and

700-522: The ranges include numerous volcanic peaks . The Andes cordillera has Ojos del Salado , the highest active volcano in the world and second-highest point in the Western Hemisphere (though not itself a volcano, Argentina's Aconcagua , at 6,960 m or 22,830 ft, is the highest point in the Western Hemisphere). Some of the volcanoes have been active in historical times . Aside from

728-454: The river that is called the Marañón. Although the Apurimac and Mantaro rivers also have claims to being the source of the Amazon, the Marañón River continues to claim the title of the "mainstem source" or "hydrological source" of the Amazon due to its contribution of the highest annual discharge rates. The initial section of the Marañón contains a plethora of pongos , which are gorges in

756-700: The six major Andean tributaries of the Amazon over the next 20 years are estimated to be high, including the first major break in connectivity between Andean headwaters and lowland Amazon and deforestation due to infrastructure. The Marañón River has been polluted by oil pipelines and mining activities in its watershed. Between 1970 and 2019, over 60 spills have been documented from the Norperuano oil pipeline. Mercury and other toxic chemicals have been released from illegal mining. 7°58′03″S 77°17′52″W  /  7.967438°S 77.297745°W  / -7.967438; -77.297745 Cordillera A cordillera

784-486: The source near Lake Niñacocha . In 1976 and/or 1977, Laszlo Berty descended the section from Chagual to the jungle in a raft. In 1977, a group composed of Tom Fisher, Steve Gaskill, Ellen Toll, and John Wasson spent over a month descending the river from Rondos to Nazareth with kayaks and a raft. In 2004, Tim Biggs and companions kayaked the entire river from the Nupe River to Iquitos . In 2012, Rocky Contos descended

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