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85-512: 1827−1859: Karl Baedeker (1801–1859) descended from a long line of printers, booksellers and publishers from Essen , Germany. He was the eldest of ten children of Gottschalk Diederich Bädeker (1778–1841), who had inherited the publishing house founded by his own father, Zacharias Gerhard Bädeker (1750–1800). The company also published the local newspaper, the Essendische Zeitung , and the family expected that Karl, too, would eventually join

170-465: A Baedeker guidebook by Karl Baedeker himself in his most celebrated guidebook " Schweiz ", first published in 1844, was the title of Florian's own guide, published in 1978. It is considered by many to be one of his best city guides. Florian Baedeker, a keen parachute jumper, was killed in a parachuting accident on October 26, 1980. He was 36. Following the death of Florian, his mother, Karl Friedrich's widow Eva Baedeker, née Konitz (1913−1984), piloted

255-639: A book written by a chronicler in the Middle Ages describing historical events in a country, or the lives of a nobleman or a clergyman, although it is also applied to a record of public events. The earliest medieval chronicle to combine both retrospective ( dead ) and contemporary ( live ) entries, is the Chronicle of Ireland , which spans the years 431 to 911. Chronicles are the predecessors of modern " time lines " rather than analytical histories. They represent accounts, in prose or verse, of local or distant events over

340-570: A bookshop of his own in Rotterdam that year, sold it in Holland and also managed its sales in England. However, very few copies of the first edition have survived, which has made it one of the rarest and most sought-after Baedeker publications of all time. The "Conversationsbuch für Reisende" ( The Traveller's Manual of Conversation ), in four languages (English, German, French and Italian) which appeared later

425-504: A branch in Munich . The ownership of the new venture was split down the middle between Langenscheidt and Mairs. In 1997, Mairs Geographischer Verlag , now known as MairDumont  [ de ] , became the 100% owner of Verlag Karl Baedeker, along with all rights attached to Karl Baedeker 's name and firm. The new English Baedekers produced by MairDumont dispensed with the Allianz logo in

510-437: A chronicle with information not available to the original chronicler. Determining the reliability of particular chronicles is important to historians . Many newspapers and other periodical literature have adopted "chronicle" as part of their name. "It is well known that history, in the form of Chronicles, was a favourite portion of the literature of the middle ages. The annals of a country were usually kept according to

595-401: A considerable period of time, both the lifetime of the individual chronicler and often those of several subsequent continuators . If the chronicles deal with events year by year, they are often called annals . Unlike the modern historian, most chroniclers tended to take their information as they found it, and made little attempt to separate fact from legend. The point of view of most chroniclers

680-406: A form of journalism or non-professional historical documentation. Before the development of modern journalism and the systematization of chronicles as a journalistic genre, cronista were tasked with narrating chronological events considered worthy of remembrance that were recorded year by year. Unlike writers who created epic poems regarding living figures, cronista recorded historical events in

765-608: A most impressive piece of work—the first comprehensive guide to the country. It took James Muirhead two and a half years to research and write The United States . In the preface to "The United States", the publishers acknowledged Muirhead's work in producing the travel guide. The 724-page fourth edition, published in 1909, included excursions to Cuba , Puerto Rico and Alaska in addition to Mexico . Karl Baedeker Karl Ludwig Johannes Baedeker ( / ˈ b eɪ d ɪ k ər / BAY -dik-ər , German: [ˈbɛːdəkɐ] ; born Bädeker ; 3 November 1801 – 4 October 1859)

850-633: A reception at the Leipzig "Harmonie", a popular venue for such events. The firm did make some progress and he managed to produce twelve new titles in German and five in English, though these included those commissioned by the Nazi regime . He also published the 1928 one-volume eighth and revised German edition of Egypt and in 1929 its eighth English edition, which many travel guidebooks connoisseurs and collectors consider to be

935-550: A significant role in popularising the English guidebooks worldwide. James, the elder brother, had been taken on as editor of the English editions by Fritz Baedeker in 1879, at age 25; Findlay joined him later as joint editor. They were responsible for all the Baedeker editions in English for almost forty years. James Findlay is given the credit for two-thirds of the content in the Canada guidebook, first published in 1894. The Canada guide

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1020-466: A small object, and deposited it in a trouser pocket. Back at his hotel, von Vincke spotted this man in the dining room and learned from the headwaiter that he was Baedeker. After the meal, he introduced himself to Baedeker and asked him if he would be kind enough to explain his strange ritual on the cathedral staircase. Oh, Baedeker said with manifest pleasure, he had been counting the steps to the cathedral roof. To guard against losing his count, he had taken

1105-733: A small town with about 4000 inhabitants and he felt that Koblenz , which was not only larger, but was also the capital of the Prussian province of the Rhine and a hub for tourism, had far more to offer. In 1832, Baedeker's firm acquired the publishing house of Franz Friedrich Röhling in Koblenz, which in 1828 had published a handbook for travellers by Professor Oyvind Vorland entitled Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln; ein Handbuch für Schnellreisende ( A Rhine Journey from Mainz to Cologne ; A Handbook for Travellers on

1190-400: A while at the leading local bookseller J.C.B. Mohr. Military service followed, after which he moved to Berlin where he worked as an assistant at Georg Andreas Reimer, one of the leading booksellers in the city, from 1823 to 1825. He then returned home to Essen and worked with his father until 1827 when he left for Coblence to start his own bookselling and publishing business. Essen was then

1275-474: Is a historical account of events arranged in chronological order, as in a timeline . Typically, equal weight is given for historically important events and local events, the purpose being the recording of events that occurred, seen from the perspective of the chronicler . A chronicle which traces world history is a universal chronicle . This is in contrast to a narrative or history , in which an author chooses events to interpret and analyze and excludes those

1360-529: Is a term for a historical chronicler, a role that held historical significance in the European Middle Ages . Until the European Enlightenment , the occupation was largely equivalent to that of a historian, describing events chronologically that were of note in a given country or region. As such, it was often an official governmental position rather than an independent practice. The appointment of

1445-573: Is highly localised, to the extent that many anonymous chroniclers can be sited in individual abbeys . It is impossible to say how many chronicles exist, as the many ambiguities in the definition of the genre make it impossible to draw clear distinctions of what should or should not be included. However, the Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle lists some 2,500 items written between 300 and 1500 AD. Entries in chronicles are often cited using

1530-453: Is likely to be perplexed rather than assisted by a superabundance of matter." The rear endpages listed the main European exchange rates current at the time of publication, as well as the denomination of the major gold and silver coins across the continent including Scandinavia and Russia - another Baedeker innovation. In 1981, Alex W. Hinrichsen (1936–2012), a leading authority on the history of

1615-427: Is one where the author assembles a list of events up to the time of their writing, but does not record further events as they occur. A live chronicle is where one or more authors add to a chronicle in a regular fashion, recording contemporary events shortly after they occur. Because of the immediacy of the information, historians tend to value live chronicles, such as annals , over dead ones. The term often refers to

1700-493: Is the sole classic Baedeker to have been published only in English. James Muirhead's worked on the 1893 edition of The United States , which ran to four editions while he was with the firm. Herbert Warren Wind wrote: The United States was, in effect, a one-man triumph for James F. Muirhead... Travelling by boat, railway and horse, he personally visited the greater part of the districts described and threw in an excursion to Mexico for good measure. The United States emerged as

1785-409: Is to promote the freedom and comfort of the traveller, and render him, as far as possible, independent of the troublesomre and expensive class known as "Valets de place". Other handbooks of a similar description may claim to be more voluminous; the editor, however, believes this to be a doubtful advantage. "Little and good" is accordingly the maxim by which he has been guided, feeling that the traveller

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1870-618: Is usually given as 1847, so 1844 is probably a misprint in the magazine. ) A few years after Karl Baedeker died, the Pall Mall Gazette described a Baedeker guidebook as being singularly accurate , and in the English version of Jacques Offenbach 's musical La Vie parisienne this memorable lyric rings out: Kings and governments may err / But never Mr. Baedeker. Towards the end of his life, Baedeker told friends that he regretted not having accomplished more in his life and wondered whether his work would survive. Little did he know that

1955-633: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , started under the patronage of King Alfred in the 9th century and continued until the 12th century, and the Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (1577–87) by Raphael Holinshed and other writers; the latter documents were important sources of materials for Elizabethan drama. Later 16th century Scottish chronicles, written after the Reformation , shape history according to Catholic or Protestant viewpoints. A cronista

2040-449: The Baedeker family and their publishing house, and also on the German artist, graphic designer and illustrator Paul Neu (1881 - 1940), produced an easy to understand numbering system for all Baedeker travel guides and handbooks published since the 1828 Rheinreise which has the number D000. He updated the list in 1991. According to Hinrichsen's revised list, which starts with the D000 edition,

2125-454: The Baedeker firm with another loan and he published more city and regional guides in the years that followed. In 1951, Karl Friedrich and Oskar Steinheil, a pre-war Baedeker editor, signed an agreement with Shell AG, the subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell , and Kurt Mair (1902–1957), the German printer and publisher based in Stuttgart, to produce a series of motoring guides. Baedeker would provide

2210-490: The German insurance group Allianz . Multi-coloured with copious illustrations and in many languages, they now cover most of the popular tourist destinations in the world. Over 150 guides have been published already and the list keeps growing, as well as the number of languages in which they are published. In Britain, the guides have been published in collaboration with the British Automobile Association and in

2295-505: The Mediterranean, United States, Canada, India and South East Asia. Plans to publish guides on China and Japan had to be abandoned when war broke out in 1914. At home, the list of guides on German regions and cities continued to grow. His was the golden age of Baedeker travel guides. Fritz also had the good fortune to have three of his four sons − Hans, Ernst and Dietrich − beside him in the firm, as editors and writers. Karl Baedeker III,

2380-479: The Move ). This book provided the seeds for Baedeker's own travel guides. After Johann August Klein (1778–1831) died and the book went out of print, Baedeker decided to publish a new edition, incorporating some of Klein's material but also added many of his own ideas into what he thought a travel guide should offer the traveller or reader. Baedeker aimed to free the traveller from having to look for information anywhere outside

2465-413: The Move ). This book provided the seeds for Baedeker's own travel guides. After Klein died and the book went out of print, he decided to publish a new edition, incorporating some of Klein's material but also added many of his own ideas into what he thought a travel guide should offer the traveller or reader. Baedeker's ultimate aim was to free the traveller from having to look for information anywhere outside

2550-621: The Nazis wished it to be written, as the introduction to the 1943 book Das Generalgouvernement reveals. The 1948 Leipzig was the first post-World War II Baedeker and the last one to be published in Leipzig , which was now in the Russian zone. The Russians had not granted Baedeker a publishing licence. Hans got round this by having 10,000 copies printed by the Bibliographisches Institut . However, after some 1000 copies had been sold,

2635-510: The November 1989 issue (68) of the now defunct Book and Magazine Collector , Michael Wild, the Baedeker historian and author of Baedekeriana: An Anthology wrote: "Karl Baedeker once had occasion to stop at a hotel in Vevey, Switzerland in 1852. In a simple coat, a faded umbrella dangling from its top button and carrying a travelling pouch over his shoulder, he could be nothing but a tourist - and not

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2720-578: The Russians said the guidebook contained military secrets in the form of a map showing the site of their Kommandantura , and confiscated the remaining copies. New English titles during this time were 1927's Tyrol and the Dolomites , 1931's The Riviera (including South Eastern France and Corsica), an edition of Germany for the 1936 Olympic Games , and 1939's Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores, Western Morocco . 1948−1979: Karl Friedrich Baedeker (1910−1979)

2805-827: The USA by Macmillan Travel, a Simon & Schuster Macmillan company. The Freiburg Baedeker branch was acquired by the German publisher Langenscheidt following the death of Eva Baedeker. In 1987, both Baedeker branches, the Langenscheidt operation in Freiburg and the Baedeker Autoführer Verlag in Stuttgart operated by the Mairs publishing group, were merged and housed together in Ostfildern/Kemnat as "Karl Baedeker GmbH " with

2890-489: The abbreviation s.a. , meaning sub anno (under the year), according to the year under which they are listed. For example, " ASC MS A, s.a. 855" means the entry for the year 855 in manuscript A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle . The same event may be recorded under a different year in another manuscript of the chronicle, and may be cited for example as " ASC MS D, s.a. 857". The most important English chronicles are

2975-554: The author does not consider important or relevant. The information sources for chronicles vary. Some are written from the chronicler's direct knowledge, others from witnesses or participants in events, still others are accounts passed down from generation to generation by oral tradition . Some used written material, such as charters , letters , and earlier chronicles. Still others are tales of unknown origin that have mythical status. Copyists also changed chronicles in creative copying, making corrections or in updating or continuing

3060-427: The author of The House of Baedeker wrote: Wagner & Debes made a very important contribution to the guidebooks, providing them not only with the best maps in the world, many in color, but also with superb ground plans of palaces, churches, gardens, museums and castles, and with some extraordinary panoramas of Alpine ranges and other such two-star vistas. He added: By and large, it was the sheer technical skill of

3145-439: The balance sheet of the publishing house. The Great Depression put paid to any hopes of an early recovery in its fortunes. The arrival of Nazism made things even worse for anything connected with tourism. For the Baedeker publishing house it culminated in the destruction of their headquarters in Leipzig , with total loss of the firm's archives, in the early hours of December 4, 1943 when Britain's Royal Air Force bombarded

3230-521: The beginning, Baedeker realised the importance of including quality, reliable maps in his travel guides, which were black-and-white initially. To this end, he engaged the services of Eduard Wagner of Darmstadt , a specialist in cartography, and the maps he produced for Baedeker were way ahead of the times. An accurate cartography of Tripoli and El-Mina in 1906 under the Ottoman Empire can be found in French in

3315-434: The book edited by Leipzig and entitled Palestine et Syrie. The first Baedeker travel guide in English appeared in 1861 after Karl Baedeker's death. However, in 1836 he published The Traveller's Manual of Conversations in English, German, French and Italian. The 352-page book also contained many useful Dutch expressions and vocabulary. The manual was founded on the works of Boldoni, Mad. de Genlis and others, acknowledged on

3400-529: The city. See also Baedeker Blitz for Baedeker Raids. Hans was extremely proud of what the Baedeker clan had achieved and not one to give up trying to revive the firm. He received a loan from Allen & Unwin , the London publishing house, which represented Baedeker in Britain, and continued to do whatever he could to rejuvenate the firm at home. On July 1, 1927, Hans celebrated the centenary of its foundation by holding

3485-651: The definitive bibliographical list of Baedeker travel guides published since Verlag Karl Baedeker was founded in 1827. He also produced valuable works of reference on Baedeker ephemera . Books and articles about the rise of the House of Baedeker invariably recount anecdotes about its founder and these are not without substance. He was renowned for his hard and careful work, his high standards, both personal and professional, and for being absolutely incorruptible. Baedeker generally went around conducting his research incognito. In an article entitled The Baedeker Guide Books published in

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3570-649: The eldest son of Fritz Baedeker, took charge of the company in difficult times. His two brothers, Ernst and Dietrich, were with him, running the company. The firm had lost heavily by investing in government bonds during the First World War . The war had not only wreaked havoc on tourism, it had also resulted in anti-German sentiments around the world, particularly in America and France, where the guidebooks had been very popular and from where tourists had come in droves. Rising inflation, too, played its part in affecting tourism and

3655-433: The fact that it was the high season, there were many guests... "Monsieur's" answer was to strip the hotel of its prized star which it had hitherto enjoyed: "a renowned hotel must take extra pains." The landlord pleaded and pleaded, but to no avail. In the next edition of "Schweiz" the star was gone. It has to be added, though, that Baedeker was a just man and he restored the star later on, but only when personally convinced that

3740-1168: The familiar hallmark of all Baedeker guides as well, and the content became famous for its clarity, detail and accuracy. From Baedeker: Ein Name wird zur Weltmarke Karl Baedeker's list: 1828: Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln; Ein Handbuch für Schnellreisende 1829: Extract from 'Rheinreise'. 1829: Voyage du Rhin de Mayence à Cologne 1829: Coblence; an extract from 'Le Rhin'. 1835: Holland 1835: Belgien 1839: Moselreise von Trier bis Koblenz mit geschichtlichen Bemerkungen 1842: Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat 1844: Schweiz 1847: Bad Bertrich im Uesbachthale an der Mosel 1851: Handbuch für Reisende in Deutschland, Erster Theil: Oesterreich, Süd- und West-Deutschland 1852: La Suisse 1853: Handbuch für Reisende in Oesterreich 1855: Südbayern, Tirol und Salzburg, Oberitalien 1855: Paris und Umgebung. nebst Rouen, Havre, Dieppe, Boulogne und den Eisenbahn-Strassen vom Rhein bis Paris 1859: La Hollande et la Belgique From

3825-516: The famous Milan Cathedral story, which has acquired a legendary status of its own, because of its manifold variations: "In 1844. when von Vincke was making his way up the stairs to the roof of the Milan Cathedral, his attention was attracted by the man just ahead of him - a stocky fellow of about five feet seven, with broad features and muttonchop whiskers, who at regular intervals reached into his waistcoat pocket with his right hand, plucked out

3910-407: The firm until 1971 when he left to join another publishing house. In 1956, Karl Friedrich moved his field of operations from Malente to Freiburg im Breisgau . In 1972, the Stuttgart operation moved to Ostfildern/Kemnat in the district of Esslingen where Volkmar Mair, the son of Kurt Mair, was now in charge. With the rise of air travel in the 1960s and 1970s, Baedeker entered a new era. In 1974,

3995-534: The firm until she died in 1984. She was the last Baedeker to play an active role in running the Baedeker publishing house founded in 1827, and negotiated the sale of the Freiburg branch to Langenscheidt before she died. However, the "Karl Baedeker" brand name has been retained by all subsequent owners of the company, in one form or another. Since 1979 Baedeker travel guides have appeared as Baedeker Allianz Reiseführer (travel guides), published in collaboration with

4080-576: The firm. Karl worked with his father until 1827 when he left for Coblence (now Koblenz ) to start his own bookselling and publishing business. Karl changed the spelling of the family name from Bädeker with the umlaut to Baedeker around 1850. In 1832 Baedeker's firm acquired the publishing house of Franz Friedrich Röhling in Koblenz, which in 1828 had published a handbook for travellers by Professor Oyvind Vorland entitled Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln; ein Handbuch für Schnellreisende ( A Rhine Journey from Mainz to Cologne ; A Handbook for Travellers on

4165-436: The first post-war international guidebook appeared, financed largely by the German airline Lufthansa —the voluminous 872-page Baedekers USA in German, which had the look of traditional pre-war Baedekers. Florian Baedeker (1943−1980), the only son of Karl Friedrich Baedeker, succeeded him when he died in 1979. After completing his studies in Munich in 1971, he had devoted himself to matters relating to book publishing under

4250-506: The first such guidebooks to incorporate infographics . From the outset, Karl Baedeker recognised the importance of publishing his guides in English as well as in German . His son Ernst had worked in London before joining Verlag Baedeker in 1859, and was entrusted with the task of preparing the first Baedeker in English. The Rhine appeared in 1861. The Scottish brothers James Francis Muirhead (1853−1934) and Findlay Muirhead (1860−1935) played

4335-690: The fourth son, entered academia and rose to become a professor of physics at the University of Jena . He was killed in action at the Battle of Liège in August 1914. It was his son Karl Friedrich who revived Verlag Karl Baedeker after the Second World War . During his reign, which lasted over 50 years, Fritz produced 73 new Baedekers , as they came to be known universally. The Baedeker travel guides became so popular that baedekering became an English-language term for

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4420-455: The guidance of his father, and had helped him with the preparation of the Munich guide, released for the 1972 Munich Olympic Games . Florian also carried out most of the work involved in preparing the city guides titled Baden-Baden , Constance , Strasbourg and Wiesbaden , published in the mid-1970s. He also produced several short city guides. Basel , the Swiss city which was first covered in

4505-471: The hotel was being run according to his high standards." On September 22, 1975, The New Yorker magazine ran a 38-page profile of the "House of Baedeker". Its author, Herbert Warren Wind , had spent a considerable amount of time at the contemporary Baedeker publishers in Germany, researching the history of the firm. He gave the following account, related by Gisbert von Vincke, a German Shakespearen scholar, of

4590-685: The local newspaper, the Essendische Zeitung , and the family expected that Karl, too, would eventually join the firm. Karl changed the spelling of the family name from Bädeker with the umlaut to Baedeker around 1850. Karl Baedeker was born in Essen , then in the Kingdom of Prussia , on 3 November 1801. After his schooling in Hagen , he left home in 1817 to study humanities in Heidelberg where he also worked for

4675-428: The name Baedeker would one day become a synonym for a travel guide, whatever its provenance, and that Verlag Karl Baedeker, which still exists and continues to bear his name, would, in its heyday which lay ahead, become the premier and most successful travel guide publishing house in the world. Chronicler A chronicle ( Latin : chronica , from Greek χρονικά chroniká , from χρόνος , chrónos – "time")

4760-543: The number of Baedekers he listed, in German, English and French, was just eight short of 1000 i.e. 500 in German, 266 in English and 226 in French. He kept reviewing and revising this list regularly. Hinrichsen's referencing is akin to that of Ludwig Ritter von Köchel 's index of Mozart 's works, in as much as Baedeker guides are also referred to by their Hinrichsen number à la Köchel/Mozart. Alex W. Hinrichsen died on 9 December 2012 in Holzminden , Germany. His index remains

4845-454: The offers. I had been brought up to regard Baedeker as a family company. It was as simple as that." In December 1949, he published his first offering—10,000 copies of Schleswig-Holstein . This was printed in Glückstadt near Hamburg and contained some advertising to balance the books, as did some of his other contemporaneous titles. Allen & Unwin , the London publisher, once again helped

4930-438: The official chronicler often favored individuals who had distinguished themselves by their efforts to study, investigate and disseminate population -related issues. The position was granted on a local level based on the mutual agreements of a city council in plenary meetings. Often, the occupation was honorary, unpaid, and stationed for life. In modern usage, the term usually refers to a type of journalist who writes chronicles as

5015-431: The outbreak of war, Hans used to tell him: "You're the oldest Baedeker of the next generation. You will carry on." Some American, British and German publishers had tried hard to buy the 'Baedeker' name, which was still a world brand, thinking that Karl Friedrich would be only too pleased to sell. However, as he said to Herbert Warren Wind : "The war had been almost too much for us. But I never seriously considered any of

5100-541: The part John Murray III had played in nurturing his outlook on the future development of his guides. As a bookseller in Koblenz , he had often seen tourists enter his bookshop, either carrying a red Murray guide or looking for one. At the time, John Murray III was the leader in the field, but Baedeker was about to change that. He is often referred to as the 'father of modern tourism'. In 1846, Baedeker introduced his famous 'star' ratings (for sights, attractions and lodgings) in

5185-421: The precaution of filling a waistcoat pocket with a supply of peas. After every twenty steps, he had transferred a pea from that pocket to his trouser pocket." On descending from the roof, Baedeker reversed the pea-transferring process, thus ensuring that there was no error in his calculations. The number of peas multiplied by 20 plus any steps remaining had given him the correct count. ( The year of this incident

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5270-431: The preface, he wrote that he is at all times ready to afford any information to those travellers, who do him the honour to visit his establishment". The manual turned out to be a resounding success and ran into many editions. The inclusion of Dutch material in the first edition, also unusual at the time and emphasised on the title pages in both languages, further increased its sales, as his brother Adolph, who had opened

5355-408: The publishing house. 1861−1877: Karl Baedeker II (1837−1911) continued the work started by his brother Ernst. In addition to the ongoing revision of existing guides, he published 14 new guides: four in German, seven in English and three in French. viz. Karl Baedeker II worked with his younger brother Fritz, who joined the firm in 1869 as a partner and became the general manager. In 1877 (according to

5440-427: The purpose of traveling in a country to write a travel guide or travelogue about it. Fritz Baedeker became the most successful travel guide publisher of all time and turned the publishing house into the most famous and reputable publisher of travel guides in the world. In 1909, Leipzig University conferred an honorary Ph.D. (a rare honour at the time) on him at its 500th anniversary convocation. This era in its history

5525-509: The reputable major German publishing houses were located there. He also persuaded Eduard Wagner, the Baedeker cartographer in Darmstadt, to move to Leipzig and establish a new company with Ernst Debes, a talented cartographer from "Justus Perthes" a leading cartography firm in Gotha . The new company was named "Wagner and Debes" with offices adjacent to the new Baedeker address. Herbert Warren Wind ,

5610-480: The running of the firm. 1859−1861: Following the death of Karl Baedeker , his eldest son Ernst Baedeker (1833−1861) became the head of the firm. After his training as a bookseller in Braunschweig , Leipzig and Stuttgart , he had spent some time at the English publishing house "Williams & Norgate" in London. On New Year's Day, 1859, he joined his father's publishing firm as a partner and just ten months later he

5695-461: The sort whom hotel staff fall over themselves to serve. He asked for a nice room with a view over the lake, and was shown a stuffy little hutch in the roof, overlooking the inner courtyard. The porter assured him brusquely that nothing else was available. Service at supper was slow, but the landlord was quick to push the Visitor's Book under Baedeker's nose and demanded that the entry be made. In silence,

5780-399: The source cited here) Karl, afflicted with an incurable mental condition, moved to a sanatorium near Esslingen am Neckar where he remained for the rest of his life. 1869−1925: Under Fritz Baedeker (1844−1925) the company grew rapidly. In 1870, the Baedeker bookselling business was sold. In 1872, he moved the company's headquarters from Koblenz to Leipzig , a major move forward, as most of

5865-662: The staff at Wagner & Debes that kept the Baedeker guides well ahead of their rivals in this particular aspect of publishing. Michael Wild, the Baedeker chronicler , refers to the Baedeker maps as a feast for the eye. The expansion was fast and furious. New editions were now printed by several Leipzig printers, but the bulk of the revised editions of pre-1872 guides continued to be printed where all Baedeker guides had been produced before—the G.D. Baedeker printing works in Essen . Fritz ventured into territory none of his predecessors had covered before, inside and outside Europe e.g. Russia, Sweden, Norway, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Greece,

5950-440: The stranger took his pen and wrote, in a clear hand, "Baedeker, Karl, bookseller from Coblence ." The consternation in the landlord's face was only replaced by the dreadful pallor which took its place; this was worse than failing to recognise an English lord or even a Russian prince. Baedeker then laid into him with a catalogue of his shortcomings. The landlord protested feebly, asking "Monsieur Baedeker" to make some allowance for

6035-411: The text and Mair the finished product. The Baedekers Autoführer-Verlag , Stuttgart was born. The slim guides called Baedekers Shell-Autoführer (Baedekers Shell Guides) were designed to fit into a man's jacket pocket or in the glove compartment of a car. The first ones covered Germany and were a huge success. Guides on other European countries followed in both German and English. Karl Friedrich

6120-471: The third edition of his Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat - an idea based on the Murray guides star system. This edition was also his first 'experimental' red guide. He also decided to call his travel guides 'handbooks', following the example of John Murray III . Baedeker's early guides had tan covers, but from 1856 onwards, Murray's red bindings and gilt lettering became

6205-529: The title pages, which were in both English and German, unusual then, but he was an astute businessman and primarily a bookseller at the time. Unusually, too, the German page was on the left and the traditional title page on the right was in English. Whereas the German title page gave the name of the publisher as K. BAEDEKER, the English page gave this uniquely as CHARLES BAEDEKER. Tourists in the area, and particularly those from England on their way to Switzerland, would pass through Koblenz and buy it at his bookshop. In

6290-520: The title, with the German editions doing the same in 2013. This marked the beginning of a new era in the appearance and content of modern Baedekers under the catchphrase " Wissen öffnet Welten " ("Knowledge opens worlds"). The previous German editions had four main sections: "Background", "Tours", "Destinations from A to Z" and "Practical Information from A to Z". MairDumont added a fifth section in each guidebook entitled " Erleben und Geniessen " ("Experience and Enjoy"). These new Baedeker guides were

6375-436: The travel guide: about routes, transport, accommodation, restaurants, tipping, sights, walks and prices. While the concept of a travel guide-book already existed (Baedeker emulated the style of English guide-books published by John Murray ), Baedeker innovated in including detailed information on routes, travel and accommodation. Karl Baedeker had three sons, Ernst, Karl and Fritz and after his death each, in turn, took over

6460-411: The travel guide: about routes, transport, accommodation, restaurants, tipping, sights, walks and, of course, prices. In short, the lot. While the travel guide was not something new (Baedeker emulated the style of English guide books published by John Murray ), the inclusion of detailed information on routes, travel and accommodation was an innovation . Baedeker was always generous in acknowledging

6545-584: The two finest Baedeker travel guides ever published. Hans Baedeker's released 10 guidebooks in German between 1928 and 1942. Several were commissioned by the Nazis , who had been vetting Baedeker guides, proposing and effecting changes in the text, as they saw fit, and laying down to whom certain guides could be sold. Baedeker was asked to publish a guidebook for the German Army of Occupation in Poland, with history written as

6630-563: The years of the sovereign's power, and not those of the Christian æra. The Chronicles compiled in large cities were arranged in like manner, with the years reckoned according to the annual succession of chief magistrates." – John Gough Nichols , critical edition foreword to Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London (1852) Scholars categorize the genre of chronicle into two subgroups: live chronicles, and dead chronicles. A dead chronicle

6715-412: Was a German publisher whose company, Baedeker , set the standard for authoritative guidebooks for tourists. Karl Baedeker was descended from a long line of printers, booksellers and publishers. He was the eldest of ten children of Gottschalk Diederich Bädeker (1778–1841), who had inherited the publishing house founded by his own father, Zacharias Gerhard Bädeker (1750–1800). The company also published

6800-407: Was based on this manual and for a long time, the stereotype editions remained unrivalled in the travel publishing world. In the preface to the English stereotype editions, the traveller is told: "The number of editions through which this Handbook has passed is the best evidence of its utility and the general estimation in which it is held. The Editor's object, as in the case of his other handbooks,

6885-563: Was brought to an end by the outbreak of World War I , after which the house of Baedeker went into decline, the victim of the post-war international geopolitical and economic conditions. Consequently, in 1920, Fritz broke with tradition and for some time thereafter, Baedeker guides to German cities and regions carried a limited amount of advertising. Fritz Baedeker's released 39 guidebooks in German from 1872 to 1925, and 21 in English from 1872 to 1914. Twelve French titles were published between 1882 and 1910. 1925−1943: Hans Baedeker (1874−1959),

6970-640: Was in the British zone. Here, he worked in local government until 1948, latterly sorting out the Schleswig-Holstein archives when he decided to revive the family publishing business under the name of Karl Baedeker . His uncle Hans had decided to stay on in Leipzig, which was now under the jurisdiction of the Russians who had not granted him a publishing licence. However, they were very close and Karl could draw on his uncle's experience to get things going. Even before

7055-479: Was now operating on two fronts. He continued to produce city and regional guides from Malente and with the publication of his 1954 Berlin guide in German, English and French, the Baedeker brand had been well and truly re-established. Florian, his only son, was by his side and his cousin Hans, the son of his uncle Dietrich, was engaged in producing the motoring guides from Stuttgart . Dietrich's other son Otto also helped run

7140-571: Was running it on his own. His tenure at the helm of the firm saw the publication of three new travel guides in 1861 viz the first Baedeker travel guide in English, the handbook on "The Rhine " (from Switzerland to Holland), a guide in German on Italy ( Ober-Italien ), the first of a series on Italy, which his father had planned and one in French, also on Italy ( Italie septentrionale ). Ernst Baedeker died unexpectedly on 23 July 1861 of sunstroke in Egypt and his younger brother, Karl, assumed charge of

7225-564: Was the son of Karl Baedeker III, who was killed in action at the Battle of Liège in 1914. He had worked as an editor at the firm before the outbreak of the Second World War . During the war, he saw active service and rose to the rank of captain. Towards the closing stages of the war, he was taken prisoner in Austria by the Americans. After the war, he moved to Malente-Gremsmühlen in Schleswig-Holstein , where his wife and sister were living and which

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