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26-478: The festivals date back to the mid 20th century with the first organizing activities being held in 1955 as part of the "Touristic Year 1955." After one year, President Camille Chamoun appointed a festival committee with Kettaneh as its President, and named it the Baalbeck International Festival. It became a governmental institution whose goal was to promote tourism and Lebanese culture. The festival

52-869: A "Special Message to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle East". Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression. Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism ." The phrase "international communism" made

78-596: A cabinet minister during Chamoun's term. Facing unrest in the country, with its epicentre in Sidon at the start of the protests, Chamoun eventually appealed to the United States for help under the new Eisenhower Doctrine , and American Marines landed in Beirut. Moreover, Naim Moghabghab , a close friend and political ally, formed and led a military group to reinforce Chamoun's position. Many battles occurred, mainly in Beirut and in

104-632: A significant role in allowing Chamoun to finish his term normally and Chehab to be elected according to the constitutional procedures. On his retirement from the presidency, Chamoun founded the National Liberal Party ( al-Ahrar ). As its leader, Chamoun was elected to the National Assembly again in 1960, much to the consternation of Chehab. He was defeated in 1964 because of changes to the boundaries of his electoral district, which he and his supporters protested as deliberate gerrymandering . He

130-566: Is Syria. They sound like Assad is the latest incarnation of the Crusaders ." Though initially aligned with Syria and inviting the Syrian Army to intervene against the leftist Lebanese National Movement (LNM) and its Palestinian allies in 1976, Chamoun later gravitated towards opposition to the Syrians' presence. On 12 March 1980, In Dora, Mount Lebanon , a remote-controlled bomb exploded near

156-485: Is remembered as one of the main Christian nationalist leaders and one of the last significant figures of Lebanon's prewar generation of politicians whose political influence was eclipsed during the war by that of younger militia commanders. Eisenhower Doctrine [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Eisenhower Doctrine was a policy enunciated by Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 5, 1957, within

182-630: The Kataeb Party , became known as the Lebanese Forces (LF). Chamoun was chairman of the Lebanese Front from 1976 to 1978. He was defense minister in the cabinet of Rashid Karami in 1976. In a 1976 diplomatic cable from Beirut, special US envoy L. Dean Brown stated, "If I got nothing else from my meeting with Frangie , Chamoun and Gemayel , it is their clear, unequivocal and unmistakable belief that their principal hope for saving Christian necks

208-511: The Suez Crisis . Coupled with the power vacuum left by the decline of British and French power in the region after the U.S. protested against the conduct of their allies during the Suez War, Eisenhower thought that the strong position needed to better the situation was further complicated by the positions taken by Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser , who was rapidly building a power base and using it to play

234-659: The 1970s and 1980s, Chamoun served in a variety of portfolios in the cabinet, including interior minister. That was during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), in which Chamoun and his party participated through the party's militia, the Tigers (in Arabic, nimr means tiger ). In the early stages of the war, he helped found the Lebanese Front , a coalition of mostly-Christian politicians and parties, whose united militia, dominated by

260-546: The Chouf district, where clashes between Naim Moghabghab and Kamal Jumblatt 's men led to bloody fights. The revolt was squashed, but to appease Muslim anger, General Fuad Chehab , who claimed to be a Christian enjoying considerable popularity in the Muslim community, was elected to succeed Chamoun. The American diplomat Robert D. Murphy , who had been sent to Lebanon as personal representative of US President Dwight Eisenhower , played

286-520: The Christian factions of the war. A Christian group called "the Vanguard of Arab Christians" was named as responsible for the attack. Another assassination attempt occurred again on 7 January 1987 which killed 6 people and wounded 40 others when 165 pounds of explosives was detonated as Chamoun passed through East Beirut in the morning. In 1930 he married Zelpha (or Zalfa) Tabet with whom he had two sons, Dany and Dory , both of whom became politicians in

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312-711: The Lebanese Independence Day. Chamoun was re-elected to parliament, which was then called the National Assembly , in 1947 and 1951. He was frequently absent, however, as he served as ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1944 to 1946 and as ambassador to the United Nations thereafter. He was the minister of finance from December 1946 to June 1947. When President Bechara El Khoury was forced to resign because of corruption allegations in 1952, Chamoun

338-539: The NLP. Dany, his wife and two sons were all shot dead in their Beirut apartment on 21 October 1990. In 1984 Chamoun agreed to join the National Unity government as deputy prime minister, which he held until his death on 7 August 1987, at the age of 87. He died of a heart attack at Saint George's Hospital in Beirut. He spent his last months mostly in the care of his protégée Aida Yahchouchi and her husband, Joseph Wehbe. He

364-499: The Soviets and Americans against each other, taking a position of "positive neutrality" and accepting aid from the Soviets. On the regional level, the doctrine's intent was to provide the independent Arab regimes with an alternative to Nasser's political control, strengthening them while isolating communist influence through Nasser's isolation. It largely failed on that front, with Nasser's power quickly rising by 1959 to when he could shape

390-490: The allies. Eisenhower's protests against longtime allies—Britain and France—during the Suez Crisis lead to the collapse of British and French influence in the Middle East, spawning fears of Soviet domination made more credible by Nasser's increasingly pro-Soviet disposition. The Eisenhower Doctrine was a backflip against the previous policy; the U.S. now had the burden of military action in the Middle East to itself. The doctrine

416-525: The car of Camille Chamoun. One bodyguard was killed while Chamoun, his driver, another bodyguard and a passerby suffered minor injuries. In 1980, the NLP's Tigers militia was virtually destroyed by a surprise attack from Chamoun's Christian rival, Bachir Gemayel . After Israel's invasion of Lebanon , Chamoun decided to enter a tactical cooperation with Israel to oppose the Syrian occupation in Lebanon. Gemayel

442-546: The constitution. The mood may have been itself indicative of the fact that nine prime ministers formed cabinets under the six years of Chamoun's presidency since Sunni politicians were not always able to justify their association with his politics to their constituencies and popular power base. That fact was evident in the pressures that faced the El-Bizri political base in Sidon , and the longstanding parliamentarian Nazih El-Bizri served as

468-407: The doctrine much broader than simply responding to Soviet military action. A danger that could be linked to communists of any nation could conceivably invoke the doctrine. Most Arabs regarded the doctrine as a transparent ploy to promote Western influence in the Middle East by restraining Nasser's brand of Arab nationalism that opposed Western domination, and some like the Syrians publicly denounced

494-567: The initiative as an insidious example of U.S. imperialism . Following the 1958 crisis in Lebanon and accusations by U.S. senators of exaggerating the threat of communism to the region, Eisenhower privately admitted that the real goal was combating Arab nationalism. In the global political context, the doctrine was made in response to the possibility of a generalized war, threatened due to the Soviet Union's latent threat becoming involved in Egypt after

520-480: The leadership outcomes in neighboring Arab countries such as Iraq and Saudi Arabia ; in the meantime, his relationship with the Soviet leaders deteriorated, allowing the U.S. to switch to a policy of accommodation. The administration also saw the Middle East as being critical for future foreign policy regarding the United States and its allies. The region contains a large percentage of the world's oil reserves needed by

546-520: Was a Lebanese politician who served as the 2nd president of Lebanon from 1952 to 1958. He was one of the country's main Christian leaders during most of the Lebanese Civil War . Camille Nimr Chamoun was born at Deir al-Qamar on 3 April 1900 into a prominent Maronite family. He received a law degree from Saint Joseph University . Chamoun was first elected to the Lebanese parliament in 1934, and

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572-723: Was elected to replace him. During Chamoun's presidency, Lebanon experienced an economic boom, in particular in the construction, banking and tourism sectors. He implemented a 1954 law on the creation of joint-stock companies and a 1956 law on banking secrecy. According to Fawwaz Traboulsi, Chamoun concentrated power into his hands, blurring the limits of democracy and autocracy. Near the end of his term, Pan-Arabists and other groups backed by Gamal Abdel Nasser , with considerable support in Lebanon's Muslim (particularly Sunni ) community attempted to overthrow Chamoun's government in June 1958 after Chamoun tried to seek another term as president against

598-498: Was elected to the presidency in August 1982, but was assassinated before taking office. Chamoun announced his candidacy, but withdrew one day before the election, after the United States endorsed Amine Gemayel. In 1985, 5 people were killed and 23 injured in a suicide attack during a meeting between Christian parties in the St. Georges Monastery in Beirut which was aimed at the five main leaders of

624-793: Was held in July and August in the ruins of the Roman temples. In the early 1960s, it established a drama school called Théâtre Libanais Moderne for the promotion of works done by Lebanese authors. After the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) and the cessation of festival activities for a quarter century, the festival reopened in 1997. 34°00′24″N 36°12′17″E  /  34.00666°N 36.20483°E  / 34.00666; 36.20483 Camille Chamoun Camille Nimr Chamoun OM , ONC ( Arabic : كميل نمر شمعون , romanized :  Kamīl Nimr Shamʿūn , pronounced [kaˈmiːl ʃamˈʕuːn] ; 3 April 1900 – 7 August 1987)

650-474: Was re-elected to the National Assembly, however, in 1968, and again in 1972, Lebanon's last parliamentary election in his lifetime. After the election of 1968, the National Liberal Party held 11 seats out of 99, becoming the largest single party in the notoriously fractured National Assembly. It was the only political party to elect representatives from all of Lebanon's major religious confessions. In

676-435: Was reelected in 1937 and 1943. A champion of independence from France, he was arrested on 11 November 1943 and was imprisoned in the castle of Rashayya , where he was held for eleven days, along with Bishara el-Khoury and Riad Al Solh , who were to become the first president and prime minister , respectively, of the new republic. Massive public protests led to their release on 22 November, which has since been celebrated as

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