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50-531: (Redirected from BRAG ) [REDACTED] Look up brag in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Brag or BRAG may refer to: Bicycle Ride Across Georgia , an annual road cycling tour in the state of Georgia, United States Boasting , speaking with excessive pride about one's achievements, possessions, or abilities Brag, a character in The Trigan Empire ,

100-629: A food additive it is approved for use in the EU, United States and Australia and New Zealand; it is listed by its INS number 270 or as E number E270. Lactic acid is used as a food preservative, curing agent, and flavoring agent. It is an ingredient in processed foods and is used as a decontaminant during meat processing. Lactic acid is produced commercially by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or lactose, or by chemical synthesis. Carbohydrate sources include corn, beets, and cane sugar. Lactic acid has historically been used to assist with

150-411: A bacterial process, natural or controlled, is often used to convert the naturally present malic acid to lactic acid, to reduce the sharpness and for other flavor-related reasons. This malolactic fermentation is undertaken by lactic acid bacteria . While not normally found in significant quantities in fruit, lactic acid is the primary organic acid in akebia fruit, making up 2.12% of the juice. As

200-414: A hobby. And others ride to enjoy scenery, different terrain, and new country. On BRAG, almost all riders believe that it is more about the journey, rather than the destination. Riders may choose to complete as much or as little of the tour as they want to. This means each rider may travel a different distance during the week. On average, each rider travels between 43 and 100 miles in a day. Each day of riding

250-884: A loop/figure 8 course and not a point-to-point ride. 2015 BRAG will begin Sunday, June 7 in Newnan, GA and will end on Saturday, June 13 also in Newnan. Riders will stop overnight in the following locations: The route for the 2014 BRAG began Sunday, June 8 in Washington, GA and ended on Saturday, June 14 in Darien, GA . Riders stopped overnight in the following locations: The route for the 2012 BRAG began Saturday, June 2 in Fort Oglethorpe, GA and ended on Saturday, June 9 in Tiger, GA . Riders stopped overnight in

300-412: A process that absorbs these protons: The combined effect is: The production of lactate from glucose ( glucose → 2 lactate + 2 H ), when viewed in isolation, releases two H . The H are absorbed in the production of ATP, but H is subsequently released during hydrolysis of ATP: Once the production and use of ATP is included, the overall reaction is The resulting increase in acidity persists until

350-456: A proton to produce the lactate ion CH 3 CH(OH)CO 2 . Compared to acetic acid , its p K a is 1 unit less, meaning lactic acid is ten times more acidic than acetic acid. This higher acidity is the consequence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the α-hydroxyl and the carboxylate group. Lactic acid is chiral , consisting of two enantiomers . One is known as L -lactic acid, ( S )-lactic acid, or (+)-lactic acid, and

400-469: A science fiction comic series Brag (folklore) , a creature from the folklore of Northumbria, England Eva Brag (1829–1913), a Swedish writer Three card brag , a British card game See also [ edit ] The Brag Media , an Australian publishing company Bragg (disambiguation) June Bragger (1929–1997), English cricketer Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

450-628: A starting material for industrial production of lactic acid, almost any carbohydrate source containing C 5 (Pentose sugar) and C 6 (Hexose sugar) can be used. Pure sucrose, glucose from starch, raw sugar, and beet juice are frequently used. Lactic acid producing bacteria can be divided in two classes: homofermentative bacteria like Lactobacillus casei and Lactococcus lactis , producing two moles of lactate from one mole of glucose, and heterofermentative species producing one mole of lactate from one mole of glucose as well as carbon dioxide and acetic acid / ethanol . Racemic lactic acid

500-400: Is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) due to the presence of a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxyl group. It is used as a synthetic intermediate in many organic synthesis industries and in various biochemical industries. The conjugate base of lactic acid is called lactate (or the lactate anion). The name of the derived acyl group is lactoyl . In solution, it can ionize by a loss of

550-400: Is believed to originate predominantly from activity-induced concentration changes to the cellular NADH pools." Lactate can also serve as an important source of energy for other organs, including the heart and liver. During physical activity, up to 60% of the heart muscle's energy turnover rate derives from lactate oxidation. Blood tests for lactate are performed to determine the status of

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600-463: Is beneficial for NAD regeneration (pyruvate is reduced to lactate while NADH is oxidized to NAD ), which is used up in oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during production of pyruvate from glucose, and this ensures that energy production is maintained and exercise can continue. During intense exercise, the respiratory chain cannot keep up with the amount of hydrogen ions that join to form NADH, and cannot regenerate NAD quickly enough, so pyruvate

650-492: Is converted to lactate to allow energy production by glycolysis to continue. The resulting lactate can be used in two ways: Lactate is continually formed at rest and during all exercise intensities. Lactate serves as a metabolic fuel being produced and oxidatively disposed in resting and exercising muscle and other tissues. Some sources of excess lactate production are metabolism in red blood cells , which lack mitochondria that perform aerobic respiration, and limitations in

700-493: Is found primarily in sour milk products, such as kumis , laban , yogurt , kefir , and some cottage cheeses . The casein in fermented milk is coagulated (curdled) by lactic acid. Lactic acid is also responsible for the sour flavor of sourdough bread. In lists of nutritional information lactic acid might be included under the term "carbohydrate" (or "carbohydrate by difference") because this often includes everything other than water, protein, fat, ash, and ethanol. If this

750-604: Is good to excellent and the prices are very reasonable.” BRAG experts and experienced trekkers advise that participants ensure their bikes are tuned up and in good condition for the ride. They also advise that riders stick to a consistent cadence (pedaling speed) of at least 80 revolutions per minute, and know how to operate their gears correctly. The route for the 2024 Big BRAG began Saturday, June 1 in Atlanta, GA and ended on Saturday, June 8 in Savannah, GA . Riders stopped overnight in

800-402: Is important at early stages of development for brain metabolism in prenatal and early postnatal subjects, with lactate at these stages having higher concentrations in body liquids, and being utilized by the brain preferentially over glucose. It was also hypothesized that lactate may exert a strong action over GABAergic networks in the developing brain , making them more inhibitory than it

850-555: Is often racemic, although certain species of bacteria produce solely D -lactic acid. On the other hand, lactic acid produced by fermentation in animal muscles has the ( L ) enantiomer and is sometimes called "sarcolactic" acid, from the Greek sarx , meaning "flesh". In animals, L -lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process of fermentation during normal metabolism and exercise . It does not increase in concentration until

900-448: Is pre-mapped out and planned so riders know where to go and what kind of trek is ahead for each day. When the trek for the day is complete, the cyclists stop in a city or town, and set up camp at a local high school or college. In the evenings, bikers can relax or enjoy entertainment and tourism for the remainder of the night. If riders want to go out, a shuttle provides transportation between the camp site and touristic spots around town. At

950-467: Is present for aerobic respiration, the pyruvate is oxidized to CO 2 and water by the Krebs cycle, in which oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP for use in powering the cell. When insufficient oxygen is present, or when there is insufficient capacity for pyruvate oxidation to keep up with rapid pyruvate production during intense exertion, the pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase ),

1000-462: Is produced in human tissues when the demand for oxygen is limited by the supply. This occurs during tissue ischemia when the flow of blood is limited as in sepsis or hemorrhagic shock. It may also occur when demand for oxygen is high such as with intense exercise. The process of lactic acidosis produces lactic acid which results in an oxygen debt which can be resolved or repaid when tissue oxygenation improves. Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele

1050-456: Is produced naturally by various strains of bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars into acids, unlike the yeast that ferment sugar into ethanol. After cooling the wort , yeast and bacteria are allowed to "fall" into the open fermenters. Brewers of more common beer styles would ensure that no such bacteria are allowed to enter the fermenter. Other sour styles of beer include Berliner weisse , Flanders red and American wild ale . In winemaking,

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1100-508: Is responsible for the tooth decay known as cavities . In medicine , lactate is one of the main components of lactated Ringer's solution and Hartmann's solution . These intravenous fluids consist of sodium and potassium cations along with lactate and chloride anions in solution with distilled water , generally in concentrations isotonic with human blood . It is most commonly used for fluid resuscitation after blood loss due to trauma , surgery , or burns . Lactic acid

1150-457: Is sent back to the rider, with information about the ride and precise distances and directions for every turn. For example, a directions packet might say something like this, “Begin a 1.2 mile serious climb…” They are made easy to follow. Everyone has their own reason to ride on BRAG. Many ride to keep in shape, many ride to accomplish a personal goal or complete a personal challenge, many ride for fun with family and/or friends, or on their own, as

1200-570: Is synthesized industrially by reacting acetaldehyde with hydrogen cyanide and hydrolysing the resultant lactonitrile . When hydrolysis is performed by hydrochloric acid , ammonium chloride forms as a by-product; the Japanese company Musashino is one of the last big manufacturers of lactic acid by this route. Synthesis of both racemic and enantiopure lactic acids is also possible from other starting materials ( vinyl acetate , glycerol , etc.) by application of catalytic procedures. L -Lactic acid

1250-406: Is the case then the calculated food energy may use the standard 4 kilocalories (17 kJ) per gram that is often used for all carbohydrates. But in some cases lactic acid is ignored in the calculation. The energy density of lactic acid is 362 kilocalories (1,510 kJ) per 100 g. Some beers ( sour beer ) purposely contain lactic acid, one such type being Belgian lambics . Most commonly, this

1300-408: Is the primary endogenous agonist of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA 1 ), which is a G i/o -coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). In industry, lactic acid fermentation is performed by lactic acid bacteria , which convert simple carbohydrates such as glucose , sucrose , or galactose to lactic acid. These bacteria can also grow in the mouth ; the acid they produce

1350-448: Is the primary endogenous agonist of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA 1 ), a G i/o -coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). During power exercises such as sprinting , when the rate of demand for energy is high, glucose is broken down and oxidized to pyruvate , and lactate is then produced from the pyruvate faster than the body can process it, causing lactate concentrations to rise. The production of lactate

1400-436: The acid base homeostasis in the body. Blood sampling for this purpose is often arterial (even if it is more difficult than venipuncture ), because lactate levels differ substantially between arterial and venous, and the arterial level is more representative for this purpose. During childbirth , lactate levels in the fetus can be quantified by fetal scalp blood testing . Two molecules of lactic acid can be dehydrated to

1450-498: The bicycle tour in Iowa called RAGBRAI (Register's Annual Great Bicycle Ride Across Iowa). The first ride began in Savannah, Georgia , and finished in Columbus, Georgia . The ride was a total of 300 miles. In 1985, the name of the ride was changed to Bicycle Ride Across Georgia or BRAG. Originally the tour was organized by local bike shops and each year a different bike shop would take on

1500-448: The lactate-shuttle hypothesis , glial cells are responsible for transforming glucose into lactate, and for providing lactate to the neurons. Because of this local metabolic activity of glial cells, the extracellular fluid immediately surrounding neurons strongly differs in composition from the blood or cerebrospinal fluid , being much richer with lactate, as was found in microdialysis studies. Some evidence suggests that lactate

1550-666: The lactone lactide . In the presence of catalysts lactide polymerize to either atactic or syndiotactic polylactide (PLA), which are biodegradable polyesters . PLA is an example of a plastic that is not derived from petrochemicals . Lactic acid is also employed in pharmaceutical technology to produce water-soluble lactates from otherwise-insoluble active ingredients. It finds further use in topical preparations and cosmetics to adjust acidity and for its disinfectant and keratolytic properties. Lactic acid containing bacteria have shown promise in reducing oxaluria with its descaling properties on calcium compounds. Lactic acid

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1600-569: The 2007 BRAG began Sunday, June 9 in Columbus, GA and ended in Savannah, GA on Saturday, June 16. Overnight stops were in the following towns: Lactic acid Lactic acid is an organic acid . It has the molecular formula C 3 H 6 O 3 . It is white in the solid state and it is miscible with water. When in the dissolved state, it forms a colorless solution. Production includes both artificial synthesis as well as natural sources. Lactic acid

1650-623: The 2009 BRAG began Sunday, June 7, in Hiawassee, Georgia and ended in South Carolina at the Savannah Lakes Resort and Marina on Saturday, June 13. 2009. Riders stopped overnight in the following towns: The route for the 2008 BRAG began Sunday, June 8 in Oxford, GA and ended on St. Simons Island, GA on Saturday, June 14. 2008's route stopped overnight in the following towns: The route for

1700-452: The BRAG ride “is very easy and enjoyable.” BRAG volunteers choose the route each year and when the time comes around, they help paint the arrows and other lines on the pavement. They also post BRAG signs to help bikers out. The volunteers also pre-bike the ride to make sure it is a good route for cyclists from all over. When the registration papers and fees are collected for each rider, an envelope

1750-543: The camp site, riders can choose to either set up camp outside, in a tent, on a field -most likely a soccer or football field-, or inside in a gym. In the morning, most riders begin riding early to avoid the heat. Most of the routes are back roads with beautiful scenery and little traffic. Official BRAG rest stops are spaced every 10 to 15 miles and provide drinks and snacks to riders. Organizers suggest that riders not stop longer than 5 minutes to avoid difficulty restarting that may come from lactic acid . Cyclists not able to take

1800-451: The excess lactate and protons are converted back to pyruvate, and then to glucose for later use, or to CO 2 and water for the production of ATP. Although glucose is usually assumed to be the main energy source for living tissues, there is evidence that lactate, in preference to glucose, is preferentially metabolized by neurons in the brains of several mammalian species that include mice , rats , and humans . According to

1850-512: The following locations: The route for the 2011 BRAG began Saturday, June 4 in Atlanta, GA and ended on Saturday, June 11 in Savannah, GA . Riders stopped overnight in the following locations: The route for the 2010 BRAG began Saturday, June 5 in Peachtree City, GA and ended on Saturday, June 12, also in Peachtree City. Riders stopped overnight in the following locations: The route for

1900-516: The following locations: The route for the 2017 BRAG began Saturday, June 3 in Athens, GA and ended on Saturday, June 10 in Brunswick, GA . Riders stopped overnight in the following locations: The route for the 2016 BRAG began Saturday, June 4 in Atlanta, GA and ended on Saturday, June 11 in Savannah, GA . Riders stopped overnight in the following locations: The proposed route for the 2015 BRAG will be

1950-671: The following locations: The route for the 2023 Big BRAG began Saturday, June 3 in Clayton, GA and ended on Saturday, June 10 in Augusta, GA . Riders stopped overnight in the following locations: The route for the 2022 Big BRAG began Saturday, June 4 in Columbus, GA and ended on Saturday, June 11 in Brunswick, GA . Riders stopped overnight in the following locations: The route for the 2019 BRAG began Saturday, June 1 in Ellijay, GA and ended on Saturday, June 8 in Darien, GA . Riders stopped overnight in

2000-493: The heat (average temperature is usually around 90 degrees Fahrenheit) or not able to ride up a hill can be picked up by BRAG support wagons. Those not able to bike for a couple days can also use the support wagons to transport them, their bike, and, gear to the next stop on the route if necessary. Riders can purchase a meal ticket plan for the week. Cyclists can choose how many meals they want on their plan. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner are available. According to Fitz Miller, “The food

2050-632: The organization and promotion of the event. As the event grew, it became obvious that the event would require a full time staff. An executive director, Jerry Colley, was hired as the Chief Executive Officer and held that position until 2015, when Franklin Johnson took over as Executive Director. For BRAG, many riders start training in January. Bobby Rone, a BRAG cyclist, makes the following suggestions: Rone says that after following his training strategy,

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2100-460: The other, its mirror image, is D -lactic acid, ( R )-lactic acid, or (−)-lactic acid. A mixture of the two in equal amounts is called DL -lactic acid, or racemic lactic acid. Lactic acid is hygroscopic . DL -Lactic acid is miscible with water and with ethanol above its melting point, which is about 16 to 18 °C (61 to 64 °F). D -Lactic acid and L -lactic acid have a higher melting point. Lactic acid produced by fermentation of milk

2150-475: The rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including monocarboxylate transporters , concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues. The concentration of blood lactate is usually 1–2   mM Tooltip millimolar at rest, but can rise to over 20   mM during intense exertion and as high as 25   mM afterward. In addition to other biological roles, L -lactic acid

2200-461: The rates of enzyme activity in muscle fibers during intense exertion. Lactic acidosis is a physiological condition characterized by accumulation of lactate (especially L -lactate), with formation of an excessively high proton concentration [H ] and correspondingly low pH in the tissues, a form of metabolic acidosis . The first stage in metabolizing glucose is glycolysis , the conversion of glucose to pyruvate and H : When sufficient oxygen

2250-470: The synthesis of lactic acid was discovered by Louis Pasteur . This pathway was used commercially by the German pharmacy Boehringer Ingelheim in 1895. In 2006, global production of lactic acid reached 275,000 tonnes with an average annual growth of 10%. Lactic acid is produced industrially by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates , or by chemical synthesis from acetaldehyde . As of 2009 , lactic acid

2300-553: The title Brag . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brag&oldid=1194903097 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Bicycle Ride Across Georgia The route covers approximately 400 miles over 7 days with options for longer distances. Mid-week,

2350-405: The tour stays two nights in one town allowing riders to either rest or ride a century with lesser mile options. Rest stops are every 8–15 miles and snacks and drinks are provided to registered riders. BRAG was originally called Georgia's Annual State Bicycling Event (GASBE) when it first began in 1980. The head leader on the idea for this event was Dot Moss . The inspiration originally came from

2400-777: Was previously assumed, acting either through better support of metabolites, or alterations in base intracellular pH levels, or both. Studies of brain slices of mice show that β-hydroxybutyrate , lactate, and pyruvate act as oxidative energy substrates, causing an increase in the NAD(P)H oxidation phase, that glucose was insufficient as an energy carrier during intense synaptic activity and, finally, that lactate can be an efficient energy substrate capable of sustaining and enhancing brain aerobic energy metabolism in vitro . The study "provides novel data on biphasic NAD(P)H fluorescence transients, an important physiological response to neural activation that has been reproduced in many studies and that

2450-805: Was produced predominantly (70–90%) by fermentation. Production of racemic lactic acid consisting of a 1:1 mixture of D and L stereoisomers, or of mixtures with up to 99.9% L -lactic acid, is possible by microbial fermentation. Industrial scale production of D -lactic acid by fermentation is possible, but much more challenging. Fermented milk products are obtained industrially by fermentation of milk or whey by Lactobacillus bacteria: Lactobacillus acidophilus , Lacticaseibacillus casei ( Lactobacillus casei ), Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ( Lactobacillus bulgaricus ), Lactobacillus helveticus , Lactococcus lactis , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus ( Streptococcus thermophilus ). As

2500-461: Was the first person to isolate lactic acid in 1780 from sour milk . The name reflects the lact- combining form derived from the Latin word lac , meaning "milk". In 1808, Jöns Jacob Berzelius discovered that lactic acid (actually L -lactate) is also produced in muscles during exertion. Its structure was established by Johannes Wislicenus in 1873. In 1856, the role of Lactobacillus in

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