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34-519: BER may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Biology and medicine [ edit ] Basal electrical rhythm , spontaneous rhythmic slow action potentials that some smooth muscles of the GI tract display Base excision repair , a DNA repair pathway Benign early repolarization , a heart arrhythmia Blossom end rot , a plant disorder Computing [ edit ] Basic Encoding Rules ,

68-419: A lamina propria , with a layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosa . This sits on an underlying submucosa of connective tissue, surrounded by a muscularis propria of two bands of muscle, an inner circular band and an outer longitudinal one. There are a higher concentration of goblet cells in the rectal mucosa than other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The lining of the rectum changes sharply at

102-588: A band best known for their single "The Night Begins to Shine" See also [ edit ] Ber (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title BER . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BER&oldid=1188006110 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

136-399: A guided camera to directly view the rectum. The instruments may have the ability to take biopsies if needed, for diagnosis of diseases such as cancer . A proctoscope is another instrument that is used to visualise the rectum. Body temperature can also be taken in the rectum. Rectal temperature can be taken by inserting a medical thermometer not more than 25 mm (0.98 in) into

170-434: A peristaltic wave. The specific mechanism for the contraction of smooth muscle in the GI tract depends upon IP3R calcium release channels in the muscle. Calcium release from IP3 sensitive calcium stores activates calcium dependent chloride channels . These chloride channels trigger spontaneous transient inward current which couples the calcium oscillations to electrical activity. The number of action potentials during

204-609: A rating of a damaged item Block Exemption Regulation , published by the European Commission regarding European Union competition law Building the Education Revolution , a 2010 Australian government economic stimulus programme Building Energy Rating , a rating label for the energy performance of a building in Ireland Chemische Berichte ( Ber ), a 1868–1945 German chemistry journal B.E.R. ,

238-440: A region of the GI tract determines the possible frequency of contractions. In order for a contraction to occur, a hormone or neurocrine signal must induce the smooth muscle cell to have an action potential. The basal electrical rhythm allows the smooth muscle cell to depolarize and contract rhythmically when exposed to hormonal signals. This action potential is transmitted to other smooth muscle cells via gap junctions, creating

272-568: A set of rules for encoding data Bit error rate , the ratio between the number of incorrect bits transmitted to the total Places [ edit ] Bermuda (IOC and UNDP code), a British overseas territory Bohai Economic Rim , the economic region surrounding Tianjin, China Transport [ edit ] Air Berlin (ICAO code: BER), a defunct German airline Berlin Brandenburg Airport (IATA code: BER), Germany Other uses [ edit ] Beyond economic repair ,

306-524: Is derived from the Latin intestinum rectum 'straight gut', a calque of Ancient Greek ἀπευθυσμένον ἔντερον, derived from ἀπευθύνειν, to make straight , and ἔντερον, gut , attested in the writings of Greek physician Galen . During his anatomic investigations on animal corpses, Galen observed the rectum to be straight instead of curved as in humans. The expressions ἀπευθυσμένον ἔντερον and intestinum rectum are therefore not appropriate descriptions of

340-466: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Basal electrical rhythm Smooth muscle within the GI tract causes the involuntary peristaltic motion that moves consumed food down the esophagus and towards the rectum . The smooth muscle throughout most of the GI tract is divided into two layers: an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer. Both layers of muscle are located within

374-467: Is innervated by both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons, while the outer longitudinal layer is innervated by mainly excitatory neurons. These action potentials cause the smooth muscle cells to contract or relax, depending on the particular stimulation the cells receive. Longitudinal muscle fibers depend on calcium influx into the cell for excitation-contraction coupling , while circular muscle fibers rely on intracellular calcium release. Contraction of

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408-449: Is oscillatory, so that the BER has peaks and valleys when graphed over time. Rectum The rectum ( pl. : rectums or recta ) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in humans and some other mammals , and the gut in others. The adult human rectum is about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long, and begins at the rectosigmoid junction (the end of the sigmoid colon ) at

442-451: Is stool in the rectum, and whether there is an obstruction. When symptoms such as weight loss, bleeding through the rectum, or pain are present, additional investigations such as a CT scan may be ordered. If constipation persists despite simple treatments, testing may also include anal manometry to measure pressures in the anus and rectum, electrophysiological studies, and magnetic resonance proctography. In general however, constipation

476-404: Is supplied by the superior rectal artery . The lower third is supplied by the middle and inferior rectal arteries . The superior rectal artery is a single artery that is a continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery , when it crosses the pelvic brim . It enters the mesorectum at the level of S3, and then splits into two branches, which run at the lateral back part of the rectum, and then

510-435: Is treated by improving factors such as hydration, exercise, and dietary fibre. Laxatives may be used. Constipation that persists may require enemas or suppositories. Sometimes, use of the fingers or hand (manual evacuation) is required. Although peristalsis in the colon delivers material to the rectum, laxatives such as bisacodyl or senna that induce peristalsis in the large bowel do not appear to initiate peristalsis in

544-457: Is used. In humans, the rectum is followed by the anal canal , which is about 4 centimetres (1.6 in) long, before the gastrointestinal tract terminates at the anal verge . The word rectum comes from the Latin rēctum intestīnum , meaning straight intestine . The human rectum is a part of the lower gastrointestinal tract . The rectum is a continuation of the sigmoid colon , and connects to

578-403: The anus . The rectum follows the shape of the sacrum and ends in an expanded section called an ampulla where feces is stored before its release via the anal canal . An ampulla (from Latin bottle ) is a cavity, or the dilated end of a duct, shaped like a Roman ampulla . The rectum joins with the sigmoid colon at the level of S3 , and joins with the anal canal as it passes through

612-406: The muscularis externa . The stomach has a third layer: an innermost oblique layer. The physical contractions of the smooth muscle cells can be caused by action potentials in efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system , or by receptor mediated calcium influx. These efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system are cholinergic and adrenergic neurons. The inner circular layer

646-422: The nervous system located in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to pass feces, a process called defecation . An internal and external anal sphincter , and resting contraction of the puborectalis , prevent leakage of feces ( fecal incontinence ). As the rectum becomes more distended, the sphincters relax and a reflex expulsion of the contents of the rectum occurs. Expulsion occurs through contractions of

680-410: The pelvic floor muscles. Unlike other portions of the colon, the rectum does not have distinct taeniae coli . The taeniae blend with one another in the sigmoid colon five centimeters above the rectum, becoming a singular longitudinal muscle that surrounds the rectum on all sides for its entire length. The blood supply of the rectum changes between the top and bottom portions. The top two thirds

714-472: The diagnosis of certain ailments, a rectal exam may be done. These include faecal impaction , prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy in men, faecal incontinence , and internal haemorrhoids . Forms of medical imaging used to examine the rectum include CT scans and MRI scans. An ultrasound probe may be inserted into the rectum to view nearby structures such as the prostate. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy are forms of endoscopy that use

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748-408: The distal small intestine and colon which are stimulated by unabsorbed nutrients and gastric emptying. The frequency of the BER, and thus the contractions, changes throughout the GI tract. The frequency in the stomach is 3 per minute, while the duodenum is 11 to 12 per minute and the ileum is 9 per minute. The colon can have a BER frequency between 2 and 13 per minute. The electrical activity

782-399: The level of the third sacral vertebra or the sacral promontory depending upon what definition is used. Its diameter is similar to that of the sigmoid colon at its commencement, but it is dilated near its termination, forming the rectal ampulla . It terminates at the level of the anorectal ring (the level of the puborectalis sling) or the dentate line , again depending upon which definition

816-435: The line where the rectum meets the anus . Here, the lining changes from the column-shaped cells of the rectum to multiple layers of flat cells . The rectum acts as a temporary storage site for feces. The rectum receives fecal material from the descending colon , transmitted through regular muscle contractions called peristalsis . As the rectal walls expand due to the materials filling it from within, stretch receptors from

850-473: The medication working, such as leakage. One cause of constipation is faecal impaction in the rectum, in which a dry, hard stool forms. Constipation is most commonly due to dietary and lifestyle factors such as inadequate hydration , immobility, and lack of dietary fibre, although there are many potential causes. Such causes may include obstruction because of narrowing, local disease (such as Crohn's disease, fissures or haemorrhoids), or diseases affecting

884-460: The muscles of the rectum. The urge to voluntarily defecate occurs after the rectal pressure increases to beyond 18 mmHg; and reflex expulsion at 55 mmHg. In voluntary defecation, in addition to contraction of the rectal muscles and relaxation of the external anal sphincter, abdominal muscle contraction, and relaxation of the puborectalis muscle occurs. This acts to make the angle between the rectum and anus straighter, and facilitate defecation. For

918-527: The neurological control of the bowel, or slow bowel transit time, including spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis ; use of medications such as opioids , and conditions such as diabetes mellitus , as well as severe illness. High calcium levels and low thyroid activity may also cause constipation. Testing may be carried out to investigate the cause. This may include blood tests such as biochemistry , calcium levels, thyroid function tests . A digital rectal examination may be performed to see if there

952-426: The plateau of a particular BER slow wave can vary. This variation in action potential generation does not impact the frequency of waves through the GI tract, only the strength of those contractile waves. The cells that respond to and secrete these substances include I cells and K cells in the proximal small intestine, whose stimulation is dependent on nutrient exposure and entry into the duodenum, and L cells in

986-503: The rectum ( Latin : per rectum ). By their definitions, suppositories are inserted, and enemas are injected into the rectum. Medications might be given via the rectum to relieve constipation, to treat conditions near the rectum, such as fissures or haemorrhoids, or to give medications that are systemically active when taking them by mouth is not possible. People do not tend to like medications administered by this route because of both cultural issues, discomfort, and issues that may affect

1020-574: The rectum via the anus . A mercury thermometer should be inserted for 3 to 5 minutes; a digital thermometer should remain inserted until it beeps. Normal rectal temperature generally ranges from 36 to 38 °C (97 to 100 °F) and is about 0.5 °C (32.9 °F) above oral (mouth) temperature and about 1 °C (34 °F) above axilla (armpit) temperature. Availability of less invasive temperature-taking methods including tympanic (ear) and forehead thermometers has facilitated reduced use of this method. Some medications are also administered via

1054-491: The rectum. They induce a sensation of rectal fullness and contraction that frequently leads to defecation, but without the distinct waves of activity characteristic of peristalsis. Other diseases of the rectum include: Due to the proximity of the anterior wall of the rectum to the vagina in females or to the prostate in males, and the shared nerves thereof, the rectum is an erogenous zone and its stimulation or penetration can result in sexual arousal . English rectum

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1088-423: The sides of the rectum. These then end in branches in the submucosa, which join with ( anastamose ) with branches of the middle and inferior rectal arteries. The microanatomy of the wall of the rectum is similar to the rest of the gastrointestinal tract ; namely, that it possesses a mucosa with a lining of a single layer of column-shaped cells with mucus-secreting goblet cells interspersed, resting on

1122-409: The smooth muscle can occur when the BER reaches its plateau (an absolute value less than -45mV) while a simultaneous stimulatory action potential occurs. A contraction will not occur unless an action potential occurs. Generally, BER waves stimulate action potentials and action potentials stimulate contractions. The interstitial cells of Cajal are specialized pacemaker cells located in the wall of

1156-465: The stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. These cells are connected to the smooth muscle via gap junctions and the myenteric plexus . The cell membranes of the pacemaker cells undergo a rhythmic depolarization and repolarization from -65 mV to -45mV. This rhythm of depolarization-repolarization of the cell membrane creates a slow wave known as a BER, and it is transmitted to the smooth muscle cells. The frequency of these depolarizations in

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