Blu-ray Disc Recordable ( BD-R ) and Blu-ray Disc Recordable Erasable ( BD-RE ) refer to two direct to disc optical disc recording technologies that can be recorded on to a Blu-ray -based optical disc with an optical disc recorder . BD-R discs can only be written to once , whereas BD-RE discs can be erased and re-recorded multiple times, similar to CD-R and CD-RW for a compact disc (CD). Disc capacities are 25 GB for single-layer discs, 50 GB for double-layer discs, 100 GB ("XL") for triple-layer, and 128 GB for quadruple-layer (in BD-R only).
43-865: BDR may refer to: Technology [ edit ] BD-R or Blu-ray Disc recordable Backup Designated Router , the router interfaced used in the Open Shortest Path First protocol if the designated router fails Backcountry Discovery Routes , US-base non-profit organization that creates off-highway routes for dual-sport and adventure motorcycle travel Backup and Disaster Recovery appliance PostgreSQL Bi Directional Replication Other uses [ edit ] Bangladesh Rifles , now Border Guard Bangladesh Belajar dari Rumah , an Indonesian television block Big Dad Ritch , lead vocalist for American heavy metal band Texas Hippie Coalition Bilateral Digit Reduction , in fossil birds Bill Davis Racing ,
86-431: A phase transition alloy (often GeSbTe or InAgTeSb ; copper silicate (CuSi) or other alloys can also be used, like Verbatim's proprietary MABL) is used for BD-RE discs. Melting the material with a very high power beam turns it into an amorphous state with low reflectivity, while heating at a lower power erases it back to a crystalline state with high reflectivity. In BD-RE discs, the data layers are surrounded by
129-553: A NASCAR team German Cycling Federation ( Bund Deutscher Radfahrer ) Sikorsky Memorial Airport (FAA and IATA codes) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title BDR . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BDR&oldid=1217961904 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
172-452: A UDF 2.01 volume that does not use Stream Files (introduced in UDF 2.00) but uses VAT (UDF 1.50) created by a UDF 2.60-capable implementation may have the revision declared as 0x0201 , the minimum read revision set to 0x0150 , the minimum write to 0x0150 , and the maximum write to 0x0260 . The UDF standard defines three file system variations, called "builds". These are: Introduced in
215-416: A UDF partition formatted by Windows cannot be written under macOS. On the other hand, a partition formatted by macOS cannot be directly written by Windows, due to the requirement of a MBR partition table. In addition, Linux only supports writing to UDF 2.01. A script for Linux and macOS called format-udf handles these incompatibilities by using UDF 2.01 and adding a fake MBR; for Windows the best solution
258-710: A disk controller for a hard drive. The tools and drives that do not fully support revision 1.5 of UDF will ignore the sparing table, which would lead them to read the outdated worn-out sectors, leading to retrieval of corrupted data. An overhead that is spread over the entire disc reserves a portion of the data storage space, limiting the usable capacity of a CD-RW with e.g. 650 MB of original capacity to around 500 MB. The UDF specifications allow only one Character Set OSTA CS0 , which can store any Unicode Code point excluding U+FEFF and U+FFFE. Additional character sets defined in ECMA-167 are not used. Since Errata DCN-5157,
301-621: A feature called "Stream Recording" which enables full nominal write speed. Whether defect management is beneficial with mediocre media depends much on the individual medium and the drive's firmware. It works well with narrowly located bad spots but tends to fail more often than stream recording if the drive perceives reduced read quality on the whole medium. It may be desirable to deactivate write verification on undamaged media to save time when mass-producing physical copies of data, since errors are unlikely to occur on physically undamaged media. As of April 2018 (approximate pricing): Instead of
344-499: A file is deleted on the disc, the file's data still remains on the disc. It does not appear in the directory any more, but it still occupies the original space where it was stored. Eventually, after using this scheme for some time, the disc will be full, as free space cannot be recovered by deleting files. Special tools can be used to access the previous state of the disc (the state before the delete occurred), making recovery possible. Not all drives fully implement version 1.5 or higher of
387-516: A pair of dielectric Zinc Sulfur-Silicon Dioxide layers. An adhesive spacer layer and a semi-reflective layer are used for multi-layer discs. The recording and dielectric layers are all deposited using Sputtering . On multi-layer BD-RE discs, each GeSbTe recording layer is progressively thinner. So the first layer (L0) is 10 nm thick, L1 is 7.5 nm thick, L2 is 6 nm thick, and so on. The silver alloy reflective layers that are behind each recording layer also become progressively thinner, so
430-440: A single pass. But when packet writing to rewritable media, such as CD-RW , UDF allows files to be created, deleted and changed on-disc just as a general-purpose filesystem would on removable media like floppy disks and flash drives . This is also possible on write-once media, such as CD-R , but in that case the space occupied by the deleted files cannot be reclaimed (and instead becomes inaccessible). Multi-session mastering
473-506: A study on the suitability of data archival of LTH (low to high) discs compared to HTL (high to low) discs. The data they collected indicated that the overall quality of LTH discs is worse than HTL discs. Universal Disk Format Universal Disk Format ( UDF ) is an open , vendor-neutral file system for computer data storage for a broad range of media. In practice, it has been most widely used for DVDs and newer optical disc formats, supplanting ISO 9660 . Due to its design, it
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#1732852304794516-408: A while, meaning that their data becomes unreliable, through having been rewritten too often (typically after a few hundred rewrites, with CD-RW). The plain and VAT builds of the UDF format can be used on rewriteable media, with some limitations. If the plain build is used on a -RW media, file-system level modification of the data must not be allowed, as this would quickly wear out often-used sectors on
559-435: Is also possible in UDF, though some implementations may be unable to read disks with multiple sessions. The Optical Storage Technology Association standardized the UDF file system to form a common file system for all optical media: both for read-only media and for re-writable optical media. When first standardized, the UDF file system aimed to replace ISO 9660 , allowing support for both read-only and writable media. After
602-1056: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages BD-R The minimum speed at which a Blu-ray Disc can be written is 36 megabits (4.5 megabytes) per second. As of 2024, one of the primary pioneers of the Blu-ray disc, Sony, is winding down production of recordable Blu-ray discs in its plant in Tagajo, Japan. Sony plans to gradually cease its manufacturing of optical media, including recordable Blu-ray discs. As of November 2022 , there are five versions of BD-RE and four versions of BD-R formats. Each version includes three Parts (a.k.a. Books ): Basic Format Specifications, File System Specifications, Audio Visual Basic Specifications. Each part has sub-versions (e.g. R2 Format Specification includes Part 3: Audio Visual Basic Specifications Ver.3.02 , Part 2: File System Specifications Ver. 1.11 , Part 1: Basic Format Specifications Ver. 1.3 ). Inspite of having
645-429: Is exactly twice the capacity, unlike dual-layer DVDs, which only have less than twice the capacity as single-layer DVDs. BDXL discs store more per data layer, roughly 30 GiB, so they are able to store 100 GB in only three instead of four layers. No single-layer variant for BDXL exists, given that a first-generation BD-R DL disc already exceeds the capacity of one layer of a BDXL. There are variants with 100 GB and 128 GB,
688-424: Is functionally equivalent to ISO-8859-1 , and the 16-bit storage is UTF-16 in big endian. 8-bit-per-character file names save space because they only require half the space per character, so they should be used if the file name contains no special characters that can not be represented with 8 bits only. The reference algorithm neither checks for forbidden code points nor interprets surrogate pairs , so like NTFS
731-420: Is represented as 0x0260 . In addition to declaring its own revision, compatibility for each volume is defined by the minimum read and minimum write revisions, each signalling the requirements for these operations to be possible for every structure on this image. A "maximum write" revision additionally records the highest UDF support level of all the implementations that has written to this image. For example,
774-408: Is the first write-once media with such functionality. If not deactivated, the correctness of the written data is verified immediately after being written. Poorly readable data can be written again to an area of spare blocks, but the writing speed is halved during the entire writing process because only half of the disc rotations are for writing. Defect management can be deactivated by burn programs using
817-501: Is very well suited to incremental updates on both write-once and re-writable optical media . UDF was developed and maintained by the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA). In engineering terms, Universal Disk Format is a profile of the specifications known as ISO/IEC 13346 and ECMA-167. Normally, authoring software will master a UDF file system in a batch process and write it to optical media in
860-519: The VAT build to the UDF standard in its revision 1.5. The VAT is an additional structure on the disc that allows packet writing ; that is, remapping physical blocks when files or other data on the disc are modified or deleted. For write-once media, the entire disc is virtualized, making the write-once nature transparent for the user; the disc can be treated the same way one would treat a rewritable disc. The write-once nature of CD-R or DVD-R media means that when
903-644: The VAT build, CD-RW/DVD-RW media effectively appears as CD-R or DVD+/-R media to the computer. However, the media may be erased again at any time. The spared build was added in revision 1.5 to address the particularities of rewriteable media. This build adds an extra Sparing Table in order to manage the defects that will eventually occur on parts of the disc that have been rewritten too many times. This table keeps track of worn-out sectors and remaps them to working ones. UDF defect management does not apply to systems that already implement another form of defect management, such as Mount Rainier (MRW) for optical discs, or
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#1732852304794946-599: The plain build and not necessarily either the VAT or Spared UDF builds. Mac OS X 10.4.5 claims to support Revision 1.50 (see man mount_udf ), yet it can only mount disks of the plain build properly and provides no virtualization support at all. It cannot mount UDF disks with VAT, as seen with the Sony Mavica issue. Releases before 10.4.11 mount disks with Sparing Table but does not read its files correctly. Version 10.4.11 fixes this problem. Similarly, Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2) cannot read DVD-RW discs that use
989-479: The "Blu-ray" brand, "BDXL" is separate from the original "BD" format, meaning existing Blu-ray drives that predate the release of BDXL (mid-2010) do not support BDXL. Even Blu-ray drives released after then do not necessarily support BDXL unless explicitly stated. A single-layer Blu-ray disc (BD-R and BD-RE) has a capacity of 25,025,314,816 bytes, which are 23,866 MiB . A dual-layer Blu-ray disc (BD-R DL and BD-RE DL) has 50,050,629,632 bytes, which are 47,732 MiB. This
1032-515: The "Volume Space" in the UDF specification, and stores the file system, names of files and folders, and the file contents. The same area is referred to as the "program area" on the CD. Other information such as where the disc sessions and tracks are located and their length are stored outside this area. If the spare area is enabled, 256 MiB (268.435.456 bytes) are taken away from the "Volume Space" and reserved for
1075-534: The L0 silver layer is 10 nm thick, the L1 layer is 9 nm thick, the L2 layer is 7 nm thick, and so on. The separation layers that separate the recording layers from one another also progressively become thinner. BD-R LTH is a write-once Blu-ray Disc format that features an organic dye recording layer . "Low To High" refers to the reflectivity changing from low to high during
1118-536: The UDF 2.00 sparing tables as a defect management system. This problem occurs if the UDF defect management system creates a sparing table that spans more than one sector on the DVD-RW disc. Windows XP SP2 can recognize that a DVD is using UDF, but Windows Explorer displays the contents of a DVD as an empty folder. A hotfix is available for this and is included in Service Pack 3. Due to the default UDF versions and options,
1161-445: The UDF, and some may therefore be unable to handle VAT builds. Rewriteable media such as DVD-RW and CD-RW have fewer limitations than DVD-R and CD-R media. Sectors can be rewritten at random (though in packets at a time). These media can be erased entirely at any time, making the disc blank again, ready for writing a new UDF or other file system (e.g., ISO 9660 or CD Audio ) to it. However, sectors of -RW media may "wear out" after
1204-466: The burning process, which is the opposite of normal Blu-rays, whose reflectivity changes from high to low during writing. The advantage of BD-R LTH is it can protect a manufacturer's investment in DVD-R / CD-R manufacturing equipment because it does not require investing in new production lines and manufacturing equipment. Instead, the manufacturer only needs to modify current equipment. This is expected to lower
1247-450: The case of BD-RE, a phase-changing alloy) that decreases its reflectivity on recording, i.e. "High To Low". Sony , for example, uses an inorganic composite that splits into two laminar components with low reflectivity. Composites used may include BiN , Ge 3 N 4 , and Pd -doped tellurium suboxide . A pair of layers with copper alloy and silicon that combines on recording may alternatively be used. Similar to CD-RW and DVD-RW ,
1290-470: The computer, also referred to as the "host" system. As of December 2018 , the following speeds are seen in Blu-Ray specifications for R/RE discs: 2× speeds are mandatory for all formats, with 4× and 6× being optional for non-XL BD-R media. Since BD-RE 5.0/BD-R 4.0, a read speed of 4× is mandatory for UHD support. Note: If write verification is enabled, as it may be by default on some burning software,
1333-709: The cost of disc manufacturing. Old Blu-ray players and recorders cannot utilize BD-R LTH; however, a firmware upgrade can enable devices to access BD-R LTH. Panasonic released such a firmware update in November 2007 for its DMR-BW200, DMR-BR100 and MR-BW900/BW800/BW700 models. Pioneer was expected to ship the first LTH BD drives in Spring 2008. Sony upgraded the PlayStation 3 firmware enabling BD-R LTH reading in March, 2008. In 2011, France's Ministry of Culture and Communication conducted
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1376-556: The disc (such as those for directory and block allocation data), which would then go unnoticed and lead to data loss. To allow modification of files on the disc, rewriteable discs can be used like -R media using the VAT build. This ensures that all blocks get written only once (successively), ensuring that there are no blocks that get rewritten more often than others. This way, a RW disc can be erased and reused many times before it should become unreliable. However, it will eventually become unreliable with no easy way of detecting it. When using
1419-450: The file system overhead is larger. The spare area is where the drive stores addresses for unreadable sectors so they are replaced with new data in case. This is known as defect management and is handled internally by the drive, not by the computer's operating system. On some earlier formats, including the CD-RW and DVD±RW , defect management has to be handled by the UDF file system, meaning by
1462-669: The first version of the standard, this format can be used on any type of disk that allows random read/write access, such as hard disks , DVD+RW and DVD-RAM media. Metadata (up to v2.50) and file data is addressed more or less directly. In writing to such a disk in this format, any physical block on the disk may be chosen for allocation of new or updated files. Since this is the basic format, practically any operating system or file system driver claiming support for UDF should be able to read this format. Write-once media such as DVD-R and CD-R have limitations when being written to, in that each physical block can only be written to once, and
1505-412: The latter of which has slightly less capacity per data layer but one additional data layer. A 100 GB BDXL has three data layers and 100,103,356,416 bytes (95,466 MiB) of capacity, which is 2 MiB less than twice the capacity of a BD-R(E) DL, and a 128 GB BDXL has four data layers and 128,001,769,472 bytes (122,072 MiB) of capacity and only exists as write-once variant (BD-R XL). This area is referred to as
1548-414: The outer edge of the disc, for optional high speed calibration. The calibration is necessary to allow for slight manufacturing defects, greatly reducing or completely eliminating rejected discs and drives, reducing costs and eliminating potential waste. The information below describes the different types of recording layers that may be used on BD-R and BD-RE discs. "Normal" BD-R discs use a composite (or, in
1591-428: The pits and lands found on prepressed/prerecorded/replicated discs, BD-R and RE discs contain grooves which contain a wobble frequency that is used to locate the position of the reading or writing laser on the disc. BD-R has an Optimum Power Calibrations (OPC) / Test Zone, which is used to calibrate (finely adjust) the power of the writing laser before and during writing, and it also has a Drive Calibration Zone (DCZ) at
1634-431: The range of code points was expanded to all code points from Unicode 4.0 (or any newer or older version), which includes Plane 1-16 characters such as Emoji . DCN-5157 also recommends normalizing the strings to Normalization Form C. The OSTA CS0 character set stores a 16-bit Unicode string "compressed" into 8-bit or 16-bit units, preceded by a single-byte "compID" tag to indicate the compression type. The 8-bit storage
1677-544: The release of the first version of UDF, the DVD Consortium adopted it as the official file system for DVD-Video and DVD-Audio . UDF shares the basic volume descriptor format with ISO 9660. A "UDF Bridge" format is defined since 1.50 so that a disc can also contain a ISO 9660 file system making references to files on the UDF part. Multiple revisions of UDF have been released: UDF Revisions are internally encoded as binary-coded decimals ; Revision 2.60, for example,
1720-440: The spare area. Within the "Volume Space", the capacity that can be occupied by the content of files is also slightly reduced by file system overhead and by slack space as well, but the amount of slack space is trivial given that file systems on optical discs use a low cluster size (also referred to as "logical sector size") of 2 KiB (2048 bytes), matching the size of a single physical sector on optical discs. With packet writing ,
1763-533: The string may be malformed. (No specific form of storage is specified by DCN-5157, but UTF-16BE is the only well-known method for storing all of Unicode while being mostly backward compatible with UCS-2 .) Many DVD players do not support any UDF revision other than version 1.02. Discs created with a newer revision may still work in these players if the ISO 9660 bridge format is used. Even if an operating system claims to be able to read UDF 1.50, it still may only support
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1806-549: The write will take longer to complete. Erasing a BD-RE is not necessary since existing data can be directly overwritten. Unlike with CD-RW, there is no need for blanking BD-RE before re-use, but they need to be formatted before first use. Burn programs may detect the unformatted state and automatically format the medium before beginning to write. Write verification is a feature of formatted Blu-ray media, officially called "Defect Management". Similar functionality existed on DVD-RAM and on Mount Rainer -supporting disc drives, but BD-R
1849-422: The writing must happen incrementally. Thus the plain build of UDF can only be written to CD-Rs by pre-mastering the data and then writing all data in one piece to the media, similar to the way an ISO 9660 file system gets written to CD media. To enable a CD-R to be used virtually like a hard disk, whereby the user can add and modify files on a CD-R at will (so-called "drive letter access" on Windows), OSTA added
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