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41-532: BDI may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Beck Depression Inventory , a psychometric test for measuring the severity of depression Belief–desire–intention model , a cognitive model developed by Michael Bratman Belief–desire–intention software model , a methodology and framework for programming rational and intelligent agents bdi ( bi-directional isolation ), an HTML element that isolates an online section of text Big Data Institute , at

82-447: A different response compared to administration via a postal survey. In participants with concomitant physical illness the BDI's reliance on physical symptoms such as fatigue may artificially inflate scores due to symptoms of the illness, rather than of depression. In an effort to deal with this concern Beck and his colleagues developed the "Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care" (BDI-PC),

123-421: A high one-week test–retest reliability (Pearson's r = 0.93), suggesting that it was not overly sensitive to day-to-day variations in mood. The test also has high internal consistency ( α = .91). The development of the BDI was an important event in psychiatry and psychology ; it represented a shift in health care professionals' view of depression from a Freudian , psychodynamic perspective, to one guided by

164-519: A short screening scale consisting of seven items from the BDI-II considered to be independent of physical function. Unlike the standard BDI, the BDI-PC produces only a binary outcome of "not depressed" or "depressed" for patients above a cutoff score of 4. Although designed as a screening device rather than a diagnostic tool, the BDI is sometimes used by health care providers to reach a quick diagnosis. The BDI

205-671: Is copyrighted ; a fee must be paid for each copy used. There is no evidence that the BDI-II is more valid or reliable than other depression scales, and public domain scales such as the Patient Health Questionnaire – Nine Item ( PHQ-9 ) have been studied as a useful tool. Children%27s Depression Inventory The BDI was used as a model for developing the CDI. The BDI is a clinically based, 21-item, self-rated symptom scale for adults in determining whether or not they are experiencing depression and/or depressive symptoms. Though

246-439: Is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory , one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression . Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patient's own thoughts. In its current version, the BDI-II is designed for individuals aged 13 and over, and

287-455: Is an objective and empirical test. Individuals can score between 0 and 54 on the CDI, with those results being converted to T-scores. A cut-off score of 19–20 is generally accepted on the CDI, but is not an absolute. Studies of the CDI have reported lower cut-off scores; therefore, individual cases must be taken into consideration. Additionally, the CDI was designed for individual rather than group administration. A score of 36 or higher on

328-504: Is composed of items relating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and irritability, cognitions such as guilt or feelings of being punished, as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss , and lack of interest in sex. There are three versions of the BDI—the original BDI, first published in 1961 and later revised in 1978 as the BDI-1A, and the BDI-II, published in 1996. The BDI

369-446: Is designed to reflect the depth of depression, it can monitor changes over time and provide an objective measure for judging improvement and the effectiveness or otherwise of treatment methods. The instrument remains widely used in research; in 1998, it had been used in over 2000 empirical studies . It has been translated into multiple European languages as well as Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Persian , and Xhosa . The BDI has

410-629: Is suitable for children aged six years old or older. The test is generally administered to children and youth between the ages of 7 and 17. The CDI has been translated into many languages, and has been administered to children worldwide. The CDI manual includes comprehensive information about psychometrics, norms, and item development. Many relevant charts are also included in the manual relating to reliability, constructs, and other areas. Descriptions of CDI's scales are also provided, including examples of sample tests, along with associated tables of data and information. The directions for administration of

451-569: Is that diabetes "elicits noticeable emotional upheaval (mostly in the depressive symptoms domain) that nonetheless resolves in about six months." CDI test data is "sensitive to changes in independently determined psychiatric diagnostic status." Test data also reflects that the test is sensitive to changes over time in depressive symptoms. There are main effects in the constructs of 'Interpersonal Problems', 'Ineffectiveness', and 'Anhedonia' between boys and girls. Girls scored higher than boys on these constructs, based on Kovacs' studies performed on

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492-457: Is widely used as an assessment tool by health care professionals and researchers in a variety of settings. The BDI was used as a model for the development of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), first published in 1979 by clinical psychologist Maria Kovacs . According to Beck's publisher, 'When Beck began studying depression in the 1950s, the prevailing psychoanalytic theory attributed

533-478: The " a and b statements" described above were removed, and respondents were instructed to endorse how they had been feeling during the preceding two weeks. The internal consistency for the BDI-IA was good, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of around 0.85, meaning that the items on the inventory are highly correlated with each other. However, this version retained some flaws; the BDI-IA only addressed six out of

574-457: The BDI was already being used in assessing adults with depression, there was a need for the development of a similar test for children and youth. With those considerations in mind, Kovacs developed the CDI. The first phase of development of the CDI began in March 1975. It was derived using children as subjects. In total, there were four phases of development of the CDI, including three revisions to

615-557: The CDI are clear and easy to follow. Information and directions about scoring the CDI, as well as the length of time it takes individuals to complete the CDI, are clear, detailed, and easy to understand. The time it generally takes for an individual to complete the CDI is 15 minutes or less, while scoring time is 5–10 minutes. The 27 items of the CDI are grouped into five factor areas, including 'Negative Mood', 'Interpersonal Problems', 'Ineffectiveness', ' Anhedonia ', and 'Negative Self Esteem'. The 27 items include statements related to

656-512: The CDI as of 1992, reflecting that girls had a tendency for having greater distress in these areas. While some studies have reported significant differences between CDI scores of girls and boys, and/or more depressive symptoms in girls than boys, other studies have found no significant differences. Yet other studies have reflected higher CDI scores for boys than girls, including those in single-parent families. Children of divorced parents were found to score significantly higher on

697-422: The CDI is generally accepted to reflect a person who has relatively severe depression. As a norm-referenced test, the CDI was normed with public school students. The standardization sample included the "responses of 1,266 Florida public school students in grades 2 through 8", including 674 girls aged 7–16 and 592 boys aged 7–15. Individual data on the test-takers' ethnicity or race are unavailable. Based on

738-429: The CDI test item, "somatic complaints" could potentially be recognized as a sixth and separate factor on the test. CDI factorial structure and internal consistency have variations in differing juvenile cohorts. The CDI tends to reflect a greater number of false negatives than false positives. As with any test, the CDI is not perfectly valid. It is possible for test-takers of the CDI to "fake good." Individuals who take

779-567: The CDI than children of non-divorced parents. Additional studies have found significant differences in CDI scores of children who have experienced sexual abuse ; and those who have attention deficit disorder ; or learning disabilities , in comparison with controls. Children who were rejected by their peers, when compared with controls, had significantly higher CDI scores in one study, but not in another when compared with children who were considered "average". Children of individuals who are substance abusers also scored significantly higher on

820-604: The CDI than children of non-substance abusers. Another study researched levels of depression and self-esteem in gifted children, and found that boys were significantly more depressed than girls, based on their CDI scores. Further, obese children scored as being more depressed on the CDI than their non-obese counterparts in one study. Children who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety were more depressed, based on their CDI score results, than children who did not have PTSD or anxiety. Females, aged 12–17, who had attempted suicide scored significantly higher on

861-485: The CDI than psychiatric controls; and girls who were repeat attempters of suicide scored higher on the CDI than first-time suicide attempters. A 2012 study researched the potential relationship between pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis , and depressive symptoms. A significant positive correlation was found between IBD and somatic complaints that reflect depressive symptoms. Researchers in this study stated that

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902-826: The Kuder-Richardson test of internal consistency and obtained results reflecting high reliability. In correlating the CDI and factors of the CDI with similar psychological assessments for children and/or youth, studies have shown moderate to high correlations, while other studies have shown no correlations (in certain areas). The validity of the CDI has been well-established. Construct validity and discriminant validity has also been established. Kovacs used experimental design to obtain discriminant validity between cases that were considered "normal" and those that were considered clinical. Some studies have reflected discriminant validity, while others have not. Kovacs reported in 1992 that further research on discriminant validity

943-520: The University of Oxford Other uses [ edit ] Baltic Dry Index , an economic indicator Bradford Interchange , West Yorkshire, England (National Rail station code) Brand development index , a measure used in the allocation of media, and promotion for a specific product or service Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie , Federation of German Industries Burundi (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code) Democratic Union for Integration ,

984-527: The difference is small and not significant. This is explained with the consideration of the development and maturation of children at this age level, with changes occurring in brain structure occurring at these ages. One study, however, reported that the CDI scores of younger (aged 6–11) children were higher than those of older (aged 12–18) children. In an analysis of interview data of children who are diabetic , CDI score results may mimic those of having depressive symptoms. However, important to keep in mind

1025-497: The following areas: sadness, pessimism, self-deprecation, anhedonia, misbehavior, pessimistic worrying, self-hate, self-blame, suicidal ideation, crying spells, irritability, reduced social interest, indecisiveness, negative body image, school-work difficulty, sleep disturbance, fatigue, reduced appetite, somatic concerns, loneliness, school dislike, lack of friends, school performance decrement, self-depreciation (via peer comparison), feeling unloved, disobedience, and fighting. The CDI

1066-429: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BDI&oldid=1082373212 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Beck Depression Inventory The Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI , BDI-1A , BDI-II ), created by Aaron T. Beck ,

1107-505: The items were reworded; only the items dealing with feelings of being punished, thoughts about suicide, and interest in sex remained the same. Finally, participants were asked to rate how they have been feeling for the past two weeks, as opposed to the past week as in the original BDI. Like the BDI, the BDI-II also contains about 21 questions, each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. The standardized cutoffs used differ from

1148-565: The largest Albanian political party in North Macedonia Behavioural Dynamics Institute, a precursor to the SCL Group See also [ edit ] Beady Eye , a 2010s British rock group Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title BDI . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

1189-743: The nine DSM-III criteria for depression. This and other criticisms were addressed in the BDI-II. The BDI-II was a 1996 revision of the BDI, developed in response to the American Psychiatric Association's publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition, which changed many of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder. Items involving changes in body image , hypochondriasis , and difficulty working were replaced. Also, sleep loss and appetite loss items were revised to assess both increases and decreases in sleep and appetite. All but three of

1230-489: The original 1975 assessment. The final version was developed and published in August 1979. Kovacs reported that she and Aaron T. Beck worked together in using his adult scale of the BDI as a model for developing the CDI. The test was originally designed for English-speaking American children, aged eight years old or older. Skills needed for taking the test are the lowest levels of reading and vocabulary comprehension, so it

1271-462: The original BDI had more than one statement marked with the same score. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) "I am blue or sad all the time and I can't snap out of it" and (2b) "I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful". The BDI-IA was a revision of the original instrument developed by Beck during the 1970s, and copyrighted in 1978. To improve ease of use ,

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1312-483: The original: One measure of an instrument's usefulness is to see how closely it agrees with another similar instrument that has been validated against information from a clinical interview by a trained clinician. In this respect, the BDI-II is positively correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with a Pearson r of 0.71, showing good convergent validity . The test was also shown to have

1353-407: The patient's own thoughts or "cognitions". It also established the principle that instead of attempting to develop a psychometric tool based on a possibly invalid theory, self-report questionnaires when analysed using techniques such as factor analysis can suggest theoretical constructs. The BDI was originally developed to provide a quantitative assessment of the intensity of depression. Because it

1394-399: The same limitations as other self-report inventories , in that scores can be easily exaggerated or minimized by the person completing them. Like all questionnaires, the way the instrument is administered can have an effect on the final score. If a patient is asked to fill out the form in front of other people in a clinical environment, for instance, social expectations have been shown to elicit

1435-509: The self. In his view, it was the case that these cognitions caused depression, rather than being generated by depression. Beck developed a triad of negative cognitions about the world, the future, and the self, which play a major role in depression. An example of the triad in action taken from Brown (1995) is the case of a student obtaining poor exam results: The development of the BDI reflects that in its structure, with items such as "I have lost all of my interest in other people" to reflect

1476-428: The subject has been feeling in the last week. Each question had a set of at least four possible responses, ranging in intensity. For example: When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depression's severity. The standard cut-off scores were as follows: Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. Some items on

1517-435: The syndrome to inverted hostility against the self.' By contrast, the BDI was developed in a novel way for its time; by collating patients' verbatim descriptions of their symptoms and then using these to structure a scale which could reflect the intensity or severity of a given symptom. Beck drew attention to the importance of "negative cognitions" described as sustained, inaccurate, and often intrusive negative thoughts about

1558-413: The total demographics of the school districts that were sampled, however, approximately "77% of the children were Caucasian and 23% were African American or Black, American Indian , or Hispanic ." "The population was largely middle class, although a wide range of socioeconomic backgrounds were included." Further, about 20% of the respondents came from single-parent families. The Cronbach's alpha

1599-474: The world, "I feel discouraged about the future" to reflect the future, and "I blame myself for everything bad that happens" to reflect the self. The view of depression as sustained by intrusive negative cognitions has had particular application in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which aims to challenge and neutralize them through techniques such as cognitive restructuring . The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how

1640-719: Was needed. Most research on the CDI has been conducted with Caucasian participants of middle to lower class socioeconomic status throughout the world. The CDI can be given to children and youth across cultures, though its "internal consistency and factorial structure vary somewhat in different juvenile cohorts." Kovacs and other researchers have reported obtaining higher CDI scores for African-Americans (particularly boys), Japanese (substantially higher), Hispanic (significantly higher), and Egyptian individuals when compared to Caucasians. Additionally, test scores for older children (aged 13 years old or older) tend to be higher than those of younger children (under 12 years old), though

1681-545: Was used to obtain reliability measures. Across one group of nine studies, alpha measures were 0.71-0.89, reflecting good internal consistency. The test adequately measures for depressive symptoms. In another group of 16 studies of test-retest reliability, alpha measures were reported as 0.38–0.87. Regarding the short factor subscales, alpha reliability measures for internal consistency reliability were 0.59–0.68. Further, studies in addition to those completed by Kovacs have shown moderate to high reliability. One study used

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