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57-457: (Redirected from B-type ) B type or Type B may refer to: Astronomy [ edit ] B-type asteroid , a type of relatively uncommon type of carbonaceous asteroid B-type giant , a type of blue giant star B-type star , a type of star Biology [ edit ] B type blood , a type in the ABO blood group system B type inclusion ,

114-579: A combination of 27 loci, including the ABO gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study (the Malmo Diet and Cancer study) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts (JUPITER and ASCOT) and secondary prevention cohorts (CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22). In April 2007, an international team of researchers announced in

171-521: A common nomenclature. ISBT's coordination also extends to obtaining donors with rare antigens , a process that often involves international searches in which common terminology is critical. The ISBT Code of Ethics was developed in response to the World Health Assembly resolution WHA 28.72.  This resolution called for the establishment of: appropriately governed national blood services; voluntary non-remunerated blood donations (VNRBD); and

228-408: A large car from 1911 to 1914 Type B ship , a U.S. designation for World War II barges B type Adelaide tram See also [ edit ] B class (disambiguation) Class B (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title B type . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

285-456: A relative down-regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development. More recently, a genome wide association study (GWAS) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. In addition, another large GWAS study has associated ABO-histo blood groups as well as FUT2 secretor status with the presence in the intestinal microbiome of specific bacterial species. In this case

342-529: A single parent. The distribution of the blood groups A, B, O and AB varies across the world according to the population. There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations. In the UK, the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Celts , Norsemen , Danes , Anglo-Saxons , and Normans who contributed

399-474: A special dominance relationship: codominance , which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child. A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous ( I i and I i ). The cis-AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens. The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A 1 or B red blood cells, which can help solve

456-775: A transfusion, or an unwanted immune response to an organ transplant. Such mismatches are rare in modern medicine. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria, and viruses. The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901; he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for this discovery. ABO blood types are also present in other primates such as apes , monkeys and Old World monkeys . The ABO blood types were first discovered by an Austrian physician, Karl Landsteiner , working at

513-430: A type O child can be born to an AB parent—due to rare situations, such as Bombay phenotype and cis AB . The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common (over 99%). A1 makes up about 80% of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost all of the rest. These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against

570-455: A type of Romulan starship Type B videotape , an open-reel videotape format Type B plug (see also NEMA connector ) Curtiss-built B-type , a type of B class blimp LGOC B-type , a model of double-decker bus that was introduced in London on 1910 Mann Egerton Type B , a 1910s British maritime patrol aircraft Toyota Type B engine , an internal combustion engine Vauxhall B-Type ,

627-529: A type of inclusions in cells infected with poxvirus B-type natriuretic peptide , a type of brain natriuretic peptides B type proanthocyanidin , a specific type of flavanoids Type B evaluation of uncertainty , an uncertainty in measurement inferred from scientific judgement or other information concerning the possible values of the quantity Type B personality , a type in the Type A and Type B personality theory Others [ edit ] B-type warbird ,

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684-626: Is a popular belief in Blood type personality theory , which claims that blood types predict or influence personality. This claim is not scientifically based, and there is scientific consensus that no such link exists; the scientific community considers it a pseudoscience and a superstition . The belief originated in the 1930s, when it was introduced as part of Japan's eugenics program. Its popularity faded following Japan's defeat in World War 2 and Japanese support for eugenics faltered, but it resurfaced in

741-453: Is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor (vWF) glycoprotein , which participates in hemostasis (control of bleeding). In fact, having type O blood predisposes to bleeding, as 30% of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group, and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF (and Factor VIII ) than do non-O individuals. In addition, vWF

798-527: Is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF (an amino acid polymorphism in VWF): the gene for ADAMTS13 (vWF-cleaving protease ) maps to human chromosome 9 band q34.2, the same locus as ABO blood type. Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke (from blood clotting) for the first time. The results of this study found that

855-589: Is different in that it agglutinates with both A and B. This was the discovery of blood groups for which Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. In his paper, he referred to the specific blood group interactions as isoagglutination, and also introduced the concept of agglutinins (antibodies), which is the actual basis of antigen-antibody reaction in the ABO system. He asserted: [It] may be said that there exist at least two different types of agglutinins, one in A, another one in B, and both together in C. The red blood cells are inert to

912-485: Is found worldwide, and likely predates human migration from Africa . The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele. Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans. From oldest to youngest, these lineages comprise the following alleles: A101/A201/O09 , B101 , O02 and O01 . The continued presence of

969-455: Is governed by a voluntary board of 16 directors, representing all WHO regions. ISBT has 16 scientific working parties, which are groups of ISBT members promoting science, research and best practice in their specific areas of expertise. ISBT advocates for standardisation and harmonisation in the field of blood transfusion. The other major impact on the transfusion community is the classification of various human blood group systems under

1026-432: Is named "enzyme converted to O" (ECO blood) but despite the early success of converting B- to O-type RBCs and clinical trials without adverse effects transfusing into A- and O-type patients, the technology has not yet become clinical practice. Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of artificial blood , which could act as a substitute in emergencies. In Japan and other parts of East Asia, there

1083-626: Is related to inborn differences between individuals or it is the result of some damage of bacterial kind. This was the first evidence that blood variations exist in humans — it was believed that all humans have similar blood. The next year, in 1901, he made a definitive observation that blood serum of an individual would agglutinate with only those of certain individuals. Based on this he classified human blood into three groups, namely group A, group B, and group C. He defined that group A blood agglutinates with group B, but never with its own type. Similarly, group B blood agglutinates with group A. Group C blood

1140-478: The ABO gene that produce one's blood type: The same study also identified 18 rare alleles, which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity. People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies, though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature. Cis AB is another rare variant, in which A and B genes are transmitted together from

1197-626: The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York. As a member of a committee of the National Research Council concerned with blood grouping, he suggested to substitute Janský's and Moss's systems with the letters O, A, B, and AB. (There was another confusion on the use of figure 0 for German null as introduced by Hirszfeld and von Dungern, because others used the letter O for ohne , meaning without or zero; Landsteiner chose

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1254-443: The morphemes to the placenames and the genes to the population. The native Celts tended to have more type O blood, while the other populations tended to have more type A. The two common O alleles, O01 and O02, share their first 261 nucleotides with the group A allele A01. However, unlike the group A allele, a guanosine base is subsequently deleted. A premature stop codon results from this frame-shift mutation . This variant

1311-419: The red blood cell antigens. The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome (9q34). The I allele gives type A, I gives type B, and i gives type O. As both I and I are dominant over i , only ii people have type O blood. Individuals with I I or I i have type A blood, and individuals with I I or I i have type B. I I people have both phenotypes , because A and B express

1368-545: The 1970s by a journalist named Masahiko Nomi . Despite its status as a pseudoscience, it remains widely popular throughout East Asia. Other popular ideas are blood type-specific dietary needs , that group A causes severe hangovers , that group O is associated with better teeth, and that those with group A2 have the highest IQ scores . As with blood type personality theory, these and other popular ideas lack scientific evidence, and many are discredited or pseudoscientific. International Society of Blood Transfusion ISBT

1425-527: The 2002–2006 period of ISBT was created by the executive committee, focusing on developing ISBT into an umbrella organization, improving communication with the membership, educational and scientific activities, and professionalizing the CO. In the coming ten years, the society worked to achieve these goals, with Strengers to remain Secretary General for that period. Eurocongress organised ISBT congresses together with

1482-414: The A, B and O epitopes. Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene (the ABO gene ) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics : i , I , and I . The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen , another term for antigen . The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase —that is, an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of

1539-515: The A1 antigen. Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood. With the development of DNA sequencing , it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus, each of which can be categorized as A, B, or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion, but which can be distinguished by variations in the DNA sequence. There are six common alleles in white individuals of

1596-541: The ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids, Finne et al . (1978) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens. The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin. Later, Yamamoto's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers

1653-541: The CO to Lancaster, into his own home. He upheld the CO together with his wife until 1999. The end of Gunson's term meant having to find a new location for the CO, and a new Secretary General. In 1999, the new location for the ISBT CO was Amsterdam, where it became a part of professional congress organiser (PCO) Eurocongress. Paul Strengers, a doctor at Sanquin Blood Supply, took up the role of Secretary General. A new vision for

1710-648: The First World War (1914–1915) when citric acid began to be used for blood clot prevention . Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924. Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars, to be specific, N-acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B-type. After much published literature claiming that

1767-476: The ISBT CO and local organizing committees. The help of Eurocongress took away economic risks attached to congresses, as they were able to provide professional assistance and detailed advice. As the CO had moved to a different country, the ISBT statutes and by-laws were also updated and adapted to Dutch law. The reformations made in the previous years had led to an increase in workload for the ISBT CO. In order to continue

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1824-639: The ISBT CO was still located in Paris as a part of the Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine (CNTS) (English: National Centre for Blood Transfusion) as their head, Michel Garretta, was also ISBT Secretary General at the time. In June 1991, he stepped down as head of CNTS, as the HIV/AIDS crisis had become a catastrophe for the transfusion system in France and eventually led to a reorganisation of CNTS in 1991. Subsequently, at

1881-625: The ISBT Congress in Hong Kong it was decided that ISBT could no longer be linked to CNTS, ruling out Garretta's succession of a French colleague. Harold Gunson, who was President of ISBT in 1991, agreed to take on a second role as acting Secretary General. Together with CNTS, and ISBT Secretary Claudine Hossenlopp, he supervised the move of the CO from Paris to Manchester, UK. In 1994, he resigned from his post as blood centre director in Manchester and moved

1938-660: The O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection . Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first. It is possible that food and environmental antigens (bacterial, viral, or plant antigens) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens. The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO-incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life. Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to originate from immune response towards influenza virus , whose epitopes are similar enough to

1995-649: The Pathological-Anatomical Institute of the University of Vienna (now Medical University of Vienna ). In 1900, he found that red blood cells would clump together ( agglutinate ) when mixed in test tubes with sera from different persons, and that some human blood also agglutinated with animal blood. He wrote a two-sentence footnote: The serum of healthy human beings not only agglutinates animal red cells, but also often those of human origin, from other individuals. It remains to be seen whether this appearance

2052-523: The Roman numerical I, II, III, and IV (corresponding to modern O, A, B, and AB). Unknown to Janský, an American physician William L. Moss devised a slightly different classification using the same numerical; his I, II, III, and IV corresponding to modern AB, A, B, and O. These two systems created confusion and potential danger in medical practice. Moss's system was adopted in Britain, France, and US, while Janský's

2109-512: The agglutinins which are present in the same serum. Thus, he discovered two antigens ( agglutinogens A and B) and two antibodies (agglutinins — anti-A and anti-B). His third group (C) indicated absence of both A and B antigens, but contains anti-A and anti-B. The following year, his students Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello discovered the fourth type (but not naming it, and simply referred to it as "no particular type"). In 1910, Ludwik Hirszfeld and Emil Freiherr von Dungern introduced

2166-409: The association was with Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium spp . Bacteroides of the same OTU (operational taxonomic unit) have been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, thus the study suggests an important role for the ABO histo-blood group antigens as candidates for direct modulation of the human microbiome in health and disease. A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on

2223-432: The combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent; each has a 25% chance, but some occur more than once. The text above them summarizes the outcomes. Historically, ABO blood tests were used in paternity testing , but in 1957 only 50% of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity. Occasionally, the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations—for example,

2280-628: The first post-war congress of the ISBT was organised in Turin, Italy . Here, some specific future goals were laid out to complement the main activity of the Society, the organization of congresses: After the congress in Turin, the society was able to organise congresses and develop without great difficulties for the next forty years, until 1985. In 1985, the HIV/AIDS epidemic struck transfusion medicine. During that time,

2337-489: The fulfilment of the strategic plans of the ISBT, a full-time, paid chief executive officer (CEO) was hired in 2010. In 2012, the CO moved to a separate location in Amsterdam as the shared space with Eurocongress did not meet the needs of the expanded office staff. Currently, five paid persons are employed full-time at the CO, managed by CEO Judith Chapman (2010 – today). Congresses are organised by MCI, of which Eurocongress became

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2394-622: The immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts. Thus, individuals possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens. The high within-population diversity observed in human populations would, then, be a consequence of natural selection on individuals. The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity, cell adhesion , membrane transportation of molecules, and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands, and enzymes. ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells. The ABO antigen

2451-504: The journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A, B, and AB blood into type O. This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells . The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals, and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used. The modified blood

2508-612: The latter. ) This classification was adopted by the National Research Council and became variously known as the National Research Council classification, the International classification, and most popularly the "new" Landsteiner classification. The new system was gradually accepted and by the early 1950s, it was universally followed. The first practical use of blood typing in transfusion was by an American physician Reuben Ottenberg in 1907. Large-scale application began during

2565-407: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B_type&oldid=1223421435 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages B type blood The ABO blood group system is used to denote

2622-548: The mother and child do not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type, which do not cross the placenta. However, in an O-type mother, IgG ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn . In human cells, the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions. Using anti-GTA/GTB monoclonal antibodies, it

2679-550: The occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism, and the only significant genetic factor was the person's blood group. ABO(H) blood group antigens are also carried by other hemostatically relevant glycoproteins, such as platelet glycoprotein Ibα, which is a ligand for vWF on platelets. The significance of ABO(H) antigen expression on these other hemostatic glycoproteins is not fully defined, but may also be relevant for bleeding and thrombosis. ABO blood group incompatibilities between

2736-430: The period surrounding WWII, immunohaematology and transfusion technology developed rapidly. Blood banks were created, voluntary blood donations came in great numbers in the allied nations, plasma-transfusion became a standard anti-shock treatment, Rh and Kell systems were discovered, and industrial blood plasma fractionation was developed to produce albumin , which can be used as a substitute for plasma . In 1947,

2793-501: The presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes (red blood cells). For human blood transfusions , it is the most important of the 44 different blood type (or group) classification systems currently recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusions (ISBT) as of December 2022. A mismatch in this serotype (or in various others) can cause a potentially fatal adverse reaction after

2850-497: The problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group. Individuals with the rare Bombay phenotype (hh) produce antibodies against the A, B, and O groups and can only receive transfusions from other hh individuals. The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents. Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring: AO and AA both test as type A; BO and BB test as type B. The four possibilities represent

2907-536: The promotion of the health of both blood donors and recipients of blood. ISBT works as a non-state actor in official relations with WHO. ISBT collaborated with WHO to produce "Educational modules on clinical use of blood". In a 2015 review of the history of the ISBT, Hans Erik Heier distinguished four phases in the formation of the society: The formation of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, or Societé International de Transfusion Sanguine, as it

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2964-421: The term 0 (null) for the group Landsteiner designated as C, and AB for the type discovered by Adriano sturli and Alfred von decastello ( https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/karl-landsteiner/2554-nobel-prize/ ). They were also the first to explain the genetic inheritance of the blood groups. Czech serologist Jan Janský independently introduced blood type classification in 1907 in a local journal. He used

3021-485: The α-D-N-galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction. Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against Gram-negative bacteria , such as E. coli , cross-reacting with the α-D-galactose on the B glycoprotein. However, it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency-dependent selection; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by

3078-617: Was called at the time, was initiated in Rome at a meeting between representatives from 20 nations, the International Red Cross and the Bogdanov institute in Moscow . Blood transfusion was a rather new therapeutic option, and therefore, it was decided that transfusion-specific congresses should be organised to highlight the potential importance of transfusion. To organize these congresses, a society

3135-436: Was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia. Furthermore, the expression of ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium. In most human carcinomas, including oral carcinoma, a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens. Several studies have observed that

3192-521: Was needed. After it was decided that a society dedicated to organizing transfusion-related congresses should be created, it did not take long until ISBT was founded. In 1937, the ISBT central office (CO) was established in Paris , led by newly appointed Secretary General Arnault Tzanck . Two years later, in 1939, the activities of the ISBT CO had to be suspended because of the Second World War (WWII). In

3249-649: Was preferred in most European countries and some parts of US. To resolve the chaos, the American Association of Immunologists , the Society of American Bacteriologists , and the Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists made a joint recommendation in 1921 that the Jansky classification be adopted based on priority. But it was not followed particularly where Moss's system had been used. In 1927, Landsteiner had moved to

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