36-516: AZON (or Azon), from " azimuth only", was one of the world's first guided weapons , deployed by the Allies and contemporary with the German Fritz X . Officially designated VB-1 ("Vertical Bomb 1"), it was invented by Major Henry J. Rand and Thomas J. O'Donnell during the latter stages of World War II as the answer to the difficult problem of destroying the narrow wooden bridges that supported much of
72-407: A 360 degree circle, east has azimuth 90°, south 180°, and west 270°. There are exceptions: some navigation systems use south as the reference vector. Any direction can be the reference vector, as long as it is clearly defined. Quite commonly, azimuths or compass bearings are stated in a system in which either north or south can be the zero, and the angle may be measured clockwise or anticlockwise from
108-626: A BC-1156 joystick control to adjust the course left or right. The directional commands were sent to the guidance package via a special-purpose radio system. The 493rd Bomb Squadron also dropped Azon bombs in Burma in early 1945 from similarly modified B-24s, based at Pandaveswar Airfield , India, with considerable success, fulfilling the designers' original purpose for the ordnance. Azimuth An azimuth ( / ˈ æ z ə m ə θ / ; from Arabic : اَلسُّمُوت , romanized : as-sumūt , lit. 'the directions')
144-497: A central point are preserved. Some navigation systems use south as the reference plane. However, any direction can serve as the plane of reference, as long as it is clearly defined for everyone using that system. If, instead of measuring from and along the horizon, the angles are measured from and along the celestial equator , the angles are called right ascension if referenced to the Vernal Equinox, or hour angle if referenced to
180-407: A database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized common phrases , which resulted in better grammatical structure and the capture of idioms, but with many words left in the original language. For translating synthetic languages , a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer are required. The best systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct
216-466: A great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse but also be error-free. Charles Singleton's 1975 translation of the Divine Comedy is regarded as a prose translation. The term literal translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to (or
252-419: A horizontal angle measured clockwise from a north base line or meridian . Azimuth has also been more generally defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from any fixed reference plane or easily established base direction line. Today, the reference plane for an azimuth is typically true north , measured as a 0° azimuth, though other angular units ( grad , mil ) can be used. Moving clockwise on
288-456: A literal translation in preparing his translation of Dante 's Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. Similarly, Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels. Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however,
324-586: A noticeable smoke trail, to enable the bombardier to observe and control it from the control aircraft . When used in combat, it was dropped from a modified Consolidated B-24 Liberator , with earlier development test drops of the Azon in the United States sometimes using the B-17 Flying Fortress as the platform. Some ten crews, of the 458th Bombardment Group , based at RAF Horsham St Faith , were trained to drop
360-548: A sa voiture et sa voiture, ses serviettes et ses serviettes, sa bibliothèque et les siennes. " That does not make sense because it does not distinguish between "his" car and "hers". Often, first-generation immigrants create something of a literal translation in how they speak their parents' native language. This results in a mix of the two languages that is something of a pidgin . Many such mixes have specific names, e.g., Spanglish or Denglisch . For example, American children of German immigrants are heard using "rockingstool" from
396-404: A serious problem for machine translation . The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of the classical Bible and other texts. Word-for-word translations ("cribs", "ponies", or "trots") are sometimes prepared for writers who are translating a work written in a language they do not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used
SECTION 10
#1732847621640432-456: Is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory , another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation). It is to be distinguished from an interpretation (done, for example, by an interpreter ). Literal translation leads to mistranslation of idioms , which can be
468-399: Is called the azimuth. When used as a celestial coordinate , the azimuth is the horizontal direction of a star or other astronomical object in the sky . The star is the point of interest, the reference plane is the local area (e.g. a circular area with a 5 km radius at sea level ) around an observer on Earth's surface , and the reference vector points to true north . The azimuth
504-408: Is east or west. The directions are chosen so that the angle, stated between them, is positive, between zero and 90 degrees. If the bearing happens to be exactly in the direction of one of the cardinal points , a different notation, e.g. "due east", is used instead. We are standing at latitude φ 1 {\displaystyle \varphi _{1}} , longitude zero; we want to find
540-413: Is the horizontal angle from a cardinal direction , most commonly north , in a local or observer-centric spherical coordinate system . Mathematically, the relative position vector from an observer ( origin ) to a point of interest is projected perpendicularly onto a reference plane (the horizontal plane ); the angle between the projected vector and a reference vector on the reference plane
576-618: Is the angle between the north vector and the star's vector on the horizontal plane . Azimuth is usually measured in degrees (°), in the positive range 0° to 360° or in the signed range -180° to +180°. The concept is used in navigation , astronomy , engineering , mapping , mining , and ballistics . The word azimuth is used in all European languages today. It originates from medieval Arabic السموت ( al-sumūt , pronounced as-sumūt ), meaning "the directions" (plural of Arabic السمت al-samt = "the direction"). The Arabic word entered late medieval Latin in an astronomy context and in particular in
612-468: Is the angle measured at our viewpoint by a theodolite whose axis is perpendicular to the surface of the spheroid; geodetic azimuth (or geodesic azimuth ) is the angle between north and the ellipsoidal geodesic (the shortest path on the surface of the spheroid from our viewpoint to Point 2). The difference is usually negligible: less than 0.03 arc second for distances less than 100 km. Normal-section azimuth can be calculated as follows: where f
648-445: Is the flattening and e the eccentricity for the chosen spheroid (e.g., 1 ⁄ 298.257 223 563 for WGS84 ). If φ 1 = 0 then To calculate the azimuth of the Sun or a star given its declination and hour angle at a specific location, modify the formula for a spherical Earth. Replace φ 2 with declination and longitude difference with hour angle, and change the sign (since
684-420: Is the reason why the X and Y axis in the above formula are swapped. If the azimuth becomes negative, one can always add 360°. The formula in radians would be slightly easier: Note the swapped ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} in contrast to the normal ( y , x ) {\displaystyle (y,x)} atan2 input order. The opposite problem occurs when
720-623: Is unable to) convey correct idioms or shades of meaning, for example, but it can also be a useful way of seeing how words are used to convey meaning in the source language. A literal English translation of the German phrase " Ich habe Hunger " would be "I have hunger" in English, but this is clearly not a phrase that would generally be used in English, even though its meaning might be clear. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in
756-547: The Burma Railway . AZON was essentially a 1,000 lb (454 kg) general-purpose AN-M65 bomb with a quadrilateral 4-fin style radio controlled tail fin design as part of a "tail package" to give the desired guidance capability, allowing adjustment of the vertical trajectory in the yaw axis , giving the Azon unit a lateral steering capability (meaning it could only steer left and right, and could not alter its pitch or rate of fall). This lack of any pitch control meant that
SECTION 20
#1732847621640792-526: The celestial meridian . In mathematics, the azimuth angle of a point in cylindrical coordinates or spherical coordinates is the anticlockwise angle between the positive x -axis and the projection of the vector onto the xy - plane . A special case of an azimuth angle is the angle in polar coordinates of the component of the vector in the xy -plane, although this angle is normally measured in radians rather than degrees and denoted by θ rather than φ . For magnetic tape drives , azimuth refers to
828-411: The horizontal coordinate system , used in celestial navigation , azimuth is one of the two coordinates . The other is altitude , sometimes called elevation above the horizon. It is also used for satellite dish installation (see also: sat finder ). In modern astronomy azimuth is nearly always measured from the north. In land navigation, azimuth is usually denoted alpha , α , and defined as
864-535: The "natural" sound of the translation. In the end, though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by a human, professional translator. Douglas Hofstadter gave an example of a failure of machine translation: the English sentence "In their house, everything comes in pairs. There's his car and her car, his towels and her towels, and his library and hers." might be translated into French as " Dans leur maison, tout vient en paires. Il y
900-435: The German word Schaukelstuhl instead of "rocking chair". Literal translation of idioms is a source of translators' jokes. One such joke, often told about machine translation , translates "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak" (an allusion to Mark 14:38 ) into Russian and then back into English, getting "The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten". This is not an actual machine-translation error, but rather
936-464: The angle between the tape head(s) and tape. In sound localization experiments and literature, the azimuth refers to the angle the sound source makes compared to the imaginary straight line that is drawn from within the head through the area between the eyes. An azimuth thruster in shipbuilding is a propeller that can be rotated horizontally. Literal translation Literal translation , direct translation , or word-for-word translation
972-515: The azimuth from our viewpoint to Point 2 at latitude φ 2 {\displaystyle \varphi _{2}} , longitude L (positive eastward). We can get a fair approximation by assuming the Earth is a sphere, in which case the azimuth α is given by A better approximation assumes the Earth is a slightly-squashed sphere (an oblate spheroid ); azimuth then has at least two very slightly different meanings. Normal-section azimuth
1008-601: The bombardier still had to accurately release it with a bombsight to ensure it could not fall short of or beyond the target. The "tail package" bolted onto the standard bomb warhead, in place of the usual sheet-metal fixed fins; this concept was an early iteration of a now common method of making modern guided bombs (such as the JDAM , the Paveway family, the KAB-500L , etc.): making the guidance and control units as separate pieces that attach to
1044-408: The coordinates ( X 1 , Y 1 ) of one point, the distance D , and the azimuth α to another point ( X 2 , Y 2 ) are known, one can calculate its coordinates: This is typically used in triangulation and azimuth identification (AzID), especially in radar applications. There is a wide variety of azimuthal map projections . They all have the property that directions (the azimuths) from
1080-468: The device for use in the European theater . The ability to only control the path of the bomb in the azimuth direction, made AZON bombs most suitable for long and narrow targets, such as bridges or railways. A disadvantage of using an AZON bomb was that after a bomb was dropped the bomber could not break way immediately because the bombardier had to keep the bomb in view so he could guide it. The bombardier used
1116-414: The hour angle is positive westward instead of east). The cartographical azimuth or grid azimuth (in decimal degrees) can be calculated when the coordinates of 2 points are known in a flat plane ( cartographical coordinates ): Remark that the reference axes are swapped relative to the (counterclockwise) mathematical polar coordinate system and that the azimuth is clockwise relative to the north. This
Azon - Misplaced Pages Continue
1152-406: The tail and/or nose of a standard " iron bomb ", making it into a guided weapon. There were gyroscopes mounted in the bomb's added tail package that made it an Azon unit, to autonomously stabilize it in the roll axis via operating a pair of ailerons , and a radio control system to operate the proportional-control rudders, to directly control the bomb's direction of lateral aim, with the antennas for
1188-442: The tail-mounted receiver unit built into the diagonal support struts of the tail surface assembly. The bomb's receiver and control system were powered by a battery which had around three minutes of battery life . The entire setup in the added "tail package" was sufficient to guide the weapon from a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) drop height to the target. Situated on the tail of the bomb was a 600,000- candela flare which also left behind
1224-529: The target language (a process also known as "loan translation") are called calques , e.g., beer garden from German Biergarten . The literal translation of the Italian sentence, " So che questo non va bene " ("I know that this is not good"), produces "(I) know that this not (it) goes well", which has English words and Italian grammar . Early machine translations (as of 1962 at least) were notorious for this type of translation, as they simply employed
1260-662: The use of the Arabic version of the astrolabe astronomy instrument. Its first recorded use in English is in the 1390s in Geoffrey Chaucer 's Treatise on the Astrolabe . The first known record in any Western language is in Spanish in the 1270s in an astronomy book that was largely derived from Arabic sources, the Libros del saber de astronomía commissioned by King Alfonso X of Castile. In
1296-402: The zero. For example, a bearing might be described as "(from) south, (turn) thirty degrees (toward the) east" (the words in brackets are usually omitted), abbreviated "S30°E", which is the bearing 30 degrees in the eastward direction from south, i.e. the bearing 150 degrees clockwise from north. The reference direction, stated first, is always north or south, and the turning direction, stated last,
#639360