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76-468: In communities like the Q'ero , five principles define the Andean way of life: munay (to love), yachay (to learn, know, and remember), llan'kay (to work), kawsay (life), and ayni (reciprocity). Among them, ayni is regarded as the most important principle, as it provides the backbone of life. This is because ayni is not limited to being compensated for earlier help; a more broad definition of ayni would be

152-577: A naffīr ʽāmm ( نَفِّير عَامّ ) refers to a general call to arms. Naffīr has also been used in a military context in Sudan. For example, the term was used to refer to النَّفِّير الشَّعَبِي an-Naffīr aš-Šaʽabī or "the People's Militias" that operated in the central Nuba Mountains region in the early 1990s. Kuu is a labor-sharing arrangement in Liberia , especially for seasonal work. Gotong-royong

228-543: A church or repairing village roads. The work was entirely voluntary and no compensation, except possibly meals for workers, was expected. Gadugi (Cherokee: ᎦᏚᎩ ) is a term used in the Cherokee language which means 'working together' or 'cooperative labor' within a community. Historically, the word referred to a labor gang of men and/or women working together for projects such as harvesting crops or tending to gardens of elderly or infirm tribal members. The word Gadugi

304-551: A cultural value. Gotong - royong has long functioned as the scale of the village, as a moral conception of the political economy. Pottier records the impact of the Green Revolution in Java: "Before the GR, 'Java' had relatively 'open' markets, in which many local people were rewarded in kind. With the GR, rural labour markets began to foster 'exclusionary practices'... This resulted in

380-400: A force as sovereign as it is subdued. Anthropologist Robert A. Hahn writes: Javanese culture is stratified by social class and by level of adherence to Islam. ...Traditional Javanese culture does not emphasize material wealth. ...There is respect for those who contribute to the general village welfare over personal gain. And the spirit of gotong royong , or volunteerism, is promoted as

456-582: A frame from bamboo poles, which individuals stationed at the ends of each pole then use to lift and carry the house. The family traditionally shows their gratitude for the assistance by hosting a small fiesta . In society, bayanihan has been adopted as a term to refer to a local civil effort to resolve national issues. One of the first groups to use the term is the Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company which travels to countries to perform traditional folk dances of

532-432: A general loss of rights, especially secure harvesting rights within a context of mutual cooperation, known as gotong royong . " Citing Ann Laura Stoler 's ethnography from the 1970s, Pottier writes that cash was replacing exchange, that old patron-client ties were breaking, and that social relations were becoming characterized more by employer-employee qualities. For Prime Minister Muhammad Natsir , gotong royong

608-415: A house in exchange for food and drink, or in scouting , where volunteer campsite wardens maintain campsites around Ireland. Andecha (from Latin indictia 'announcement) is voluntary, unpaid and punctual aid to help a neighbor carry out agricultural tasks (cutting hay, harvesting potatoes, building a barn, collecting apples to make cider, etc.). The work is rewarded with a snack or a small party and

684-400: A spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective. It is focused on doing things as a group as it relates to one's community. The term bayanihan originated in the practice of volunteers from a community helping a family move by carrying the house itself, a tradition which remains the classic illustration for the concept as a whole. The feat is accomplished by building

760-548: A state of mutual co-operation. How fine that is ! A Gotong Royong state! In 1960, Sukarno dissolved the elected parliament and implemented the Gotong Royong Parliament . Governor of Jakarta , Ali Sadikin , spoke of a desire to reinvigorate urban areas with village sociality, with gotong royong . Suharto's New Order was characterized by much discourse about tradition. During the New Order, Siskamling harnessed

836-464: A task that exceeds his or her own capacity. For instance, elderly neighbours or relatives can need help if their house or garden is damaged by a storm, or siblings can agree to arrange a party for a parent's special birthday as a talkoot . Typically, club houses, landings, churches, and parish halls can be repaired through a talkoot , or environmental tasks for the neighborhood are undertaken. The parents of pre-school children may gather to improve

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912-499: A work team, gang, or party and denotes the co-operative labour system in Ireland where groups of neighbours help each other in turn with farming work such as harvesting crops. The term is used in various writings of Irish language authors. It can convey the idea of community spirit in which neighbours respond to each other's needs. In modern use for example, a meitheal could be a party of neighbours and friends invited to help decorate

988-568: Is a conception of sociality ethos familiar to Indonesia . In Indonesian languages especially Javanese , gotong means 'carrying a burden using one's shoulder', while royong means 'together' or 'communally', thus the combined phrase gotong royong can be translated literally as 'joint bearing of burdens'. It translate to working together, helping each other or mutual assistance. The village's public facilities, such as irrigation, streets, and houses of worship (mosque, church or pura ) are usually constructed through gotong royong , where

1064-401: Is a gathering for mutually accomplishing a task or for communal fundraising . Communal work provided manual labour to others, especially for major projects such as barn raising , "bees" of various kinds (see § Bee below), log rolling , and subbotniks . Different words have been used to describe such gatherings. They are less common in today's more individualistic cultures, where there

1140-468: Is also the official motto of Kenya and appears on its coat of arms . Umuganda is a national day of community service held on the last Saturday of each month in Rwanda. In 2009, umuganda was institutionalized in the country. It is translated as 'coming together in common purpose to achieve an outcome'. A social event is held to build a house or a farm, especially for elderly and widows who do not have

1216-600: Is considered the founder of the Keira dynasty . Darfur became a great power of the Sahel under the Keira dynasty, expanding its borders as far east as the Atbarah River and attracting immigrants from Bornu and Bagirmi . During the mid-18th century conflict between rival factions wracked the country, and external war pitted Darfur against Sennar and Wadai . In 1875, the weakened kingdom

1292-515: Is covered with plains and low hills of sandy soils , known as goz , and sandstone hills. In many places the goz is waterless and can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep boreholes . While dry, goz may also support rich pasture and arable land . To the north the goz is overtaken by the desert sands of the Sahara . A second feature are the wadis , which range from seasonal watercourses that flood only occasionally during

1368-418: Is fulfilled. An alternative, more recent, definition describes naffīr as 'to bring someone together from the neighborhood or community to carry out a certain project, such as building a house or providing help during the harvest season'. The word may be related to the standard Arabic word nafr ( نَفْر ) which describes a band, party, group or troop, typically mobilized for war. In standard Arabic,

1444-461: Is largely a semi-desert plateau with the Marrah Mountains ( Jebel Marra), a range of volcanic peaks rising up to 3,042 meters (9,980 ft) of elevation above sea level, and a topographic prominence of 2512 m, in the center of the region. The region's main towns are Al Fashir , Geneina , and Nyala . There are four main features of its physical geography. The whole eastern half of Darfur

1520-434: Is less reliance on others than in preindustrial agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies. Major jobs such as clearing a field of timber or raising a barn needed many workers. It was often both a social and utilitarian event. Jobs like corn husking or sewing could be done as a group to allow socializing during an otherwise tedious chore. Such gatherings often included refreshments and entertainment. In more modern societies,

1596-576: Is not the democracy of the West' together with social justice for all can be pressed down to one, and called socio democracy. Finally – belief in God. 'And so what originally was five has become three: socio nationalism, socio democracy, and belief in God.' 'If I press down five to get three, and three to get one, then I have a genuine Indonesian term – GOTONG ROYONG [mutual co-operation]. The state of Indonesia which we are to establish should be

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1672-515: Is the form of communal voluntary work. Neighbours gather together to build something , to harvest crops, etc. Kaláka ( IPA: [ˈkɒlaːkɒ] ) is the Hungarian word for working together for a common goal. This can be building a house or doing agricultural activities together, or any other communal work on a volunteer basis. Meitheal ( IPA: [ˈmʲɛhəlˠ] ) is the Irish word for

1748-815: Is the name of the community newspaper for the Philippine community in Australia. It is in English and in Filipino with regular news and articles on Philippine current events and history. It was established in October 1998 in Sydney, Australia. Basij was created after the Islamic Revolution and during the Iran and Iraq wars. It was an organization which aimed to gather volunteers for fighting in

1824-400: Is thought to have originated from the harsh climate of the Andean mountain region and the mutualism thus demanded for the survival of the people living there. Members of a community help other members for private purposes when support is needed for activities such as construction and planting. Participants are supplied with food and drink by the hosting party. The party that was helped returns

1900-473: Is translatable to the spirit of will to work together for a better community. Many Norwegians will describe this as a typical Norwegian thing to have. The word dugnad was used to unite the people of Norway to cooperate and shut down public activities to fight the pandemic of 2020. Moba (Serbian: моба ) is an old Serbian tradition of communal self-help in villages. It was a request for help in labor-intensive activities, like harvesting wheat, building

1976-475: Is unknown to most Swedes . However, cognate terms and in approximately the same context are used in Estonia ( talgu(d) ), Latvia (noun talka , verb talkot ), and Lithuania (noun talka , verb talkauti ). It is the cultural equivalent of communal work in a village community, although adapted to the conditions of Finland , where most families traditionally lived in isolated farms often miles away from

2052-421: The Marrah Mountains and Daju Hills , volcanic plugs created by a massif , that rise up to a peak at Deriba crater where there is a small area of temperate climate , high rainfall and permanent springs of water. Remote sensing has detected the imprint of a vast underground lake under Darfur. The potential water deposits are estimated at 49,500 km (19,110 sq mi). The lake, during epochs when

2128-486: The physical strength to do it on their own. Naffīr ( نَفِّير ) is an Arabic word used in parts of Sudan (including Kordofan , Darfur , parts of the Nuba mountains and Kassala ) to describe particular types of communal work undertakings. Naffīr has been described as including a group recruited through family networks, in-laws and village neighbors for some particular purpose, which then disbands when that purpose

2204-499: The wet season to large wadis that flood for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of kilometres west to Lake Chad . Many wadis have pans of alluvium with rich heavy soil that are also difficult to cultivate. Western Darfur is dominated by the third feature, basement rock , sometimes covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed, but provides sporadic forest cover that can be grazed by animals. The fourth and final feature are

2280-448: The Binga, Banda, etc. As the historic dynasty's physical appearance became more "Africanized" from intermarriage with black wives and concubines, the appearance of the sultans darkened correspondingly and they became known by the appellation of their subjects, Fūr . Darfur covers an area of 493,180 square kilometers (190,420 sq mi), approximately the size of mainland Spain . It

2356-662: The Government of Sudan over the withdrawal of UNAMID , the peacekeeping force , which is the largest in the world. Other UN agencies (such as the WFP ) might exit. During the existence of the Calais Jungle refugee camp, Darfur was listed as a major source of the camp's inhabitants. The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Movement of Minni Minnawi signed a Darfur Peace Agreement in 2006. Only one rebel group,

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2432-530: The Islamic revolution in schools and mosques. Basij now is part of the Sepah army (military, cultural and financial) organization which receives an undefined budget from the government. Imece is a name given for a traditional Turkish village-scale collaboration . For example, if a couple is getting married, villagers participate in the overall organization of the ceremony including but not limited to preparation of

2508-746: The Southern Darfur Arab Rizeigat tribe led by Sheikh Madibbo , defeated the Ottoman forces led by Slatin Pasha (that had just invaded Egypt earlier that year) in Darfur. When Ahmad's successor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad , himself an Arab of Southern Darfur from the Ta’isha tribe , demanded that the pastoralist tribes provide soldiers, several tribes rose up in revolt. Following the defeat of Abdallahi at Omdurman in 1899 by an Anglo-Egyptian expeditionary force,

2584-553: The Sudan Liberation Movement, subscribed to the agreement; the Justice and Equality Movement rejected it, resulting in a continuation of the conflict. The agreement includes provisions for wealth-sharing and power-sharing and established a Transitional Darfur Regional Authority to help administer Darfur until a referendum could take place on the future of the region. The leader of the Sudan Liberation Movement, Minni Minnawi,

2660-685: The Sudanese Government rejected the idea of a single region headed by a vice-president from the region. On 29 January, the leaders of the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement issued a joint statement affirming their commitment to the Doha negotiations and agreement to attend the Doha forum on 5 February. The Sudanese government had not yet agreed to attend the forum on that date and instead favoured an internal peace process without

2736-781: The UN came to regard the conflict as one of the worst humanitarian disasters in the world. Insurgency and counter-insurgency have led to 480,000 deaths (the Khartoum government disputes the numbers). This has been labeled as the Darfur genocide . "By 2010 about 300,000 had died, according to the UN best estimate, and about 3,000,000 were forced into refugee camps." Over 2.8 million people have become displaced since 2003, many of whom were children (see Lost Boys of Sudan ). Many of these refugees have gone into camps where emergency aid has created conditions that, although extremely basic, are better than in

2812-442: The celebration venue, food, building and settlement of the new house for the newly weds. Tasks are often distributed according to expertise and has no central authority to govern activities. Talkoot (from Finnish talkoo , almost always used in plural, talkoot ) is a Finnish expression for a gathering of friends and neighbors organized to accomplish a task. The word is borrowed into Finland Swedish as talko but

2888-739: The core tenets of Indonesian philosophy. Paul Michael Taylor and Lorraine V. Aragon state that " gotong royong [is] cooperation among many people to attain a shared goal." In a 1983 essay Clifford Geertz points to the importance of gotong royong in Indonesian life: An enormous inventory of highly specific and often quite intricate institutions for effecting the cooperation in work, politics, and personal relations alike, vaguely gathered under culturally charged and fairly well indefinable value-images— rukun ('mutual adjustment'), gotong royong ('joint bearing of burdens'), tolong-menolong ('reciprocal assistance')—governs social interaction with

2964-544: The country with the objective of promoting Philippine culture. The concept is related to damayán ('to help one another'). In computing, the term bayanihan has evolved into many meanings and incorporated as codenames to projects that depict the spirit of cooperative effort involving a community of members. An example of these projects is the Bayanihan Linux project which is a Philippines-based desktop-focused Linux distribution. In ethnic newspapers, Bayanihan News

3040-460: The exchange of energy between humans, nature, and the universe. An example of this would be ayni between a human and a tree: A tree is watered by a human, and the tree uses this water to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose. The oxygen is used by humans to perform respiration and survive, and some glucose may eventually find its way into products that humans use such as fruits. In return, humans convert oxygen back to carbon dioxide for use by

3116-462: The favor by assisting those who helped them or others in need of aid, completing the reciprocity. This is not to be confused with Mink'a , also native to the Andean region, in which participants are typically paid for services such as harvesting crops. There are many concepts globally that show similarly to ayni. While none of them are exactly the same as ayni, they all show mutualism to a certain extent. Communal work#Mink'a Communal work

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3192-618: The first historical attestable kingdom . They were centered in the Marrah Mountains and left records of valuable rock engravings, stone architecture and a ( orally preserved ) list of kings. The Tunjur replaced the Daju in the fourteenth century and the Daju established new headquarters in Abyei, Denga, Darsila and Mongo in the current Chad. The Tunjur sultans intermarried with the Fur and sultan Musa Sulayman (reigned c.  1667  – c.  1695 )

3268-466: The following languages are spoken in Darfur according to Ethnologue . The region is divided into five federal states : Central Darfur , East Darfur , North Darfur , South Darfur and West Darfur . The Darfur Peace Agreement of 2006 established a Transitional Darfur Regional Authority as an interim authority for the region. The agreement stated that a referendum on the status of Darfur should be held no later than 2011. Minni Minnawi

3344-458: The frontline. It was also a central idea of utilizing donations and volunteers to help the soldiers and bringing aid to the frontline. Women played a big role by knitting warm clothes, making foods, sewing new uniforms or religious accessories. Basij's aim and goals have been shifted and distorted after the war; after the war ended the Basij organization continue working as a center to spread ideologies of

3420-477: The funds and materials are collected mutually. Traditional communal events, such as the slametan ceremony, are also usually held in the gotong royong ethos of communal work spirit, which each member of society is expected to contribute to and participate in the endeavour harmoniously. The phrase has been translated into English in many ways, most of which hearken to the conception of reciprocity or mutual aid . For M. Nasroen , gotong royong forms one of

3496-695: The host, or consisting of various dishes brought by the participants, thus the meal is also a dugnad. In urban areas, the dugnad is most commonly identified with outdoor spring cleaning and gardening in housing co-operatives. Dugnader (plural) are also a phenomenon in kindergartens and elementary schools to make the area nice, clean and safe and to do decorating etc. such as painting and other types of maintenance. Dugnader occur more widely in remote and rural areas. Neighbours sometimes participate during house or garage building, and organizations (such as kindergartens or non-profit organisations) may arrange annual dugnader . The Norwegian word dugnadsånd

3572-537: The idea of gotong royong . By the 1990s, if not sooner, gotong royong had been "fossilized" by New Order sloganeering. During the presidency of Megawati , the Gotong Royong Cabinet was implemented. It lasted from 2001 to 2004. Bayanihan ( / b aɪ ə n i h ə n / , IPA: [ˌbajɐˈnihan] ) is a Filipino term taken from the word bayan , referring to a nation, country, town or community. The whole term bayanihan refers to

3648-453: The involvement of rebel groups. Later in February, the Sudanese Government agreed to return to the Doha peace forum with a view to complete a new peace agreement by the end of that month. On 25 February, both the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement announced that they had rejected the peace document proposed by the mediators in Doha. The main sticking points were

3724-688: The issues of a Darfuri vice-president and compensation for victims. The Sudanese government had not commented on the peace document. At the Doha Peace Forum in June, the Joint Mediators proposed a new Darfur Peace Agreement , which would supersede the Abuja Agreement of 2005 and if signed, would halt preparations for a Darfur status referendum. The proposal included provisions for a Darfuri Vice-President and an administrative structure that includes both

3800-457: The mid-1980s disrupted many societal structures and led to the first significant modern fighting amongst Darfuris. A low-level conflict continued for the next fifteen years, with the government co-opting and arming Arab Janjaweed militias against its enemies. The fighting reached a peak in 2003 with the beginning of the Darfur conflict , in which the resistance coalesced into a roughly cohesive rebel movement. In March 2004, human-rights groups and

3876-586: The movement had accepted the core proposals of the Darfur peace document proposed by the joint-mediators in Doha; the proposals included a $ 300,000,000 compensation package for victims of atrocities in Darfur and special courts to conduct trials of persons accused of human-rights violations. Proposals for a new Darfur Regional Authority were also included; this authority would have an executive council of 18 ministers and would remain in place for five years. The current three Darfur states and state governments would also continue to exist during this period. In February 2011

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3952-544: The name the Gadugi Safe Center for its programs to aid all people affected by sexual violence. Convite . Konbit or Tet Ansanm in Haitian Creole . Darfur Darfur ( / d ɑːr ˈ f ʊər / dar- FOOR ; Arabic : دار فور , romanized :  Dār Fūr , lit.   'Realm of the Fur ') is a region of western Sudan . Dār is an Arabic word meaning "home [of]" –

4028-407: The nearest village. A talkoot is by definition voluntary, and the work is unpaid. The voluntary nature might be imaginary due to social pressure , especially in small communities, and one's honour and reputation may be severely damaged by non-attendance or laziness. The task of the talkoot may be something that is a common concern for the good of the group, or it may be to help someone with

4104-621: The new Anglo-Egyptian government recognized Ali Dinar as the sultan of Darfur and largely left the Dar to its own affairs except for a nominal annual tribute. In 1916, after the British government suspected that the sultan was falling under the influence of the Ottoman government , an expedition was launched from Egypt to capture and annex Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The colonial government directed financial and administrative resources to

4180-744: The playground, or the tenants of a tenement house may arrange a talkoot to put their garden in order for the summer or winter. A person unable to contribute with actual work may contribute food for the talkoot party, or act as a baby-sitter. When a talkoot is for the benefit of an individual, he or she is the host of the talkoot party and is obliged to offer food and drink. Toloka or taloka (also pomoch ) in Russian ( toloka in Ukrainian and talaka in Belarusian , tłoka in Polish )

4256-633: The post on 20 September 2011. The regional authority was dissolved in July 2016 following a referendum , on the status of the Darfur region within Sudan. As part of the Sudanese transition to democracy , a Darfur Regional Government was created in August 2021 with Minni Minawi as Regional Governor. In 2008, Darfur's population was 7.5 million. This in an increase by nearly six times from 1973 (1.3 million). 52% are aged 16 years or younger. Darfur's budget

4332-592: The presidency of Sukarno , the idea of gotong royong was officially elevated to a central tenet of Indonesian life. For Sukarno, the new nation was to be synonymous with gotong royong . He said that the Pancasila could be reduced to the idea of gotong royong . On June 1, 1945, Sukarno said of the Pancasila: The first two principles, nationalism and internationalism, can be pressed to one, which I used to call 'socionationalism.' Similarly with democracy 'which

4408-504: The provision of common services (repair of bridges, cleaning of roads, etc.) Dugnad is a Norwegian term for voluntary work done together with other people. It is a core phenomenon for Norwegians, and the word was voted as the Norwegian word of the year 2004 in the TV programme Typisk norsk ('Typically Norwegian'). Participation in a dugnad is often followed by a common meal, served by

4484-468: The region was more humid, would have contained about 2,500 km (600 cubic miles) of water. It may have dried up thousands of years ago. Most of the region consists of a semi-arid plain and thus appears unsuitable for developing a large and complex civilization . But the Marrah Mountains offer plentiful water, and by the 12th century the Daju people , succeeding the semi-legendary Tora culture , created

4560-528: The region was named Dardaju (Arabic: دار داجو , romanized:  Dār Dājū ) while ruled by the Daju , who migrated from Meroë c.  350 AD , and it was renamed Dartunjur (Arabic: دار تنجر , romanized:  Dār Tunjur ) when the Tunjur ruled the area. Darfur was an independent sultanate for several hundred years until 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr . The region

4636-418: The rivalry between farmers and herders. The first historical mention of the word Fur occurs in 1664 in the account by J. M. Vansleb , a German traveler, of a visit to Egypt (Petermann (1862-3). Mitteilungen, Erganzungsband II). It is claimed that, like sūdān , fūr means "blacks", and was the name given by the early light-colored Berber sultans of Darfur to the original inhabitants of the country such as

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4712-464: The tacit commitment that the person assisted will come with their family to the call of another andecha when another neighbor requests it. It is very similar to the Irish meitheal . It should not be confused with another Asturian collective work institution, the sestaferia . In this, the provision of the service is mandatory (under penalty of fine) and is not called a to help of an individual but

4788-495: The three states and a strategic regional authority, the Darfur Regional Authority , to oversee Darfur as a whole. The new agreement was signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July. The Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement did not sign the new document at that time but had three months in which to do so if they wished. A comprehensive peace agreement

4864-422: The tree, as well as plant seeds the tree produced to create more trees. The simple of act of watering a tree can also reap in rewards including by not limited to: creating shade, wind barriers, soil anchors, and more. The relationships that can be defined as ayni thus extend to everything beneficial involving two parties. In practice, Quechua and Aymara communities apply ayni through human to human interaction. This

4940-468: The tribes of central Sudan near Khartoum - while the outlying regions such as Darfur remained mostly forgotten and ignored. K. D. D. Henderson was the last British governor of Darfur. A pattern of skewed economic development continued after Sudan achieved political independence in 1956. The governor at the time of independence was Ali Abdallah Abu Sinn , who had joined the civil service in 1923 and served in Darfur since 1946 . In August 1958 he

5016-473: The villages, which offer no protection against the various militias that operate in the region. Nearly two-thirds of the population continues to struggle to survive in remote villages. Virtually no foreigners visit the region because of the fear of kidnapping, and only some non-governmental organizations continue to provide long-term grass-roots assistance. As of 2015 the United Nations is in discussion with

5092-480: The word bee has also been used for some time already for other social gatherings without communal work, for example for competitions such as a spelling bee . Harambee ( Swahili: [hɑrɑˈᵐbɛː] ) is an East African ( Kenyan , Tanzanian and Ugandan ) tradition of community self-help events, e.g. fundraising or development activities. Harambee literally means 'all pull together' in Swahili , and

5168-505: Was an ethical principle of sociality, in marked contrast to both the "unchecked" feudalism of the West, and the social anomie of capitalism . Ideas of reciprocity, ancient and deeply enmeshed aspects of kampung morality, were seized upon by postcolonial politicians. John Sidel writes: "Ironically, national-level politicians drew on "village conceptions of adat and gotong royong . They drew on notions "of traditional community to justify new forms of authoritarian rule." During

5244-646: Was appointed Senior Assistant to the President of Sudan and Chairman of the transitional authority in 2007. In December 2010, representatives of the Liberation and Justice Movement , an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups, formed in February of that year, started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese Government in Doha , Qatar . A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur,

5320-649: Was derived from the Cherokee word for 'bread', which is Gadu . In recent years the Cherokee Nation tribal government has promoted the concept of Gadugi . The GaDuGi Health Center is a tribally run clinic in Tahlequah, Oklahoma , the capital of the Cherokee Nation. The concept is becoming more widely known. In Lawrence, Kansas, in 2004 the rape crisis center affiliated with the University of Kansas , adopted

5396-520: Was destroyed by the Egyptian ruler set up in Khartoum , largely through the machinations of Sebehr Rahma , a slave-trader, who was competing with the dar over access to ivory in Bahr el Ghazal to the south of Darfur. The Darfuris were restive under Egyptian rule, but were no more predisposed to accept the rule of the self-proclaimed Mahdi , Muhammad Ahmad , when in 1882 his Emir of Darfur, who came from

5472-420: Was formed and the Justice and Equality Movement planned further talks. The talks ended on December 19 without a new peace agreement, but participants agreed on basic principles, including a regional authority and a referendum on autonomy for Darfur. The possibility of a Darfuri Vice-President was also discussed. In January 2011, the leader of the Liberation and Justice Movement, Dr. Tijani Sese , stated that

5548-522: Was later invaded and incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. As an administrative region, Darfur is divided into five federal states : Central Darfur , East Darfur , North Darfur , South Darfur and West Darfur . Because of the War in Darfur between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and genocide since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry, and

5624-447: Was signed on 31 August 2020 in Juba , South Sudan, between the Sudanese authorities and rebel factions to end armed hostilities. However, further tribal clashes have continued during 2021. Languages of Darfur include Daju , Erenga (or Sungor ), Fongoro , Fulbe (or Fulfulde ), Fur (thus the name of the region), Masalit , Sinyar , Tama , Midob , and Zaghawa . Other than Fur,

5700-476: Was succeeded by Ahmad Makki Abdo , who remained in power despite the coup d'état of that year, until he was finally dismissed in December 1959 and replaced by al-Tijani Sa'd . The proxy wars between Sudan , Libya and Chad added an element of political instability. Darfurians began to respond to the ideology of Arab supremacy propagated by Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi (in power 1969–2011). A famine in

5776-559: Was the first chair of this authority, holding that office from April 2007 until December 2010, when he was succeeded by Shartai Jaafar Abdel Hakam . The peace agreement that was signed in July 2011 saw the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority reconstituted as the Darfur Regional Authority with executive and legislative functions. The chairperson of the Darfur Regional Authority, Tijani Sese , assumed

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