France
56-456: The Avalon Peninsula campaign occurred during King William's War when forces of New France , led by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Governor Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan , destroyed 23 English settlements along the coast of the Avalon Peninsula , Newfoundland in the span of three months. The campaign began with raiding Ferryland on November 10, 1696, and continued along
112-576: A dozen houses and three barns full of grain. On July 18, 1694, French soldier Claude-Sébastien de Villieu with about 250 Abenakis from Norridgewock under command of their sagamore (paramount chief) Bomazeen (or Bomoseen) raided the English settlement of Durham, New Hampshire , in the Oyster River Massacre . In all, the French and native force killed 104 inhabitants and took 27 captive, burning half
168-525: A force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Abenakis in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign . They destroyed almost every English settlement in Newfoundland , over 100 English were killed, many times that number captured, and almost 500 deported to England or France. In retaliation, Church went on his fourth expedition to Acadia and carried out a retaliatory raid against Acadian communities on
224-579: A group of English settlers trying to establish themselves at Falmouth (near present-day Portland, Maine ). The tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy killed 21 of his men, but Church's defense was successful and the natives retreated. Church then returned to Boston , leaving the small group of English settlers unprotected. The following spring over 400 French and native troops, under the leadership of Castin, destroyed Salmon Falls (present-day Berwick, Maine ), then returned to Falmouth and massacred all
280-453: A population of 2,471 (as of 2021). Since 2021, Holyrood has been considered part of the St. John's metropolitan area . In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Holyrood had a population of 2,471 living in 993 of its 1,089 total private dwellings, a change of 0.3% from its 2016 population of 2,463 . With a land area of 126.02 km (48.66 sq mi), it had
336-615: A prisoner exchange (February 18). Frustrated, d'Iberville then sacked Brigus (February 11) and Port de Grave (February 11). Carbonear Island continued to hold out but d'Iberville torched their evacuated settlement on February 28 before leaving. D'Iberville then headed to Heart's Content before walking in a small group across the Avalon Peninsula isthmus. He arrived March 4 at Plaisance. D'Iberville then picked up his spoils of war, his scattered troops and approximately 200 prisoners at Bay Boulle (March 18-May 18). French attacks by sea on
392-502: A second attempt. On September 12, 1696, Quebec's Governor Frontenac sent Pierre Le Moyne Sieur d'Iberville to Newfoundland. The previous August, d'Iberville had just been victorious in the Siege of Pemaquid , on the coast of present-day Maine. The Newfoundland campaign involved a novel strategy: both a land and sea assault of the villages. D'Iberville attacked by land while Sieur de Brouillan attacked by sea. D'Iberville's strategy of attacking
448-633: A vessel, killing most of the crew. They also burned a hamlet. In early 1692, an estimated 150 Abenakis commanded by officers of New France returned to York, killing about 100 of the English settlers and burning down buildings in what would become known as the Candlemas Massacre . Church's third expedition to Acadia during the war was in 1692 when he raided Penobscot (present-day Indian Island, Maine ) with 450 men. Church and his men then went on to raid Taconock ( Winslow, Maine ). In 1693, New England frigates attacked Port Royal again, burning almost
504-481: Is a town on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada. It is in Division 1 , on Conception Bay . It is approximately a 30-minute drive from the capital city of St. John's . During King William's War , the village was destroyed in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign . The town is famous for being at the bottom of the bay and having a large cross on the top of the predominant mountain "George Cove". Holyrood
560-439: Is also renowned for its squid fishery and caplin "rolling" which happens in late spring, early summer. "Rolling" refers to the mating of the caplin when they beach themselves and can be picked up by hand. It also hosts the popular "Squid Fest," several days of squid-themed activities culminating in an outdoor festival of drinking and traditional music. The festival attracts thousands of locals and tourists each year. The town has
616-618: The Great Lakes ; and Louisiana from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico , along the Mississippi River . The French population amounted to 14,000 in 1689. Although the French were vastly outnumbered, they were more politically unified and contained a disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds. Realizing their numerical inferiority, they developed good relationships with
SECTION 10
#1732848179297672-602: The Isthmus of Chignecto and Fort Nashwack (present-day Fredericton , New Brunswick), which was then the capital of Acadia. He led his troops personally in killing inhabitants of Chignecto, looting their household goods, burning their houses and slaughtering the livestock. Also in August 1689, 1,500 Iroquois , seeking revenge for Governor General Denonville's actions, attacked the French settlement at Lachine . Count Frontenac , who replaced Denonville as governor general, later attacked
728-559: The Post Road , it was attacked on June 9, 1691, by about 200 Native Americans commanded by the sachem Moxus. But Captain James Converse and his militia successfully defended Lieutenant Joseph Storer's garrison, which was surrounded by a gated palisade . Another sachem, Madockawando , threatened to return the next year "and have the dog Converse out of his den". As the natives withdrew, they went to York off Cape Neddick and boarded
784-697: The Wabanaki Confederacy , who again fought with the French in Queen Anne's War, with conflict characterized by frequent raids in Massachusetts, including one on Groton in 1694, in which children were kidnapped, and the Deerfield Massacre in 1704, in which more than 100 captives were taken north to Montreal for ransom or adoption by Mohawk and French. By the end of the war, natives were successful in killing more than 700 English and capturing over 250 along
840-698: The Waterford Valley to meet and repel the French. A pitched battle occurred in the Waterford Valley (Burnt Wood) and on the Heights of Kilbride (November 28). Of the 88 English defenders, 34 died in the battle. The English broke ranks and hastily retreated to St. John's. As d'Iberville approached St. John's, the English settlers scattered. Many sailed away, others escaped to the forests. A number of settlers and soldiers took refuge in Fort William . For three days
896-654: The Acadia/ New England border. The Ryswick treaty was unsatisfactory to representatives of the Hudson's Bay Company. Since most of its trading posts in Hudson Bay had been lost to the French before the war began, the rule of status quo ante bellum meant that they remained under French control. The company recovered its territories at the negotiating table when the Treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne's War. Scholars debate whether
952-586: The Atlantic coast, which were unable to cooperate efficiently, and they were engulfed in the Glorious Revolution , creating tension among the colonists. In addition, the English lacked military leadership and had a difficult relationship with their native Iroquois allies. New France was divided into three entities: Acadia on the Atlantic coast; Canada along the Saint Lawrence River and up to
1008-559: The Confederacy killed two families. The following spring, in June 1689, several hundred Abenaki and Pennacook Indians under the command of Kancamagus and Mesandowit raided Dover, New Hampshire , killing more than 20 and taking 29 captives, who were sold into captivity in New France. In June, they killed four men at Saco . In response to these raids, a company of 24 men was raised to search for
1064-567: The English and French made peace in 1697, the Iroquois, now abandoned by the English colonists, remained at war with New France until 1701, when a peace was agreed at Montreal between New France and a large number of Iroquois and other tribes. The war also served as a backdrop for an ongoing economic war between French and English interests in Arctic North America. The Hudson's Bay Company had established trading outposts on James Bay and
1120-529: The English raided the French village of Chedabouctou . In response, Castin and the Wabanaki Confederacy engaged in the Northeast Coast Campaign of 1688 along the New England/Acadia border. They began August 13, 1688, at New Dartmouth ( Newcastle ), killing a few settlers. A few days later they killed two people at Yarmouth in the first battle. At Kennebunk , in the autumn of 1688, members of
1176-628: The English settlers in the Battle of Fort Loyal . When Church returned to the village later that summer he buried the dead. The fall of Fort Loyal (Casco) led to the near depopulation of Maine. Native forces were then able to attack New Hampshire frontier without reprisal. The New Englanders, led by Sir William Phips , retaliated by attacking Port Royal , the capital of Acadia. The Battle of Port Royal began on May 9, 1690. Phips arrived with 736 New England men in seven English ships. Governor de Meneval fought for two days and then capitulated. The garrison
SECTION 20
#17328481792971232-802: The English, with the Battle of Hudson's Bay . King William%27s War [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] England King William's War (also known as the Second Indian War , Father Baudoin's War , Castin's War , or the First Intercolonial War in French ) was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), also known as the War of the Grand Alliance or
1288-427: The French and Indian attack on January 31. D'Iberville had only 70 men, the rest were dispersed in local skirmishes, holding villages and prisoners. Leaving Carbonear d'Iberville then attacked Old Perlican (February 4), Bay de Verde (February 6), Hants Harbour (February 7), New Perlican and Hearts Content (February 9). In many cases the local fishermen had fled to Carbonear. There was an unsuccessful attempt at
1344-474: The French forces were small, and their hold on the captured posts quite weak—York Factory was recaptured by the English in 1695. In 1697, in the Battle of Hudson's Bay , one of the war's major naval battles, d'Iberville, with a single ship, defeated three English ships and went on to again capture York Factory. The Treaty of Ryswick signed in September 1697 ended the war between the two colonial powers, reverting
1400-591: The French laid siege to Fort William. On November 30, the English commander, Governor Miners, surrendered on condition that the English be allowed to leave St. John's. 230 men, women and children were sent off in a ship and duly arrived in Dartmouth, England. However a further 80 refugees were drowned when their ship foundered off the coast of Spain. After destroying St. John's, the French marched on Torbay (December 2), and Portugal Cove (December 5 and January 13). Internal struggles between de Brouillan and d'Iberville over
1456-473: The Indians were working with the English. These occurrences, in addition to the fact that the English perceived the Indians as their subjects, despite the Indians' unwillingness to submit, eventually led to two conflicts, one of which was King William's War. The English settlers were more than 154,000 at the beginning of the war, outnumbering the French 12 to 1. However, they were divided in multiple colonies along
1512-494: The Iroquois village of Onondaga . New France and its Indian allies then attacked English frontier settlements in early 1690, most notably at Schenectady in New York. This was followed by two expeditions. One, on land under Connecticut provincial militia general Fitz-John Winthrop , targeted Montreal ; the other, led by Sir William Phips , targeted Quebec . Winthrop's expedition failed due to disease and supply issues, and Phips
1568-636: The Maine area) had expanded their settlements into Acadia. To secure New France's claim to present-day Maine, New France established Catholic missions among the three largest Indigenous villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River ( Norridgewock ); one further north on the Penobscot River ( Penobscot ) and one on the Saint John River ( Medoctec ). For their part, in response to King Philip's War ,
1624-630: The War of the League of Augsburg. It was the first of six colonial wars (see the four French and Indian Wars , Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War ) fought between New France and New England along with their respective Native allies before France ceded its remaining mainland territories in North America east of the Mississippi River in 1763. For King William's War, neither England nor France thought of weakening their position in Europe to support
1680-507: The approaches to St. John's. Two days later, he encountered a detachment of 30 English soldiers posted on a hilltop near Petty Harbour . On November 26, d'Iberville charged and the enemy surrendered immediately. D'Iberville and his men were in command of the small port just eight kilometres south of St. John's. However, some colonists from Petty Harbour escaped to St. John's, where they alerted its residents. As d'Iberville marched into St. John's from Petty Harbour, English residents marched out
1736-408: The bodies and pursue the natives. They were forced to return after they lost a quarter of their men in conflicts with the natives. In August 1689, Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin and Father Louis-Pierre Thury led an Abenaki war party that captured and destroyed the fort at Pemaquid (in present-day Bristol, Maine ). The fall of Pemaquid was a significant setback to the English. It pushed
Avalon Peninsula campaign - Misplaced Pages Continue
1792-520: The campaign, the English government created permanent defences for Newfoundland. Previously the English had not built permanent fortifications or garrisons in Newfoundland as it was regarded as a seasonal fishing base. However, d'Iberville's devastating campaign had demonstrated the threat to the poorly defended colony. The following year, construction began on professionally engineered fortifications at Fort William . D'Iberville continued his battles with
1848-432: The coast until they raided the village of Heart's Content . After the Siege of Pemaquid , d'Iberville along with Father Jean Baudoin led a force of Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq, and Abenakis in the Avalon Peninsula campaign. They destroyed almost every English settlement in Newfoundland, over 100 English were killed, many times that number captured, and almost 500 deported to England or France. During this time period,
1904-411: The colonial borders to the status quo ante bellum . The peace did not last long; and within five years, the colonies were embroiled in the next phase of the colonial wars, Queen Anne's War . After their settlement with France in 1701, the Iroquois remained neutral in that conflict, never taking part in active hostilities against either side. Tensions remained high between the English and the tribes of
1960-499: The dwellings, including five garrisons . They also destroyed crops and killed livestock , causing famine and destitution for the survivors. In 1696, New France and the tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy , led by St. Castine and Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville , returned and fought a naval battle in the Bay of Fundy before moving on to raid Pemaquid . After the Siege of Pemaquid, d'Iberville led
2016-450: The families were killed, deserted the village, were taken prisoner or were deported. However, the English were able to recapture their Newfoundland territory in summer of 1697 with a strong relief force of 1500 troops. They found St. John's and all the English harbours on the Avalon abandoned, pillaged and every building destroyed. The English slowly began to rebuild and resettle. As a result of
2072-490: The five Indigenous tribes in the region of Acadia created the Wabanaki Confederacy to form a political and military alliance with New France to stop the New England expansion. The New England, Acadia and Newfoundland Theatre of the war is also known as Castin's War and Father Jean Baudoin 's War. In April 1688, Governor Andros plundered Castine's home and village on Penobscot Bay ( Castine, Maine ). Later in August,
2128-513: The frontier back to Casco (Falmouth), Maine. New England retaliated for these raids by sending Major Benjamin Church to raid Acadia. During King William's War, Church led four New England raiding parties into Acadia (which included most of Maine ) against the Acadians and members of the Wabanaki Confederacy . On the first expedition into Acadia, on September 21, 1689, Church and 250 troops defended
2184-522: The indigenous peoples in order to multiply their forces and made effective use of hit-and-run tactics . England's Catholic King James II was deposed at the end of 1688 in the Glorious Revolution, after which Protestants William III and Mary II took the throne. William joined the League of Augsburg in its war against France (begun earlier in 1688), where James had fled. In North America, there
2240-408: The only French settlement on Newfoundland was Plaisance . Prior to the arrival of d'Iberville, Newfoundland's French Governor de Brouillon ordered a French naval squadron under Chevalier Nesmond to lay siege to St. John's in retaliation for earlier English attacks. In 1694, Nesmond set sail from Plaisance to lay siege to St. John's. This siege was unsuccessful. Two years later, however, the French made
2296-426: The parish church. The New Englanders left again, and Villebon , the governor of Acadia, moved the capital to safer territory inland at Fort Nashwaak (present-day Fredericton , New Brunswick). Fort Nashwaak remained the capital until after the war, when Port Royal was restored as the capital in 1699. In Church's second expedition to Acadia, he arrived with 300 men at Casco Bay on 11 September 1690. His mission
Avalon Peninsula campaign - Misplaced Pages Continue
2352-417: The remnants of the settlements continued into the spring (March 27-April 19). D'Iberville never returned to Newfoundland. These raids devastated the English settlements of Newfoundland. Every English settlement in Newfoundland had been destroyed and the English colony had been depopulated, except for Bonavista , which D'Iberville did not reach and the island holdout at Carbonear. Estimates of eighty percent of
2408-452: The settlement by land was the first recorded in Newfoundland and, as a result, the port villages were only prepared for an assault by sea. D'Iberville left Placentia on All Saints' Day (November 1) with his detachment of 124 men; soldiers, Acadians, and Indians. It was an 80 kilometres (50 mi), nine-day march across the Avalon Peninsula. On November 9, Sieur de Brouillan began the Siege of Ferryland. D'Iberville arrived on November 10, and
2464-402: The southern reaches of Hudson Bay by the early 1680s. In a series of raids, beginning with the so-called Hudson Bay expedition , organized by Governor Denonville and continuing through the time of the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), most of these outposts, including Moose Factory , York Factory and Fort Albany , were taken by French raiders, primarily led by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. But
2520-427: The spoils of war followed. On December 25 de Brouillan left for Plaisance. The French burnt 80 shallops in the harbour (January 2). The villages on Conception Bay were the next targets. Holyrood (January 19) was first followed by Harbour Main (January 20) and Port de Grave (January 23). On January 24, 1697, two hundred permanent residents of Carbonear withdrew to Carbonear Island and successfully fended off
2576-501: The trade between New France and the western tribes. In retaliation, New France raided Seneca lands of western New York. In turn, New England supported the Iroquois in attacking New France, which they did by raiding Lachine . There were similar tensions on the border between New England and Acadia, whose boundary New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine. English settlers from Massachusetts (whose charter included
2632-526: The troops sacked Ferryland . Meanwhile, the 110 people of Ferryland fled to Bay Bulls and set about fortifying it. D'Iberville set out against Bay Bulls using the small boats he had taken in Ferryland. On his way Cape Broyle was captured on November 12. He then captured Bay Bulls on November 24, including a 100-ton merchant ship. On November 24, after a three-hour march from Bay Bulls, d'Iberville met up with his group of 20 scouts who had been sent to study
2688-463: The war effort in North America. New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy were able to thwart New England expansion into Acadia , whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine. According to the terms of the 1697 Peace of Ryswick that ended the Nine Years' War, the boundaries and outposts of New France, New England, and New York remained substantially unchanged. The war
2744-520: The war was a contributing factor to the Salem witch trials . King William's War as well as King Philip's War (1675–78) led to the displacement of many refugees in Essex County . The refugees carried with them fears of the Indians, which is debated to have led to fears of witchcraft , especially since the devil was arguably closely associated with Indians and magic. Of course, Cotton Mather also wrote that it
2800-431: The wigwams. Church butchered six or seven natives and took nine prisoners. A few days later, in retaliation, the members of the Wabanaki Confederacy attacked Church at Cape Elizabeth on Purpooduc Point, killing seven of his men and wounding 24 others. On September 26, Church returned to Portsmouth, New Hampshire . During King William's War, when the town of Wells contained about 80 houses and log cabins strung along
2856-505: Was defeated in the Battle of Quebec . The Quebec and Port Royal expeditions were the only major New England offensives of King William's War; for the remainder of the war the English colonists were primarily engaged in defensive operations, skirmishes and retaliatory raids. The Iroquois Five Nations suffered from the weakness of their English allies. In 1693 and 1696, the French and their Indian allies ravaged Iroquois towns and destroyed crops while New York colonists remained passive. After
SECTION 50
#17328481792972912-540: Was going to lead to an age of sorrow and is arguably a proponent in leading Salem into the witchcraft crisis of 1692. Scholars debate this theory and one scholar, Jenny Hale Pulsipher, maintains that King William's War was more of a cause. Other scholars that have written on the theory of the wars being a leading cause of the Salem Witchcraft Trials include Mary Beth Norton, James Kences, and Emerson Baker. Holyrood, Newfoundland and Labrador Holyrood
2968-459: Was imprisoned in the church, and Governor de Meneval was confined to his house. The New Englanders levelled what was begun of the new fort. The residents of Port Royal were imprisoned in the church and administered an oath of allegiance to the King. Phips left, but warships from New York City arrived in June, which resulted in more destruction. The seamen burned and looted the settlement, including
3024-402: Was largely caused by the fact that the treaties and agreements that were reached at the end of King Philip's War (1675–1678) were not adhered to. In addition, the English were alarmed that the Indians were receiving French or maybe Dutch aid. The Indians preyed on the English and their fears, by making it look as though they were with the French. The French were fooled as well, as they thought
3080-533: Was significant tension between New France and the northern English colonies, which had in 1686 been united in the Dominion of New England . New England and the Iroquois Confederacy fought New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy . The Iroquois dominated the economically important Great Lakes fur trade and had been in conflict with New France since 1680. At the urging of New England, the Iroquois interrupted
3136-525: Was to relieve the English Fort Pejpescot (present-day Brunswick, Maine ), which had been taken by the Wabanaki Confederacy . He went up the Androscoggin River to Fort Pejepscot. From there he went 40 miles (64 km) upriver to Livermore Falls and attacked a native village. Church's men shot three or four native men when they were retreating. Church discovered five English captives in
#296703