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22-555: The name is probably derived from Außer dem Fern ("beyond the Fern" where Fern is the Fern Pass ). Außer- ("outer") and Inner- ("inner") in the Tyrolese dialect are common prefixes to the name of a valley and distinguish the mouth of the valley from its upper reaches, or the section of a valley downstream of its main settlement from the upstream regions, or simply the directions into and out of

44-828: A role, especially in the central Lech valley and the Reutte Basin. The Tyrolean Lech Valley Nature Park and the river Lech , one of the last natural rivers in Europe, together with the multitude of sporting facilities are the basis for tourism in the Außerfern. The main link into the rest of Tyrol is over the Fern Pass . The region is linked from the German railway network by the Außerfern Railway . 47°30′N 10°43′E  /  47.500°N 10.717°E  / 47.500; 10.717 Fern Pass Fern Pass (elevation 1212 m)

66-871: Is a mountain pass in the Tyrolean Alps in Austria . It is located between the Lechtal Alps on the west and the Mieming Mountains on the east. The highest peak in Germany , the Zugspitze is only 13.5 km away to the northeast. The pass lies between the Grubigstein (2233 m) on the northwest, the Wannig (2493 m) on the southeast, and the Loreakopf (2471 m) on the west. The pass

88-712: The Allgäu region remained. For example, the Außerfern was for a long time placed ecclesiastically under the Bishopric of Augsburg . This was aided by good transportation links to the Allgäu and to Upper Bavaria , whilst there was only one link to the Inn valley usable in winter, namely the Fern Pass. Linguistically the region is dominated by a mixed form of the Alemannic and Austro-Bavarian dialects. The regions settled by Upper Bavaria and from

110-815: The Inn valley, such as the Ehrwald Basin and the tributary valleys of the Lech have similarities with the dialects of the Upper Inn Valley, whilst in the region around Reutte and in the Tannheim valley , a Swabian -Alemannic dialect dominates. In the NUTS division for official statistics collected by the EU the Außerfern is one of the five groups of districts (level NUTS:AT -2) in Tyrol, bears

132-643: The University of Copenhagen instead uses the unambiguous "b2k", for "years before 2000 AD", often in combination with the Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) time scale. Some authors who use the YBP dating format also use "YAP" ("years after present") to denote years after 1950. SI prefix multipliers may be used to express larger periods of time, e.g. ka BP (thousand years BP), Ma BP (million years BP) and many others . Radiocarbon dating

154-448: The carbon isotopes in the atmosphere, which scientists must account for. In a convention that is not always observed, many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating; the alternative notation "RCYBP" stands for the explicit "radio carbon years before present". The BP scale is sometimes used for dates established by means other than radiocarbon dating, such as stratigraphy . This usage differs from

176-568: The 22nd century BC which corresponds to the latest stages of the Alpine neolithic period. The landscape is marked by a series of lakes, the largest of which is the Blindsee . Most of these are believed to have been created by the mountain slide. The first regular road crossing the Fern Pass was the Roman Via Claudia Augusta , connecting the province of Raetia to northern Italy . It had

198-627: The advantage over the Arlberg that it was relatively passable even in winter. Today's road is known as the Fernpass Straße (B 179). It connects Reutte through the Lermoos tunnel with Tarrenz and Imst . Via B 187 and B 189, it also leads to Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Germany . It also connects the Lech river valley with the Inn river valley. Therefore, it carries more traffic than almost any other pass in

220-581: The code AT331 and covers the administrative district of Reutte. Today the term is used particularly in the Regional Development of Außerfern – the region is part of the Euroregions Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino , EUREGIO via salina and Zugspitze-Wetterstein-Karwendel . Tourism is an important source of income, because the rather barren and high terrain is difficult to cultivate. In addition, industry and trade play

242-470: The eastern Alps, except the Brenner Pass . The steepest gradient is 8 percent, and the elevation gain from Reutte to the pass is 359 m. On the other side to Telfs , the elevation gain is 579 m. Before Present Before Present ( BP ) or " years before present ( YBP )" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology , geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to

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264-418: The end of the last deglaciation, pollen analysis performed as early as 1940 had already indicated an age of not much more than 4,000 years (i.e., an event date around 2000 BC), an estimate that was essentially confirmed by radiocarbon dating in the 1960s. Using uranium-thorium dating , scientists from Innsbruck University who published their data in 2007 dated the event to 4,150 +/- 100 years B.P., i.e., to

286-471: The exponential decay relation and the "Libby half-life" 5568 a. The ages are expressed in years before present (BP) where "present" is defined as AD 1950. The year 1950 was chosen because it was the standard astronomical epoch at that time. It also marked the publication of the first radiocarbon dates in December 1949, and 1950 also antedates large-scale atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons , which altered

308-480: The global ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 . Dates determined using radiocarbon dating come as two kinds: uncalibrated (also called Libby or raw ) and calibrated (also called Cambridge ) dates. Uncalibrated radiocarbon dates should be clearly noted as such by "uncalibrated years BP", because they are not identical to calendar dates. This has to do with the fact that the level of atmospheric radiocarbon ( carbon-14 or C) has not been strictly constant during

330-508: The name (standard codes are used) of the laboratory concerned, and other information such as confidence levels, because of differences between the methods used by different laboratories and changes in calibrating methods. Conversion from Gregorian calendar years to Before Present years is by starting with the 1950-01-01 epoch of the Gregorian calendar and increasing the BP year count with each year into

352-416: The origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date (epoch) of the age scale, with 1950 being labelled as the "standard year". The abbreviation "BP" has been interpreted retrospectively as "Before Physics", which refers to the time before nuclear weapons testing artificially altered the proportion of

374-485: The recommendation by van der Plicht & Hogg, followed by the Quaternary Science Reviews , both of which requested that publications should use the unit "a" (for "annum", Latin for "year") and reserve the term "BP" for radiocarbon estimations. Some archaeologists use the lowercase letters bp , bc and ad as terminology for uncalibrated dates for these eras. The Centre for Ice and Climate at

396-596: The span of time that can be radiocarbon-dated. Uncalibrated radiocarbon ages can be converted to calendar dates by calibration curves based on comparison of raw radiocarbon dates of samples independently dated by other methods, such as dendrochronology (dating based on tree growth-rings) and stratigraphy (dating based on sediment layers in mud or sedimentary rock). Such calibrated dates are expressed as cal BP, where "cal" indicates "calibrated years", or "calendar years", before 1950. Many scholarly and scientific journals require that published calibrated results be accompanied by

418-528: The valley. Außerfern may possible refer, therefore, to the valley up to the historic climb to the Fern Pass. The region was settled from the 10th century along the Via Claudia Augusta by Alamanni . At the end of the 13th century it became part of the County of Tyrol through the imperial agreement ( Reichseinigung ) of Duke Meinhard , however the Außerfern's close economic and cultural relationships with

440-451: Was created when a huge mountain slide (actually the collapse of an entire mountain, with an estimated volume of 1 km ; the third-largest mountain slide ever in the eastern Alps) filled part of the valley to a height of 300–400 meters, distributing its boulders up to 16 km away. While it was initially believed that this had happened at least 12,000 years B.P. as a consequence of the strong temperature increase and intense run-off after

462-446: Was first used in 1949. Beginning in 1954, metrologists established 1950 as the origin year for the BP scale for use with radiocarbon dating, using a 1950-based reference sample of oxalic acid . According to scientist A. Currie Lloyd: The problem was tackled by the international radiocarbon community in the late 1950s, in cooperation with the U.S. National Bureau of Standards . A large quantity of contemporary oxalic acid dihydrate

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484-525: Was prepared as NBS Standard Reference Material (SRM) 4990B. Its C concentration was about 5% above what was believed to be the natural level, so the standard for radiocarbon dating was defined as 0.95 times the C concentration of this material, adjusted to a C reference value of −19 per mil (PDB). This value is defined as "modern carbon" referenced to AD 1950. Radiocarbon measurements are compared to this modern carbon value, and expressed as "fraction of modern" (fM). "Radiocarbon ages" are calculated from fM using

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