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58-545: During the reign of the Artaxerxes II , Autophradates captured Artabazus , the satrap of Lydia and Ionia who had revolted against the Persian king, and made him his prisoner, but afterwards was forced to set him free. Autophradates was also directed by Artaxerxes to put down the rebellion of the satrap of Cappadocia Datames . He went with a large army, but was obliged to retreat with heavy loss. Autophradates later joined

116-430: A political alliance that Darius had sought during his early reign, due to facing opposition against his rule. Amestris was also married to Hydarnes' son Terituchmes , while Hydarnes was appointed the satrap of Hyrcania . When Darius II was on his deathbed, Arsaces was by his side. According to Xenophon, Darius II summoned Cyrus, who arrived with Tissaphernes and 300 Greek hoplites . Plutarch, however, reports that it

174-710: A reference to "Archers" ( Toxotai ) the Greek nickname for the darics from their obverse design, because that much money had been paid to politicians in Athens and Thebes to start a war against Sparta. The Achaemenids, allied with Athens, managed to utterly destroy the Spartan fleet at the Battle of Cnidus (394 BC). After that, the Achaemenid satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia , Pharnabazus II , together with former Athenian admiral Conon , raided

232-561: A seated satrap in audience on the tomb of the Lycian dignitary Payava, now visible in the British Museum . Arthur Hamilton Smith in the British Museum catalogue describes the scene as follows: "A Persian figure is seated to the right; he wears a long-sleeved tunic girt at the waist, a Persian cap and a mantle, and has a sheathed dagger by the right thigh, according to the Persian habit. He

290-477: A yearly tribute. The chronology of the last part of his reign is uncertain. In 374 BC, he was assassinated by a eunuch from motives of private revenge. He was succeeded by his son, Nicocles . According to Isocrates 's Panegyricus , Evagoras was a model ruler, whose aim was to promote the welfare of his state and of his subjects by the cultivation of Greek refinement and civilization. Isocrates also states that many people migrated from Greece to Cyprus because of

348-509: Is an "eloquent but hardly reliable source of information" and that it "should be treated with the greatest caution". Arses was the eldest son of Darius II , who ruled the Persian Achaemenid Empire from 424 to 405/4 BC. His mother was Parysatis , a half-sister of Darius II. His age at death is variously given as 86 ( Lucian ) and 94 ( Dinon ) years, which would place his birth around 453 or 445 BC. Briant simply notes that Arses

406-811: Is attested in several Greek forms including Arsikas ( Plutarch ), Arsakas and Arsaces ( Persica ). From Arsaces also derives the name of the Arsacid dynasty , which ruled the Parthian Empire and claimed descent from Artaxerxes II himself. Artaxerxēs ( Αρταξέρξης ) is the Greek rendition of the Old Persian Artaxšaçā ("whose reign is through truth "). It is known in other languages as; Elamite Ir-tak-ik-ša-iš-ša , Ir-da-ik-ša-iš-ša ; Akkadian Ar-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su ; Middle Persian and New Persian Ardašīr . Greek authors gave Artaxerxes II

464-404: Is known about the children of Darius II and Parysatis. Cyrus was most likely born in 424/423 BC, just after the accession of Darius II. In 408 BC, at the age of 15 or 16, Cyrus was appointed the satrap of Lydia , Greater Phrygia , and Cappadocia . He also succeeded Tissaphernes as the commander-in-chief of the Persian force stationed at Castolus , east of the city of Sardis . Cyrus was given

522-797: Is mentioned in the Elephantine papyri dated to 407 BC, i.e., during Darius II 's reign, and is also mentioned in Ezra 6:10 after the reign of Darius ( Ezra 6:1 ) and during the rule of Artaxerxes ( Ezra 7:1 ), thereby supporting the chronological sequence. Amongst others , it has been suggested that Artaxerxes II was the Ahasuerus mentioned in the Book of Esther . Plutarch in his Lives (AD 75) records alternative names Oarses and Arsicas for Artaxerxes II Mnemon given by Deinon (c. 360–340 BC ) and Ctesias (Artexerxes II's physician ) respectively. These derive from

580-533: Is seated on a stool covered with a cloth, and having legs with knobs of a common Persian form; his right hand is raised as if stroking his beard. On the left an attendant stands with his hands folded across his breast in Oriental manner; he wears a sleeved tunic girt at the waist. On the right are four standing figures turned towards the Persian; a male figure, much mutilated, a bearded and long-haired figure similar to that on

638-620: The Anabasis , focusing on the struggle of the now-stranded Greek mercenaries to return home. Artaxerxes became involved in a war with Persia's erstwhile allies, the Spartans, during the Corinthian War (395-387 BC). The Spartans under their king Agesilaus II had started by invading Asia Minor in 396–395 BC. To redirect the Spartans' attention to Greek affairs, Artaxerxes subsidized their enemies through his envoy Timocrates of Rhodes ; in particular,

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696-531: The Achaemenid Empire from 405/4 BC to 358 BC. He was the son and successor of Darius II ( r.  423 – 405/4 BC ) and his mother was Parysatis . Soon after his accession, Artaxerxes II faced opposition from his younger brother Cyrus the Younger , who assembled an army composed of troops from his Lydian and Ionian satrapies as well as Greek mercenaries in his bid for the throne. The forces of

754-589: The Athenians , Thebans , and Corinthians received massives subsidies. Tens of thousands of darics , the main currency in Achaemenid coinage , were used to bribe the Greek states to start a war against Sparta. These subsidies helped to engage the Spartans in what would become known as the Corinthian War. According to Plutarch , Agesilaus said upon leaving Asia Minor, "I have been driven out by 10,000 Persian archers",

812-523: The Great Satraps' Revolt , starting with the powerful satrap Datames . Following the failure of Pharnabazus II in Egypt, Datames had been entrusted by the Persian king with the chief command of a force designed for the recovery of Egypt , but the machinations of his enemies at the Persian court, and the risks to which he was in consequence exposed, induced him to change his plan, and throw off his allegiance to

870-715: The Revolt of the Satraps . Autophradates participated to the Achaemenid resistance against the campaigns of Alexander the Great in Asia Minor . Together with Pharnabazus III he supported militarily and financial the king of Sparta Agis III who was organizing resistance against the Macedonians. After the death of the Persian admiral, Memnon , in 333 BC, Autophradates and Pharnabazus III , satrap of neighbouring Hellespontine Phrygia , undertook

928-562: The 360s and 350s BC, led by distinguished figures such as Datames , Ariobarzanes , and Autophradates . The rulers of the Parthian Empire notably considered Artaxerxes II their progenitor . The given name of Artaxerxes II was, as rendered in Greek , Arses ( Ἄρσης ; Babylonian : Aršu ), derived from the Old Persian *Ṛšā- ("man", "hero"). He was also widely known by the hypocorism [[[wikt:𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎣|Aršak]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) , which

986-714: The Greek cities of Ionia and Aeolis on the Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance on the Greek mainland. In 385 BC, he campaigned against the Cadusians . Although successful against the Greeks, Artaxerxes had more trouble with the Egyptians , who had successfully revolted against him at the beginning of his reign. An attempt to reconquer Egypt in 373 BC under the command of Pharnabazus , satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia ,

1044-581: The Greek city-states at the time of the Theban hegemony , especially the Theban–Spartan War . He sent Philiscus of Abydos , a hyparch (vice-regent) and military commander of the Achaemenid satrap Ariobarzanes , to Delphi in order to help the Greek negotiate peace. The objective of Philicus of Abydos was such to help broker a Common Peace between the Greek belligerents reunited at Delphi . The negotiation collapsed when Thebes refused to return Messenia to

1102-646: The Greek general Chabrias , who was in the service of the Egyptians, but in vain. The Egyptian ruler Nectanebo I was thus supported by Athenian General Chabrias and his mercenaries. The Achaemenid force landed in Egypt with the Athenian general Iphicrates near Mendes in 373 BC. The expedition force was too slow, giving time to the Egyptians to strengthen defenses. Pharnabazus and Iphicrates appeared before Pelusium , but retired without attacking it, Nectanebo I , king of Egypt, having added to its former defences by laying

1160-756: The King, to help them recover the Chersonese militarily. Both Philiscus and Ariobarzanes were made citizens of Athens, a remarkable honor suggesting important services rendered to the city-state. During autumn of 367 BCE, first the Spartans, soon followed by the Athenians, the Arcadians, the Argives, the Eleans, the Thebans, and other Greek city-states, sent envoys to Susa in attempts to obtain

1218-402: The Persian favor when Evagoras' fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Citium , and he was compelled to flee to Salamis . Here, although closely blockaded, Evagoras managed to hold his ground, and took advantage of a quarrel between the two Persian generals to conclude peace (376 BC). Evagoras was allowed to remain nominally king of Salamis, but in reality a vassal of Persia, to which he was to pay

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1276-612: The Persian name Khshayarsha as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the hypocoristicon "Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found on a contemporary inscription ( LBAT 162 ). These sources thus arguably identify Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II in light of the names used in the Hebrew and Greek sources and accords with the contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus and Berossus as well as agreeing with Al-Tabari and Masudi's placement of events. The 13th century Syriac historian Bar-Hebraeus in his Chronography , also identifies Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II citing

1334-438: The Spartans. Before returning to Abydos, Philicus used Achaemenid funds to finance an army for the Spartans, suggesting that he was acting in support of the Spartans from the beginning. With the Achaemenid financing of a new army, Sparta was able to continue the war. Among the mercenaries whom he had recruited, Philiscus gave 2,000 to the Spartans. He also probably provided funds to the Athenians and promised them, on behalf of

1392-454: The Younger declared his claim to the throne, based on the argument that he was born to Darius and Parysatis after Darius had ascended to the throne, while Artaxerxes was born prior to Darius II's gaining the throne. Artaxerxes II initially wanted to resolve the conflict peacefully, but the negotiations fell through. Cyrus also ran into issues with the locals, who were loyal to Artaxerxes. Artaxerxes defended his position against his brother Cyrus

1450-473: The Younger's claims to be on a military expedition to attack the Pisidians had many flaws that led him to believe that Cyrus was planning to revolt. These claims became realized when Cyrus began to seek political support for his campaign. Cyrus found support from Sparta , who sent soldiers to aid the campaign against Artaxerxes II. Notably, Cyrus found support from a Persian kingdom of Cilicia , who contributed to

1508-483: The Younger, who with the aid of a large army of Greek mercenaries called the " Ten Thousand ", attempted to usurp the throne. Though Cyrus' mixed army fought to a tactical victory at the Battle of Cunaxa in Babylon (401 BC), Cyrus himself was killed in the exchange by Mithridates, rendering his victory irrelevant. The Greek historian Xenophon , himself one of the leaders of the Greek troops, would later recount this battle in

1566-501: The brothers clashed at Cunaxa in 401 BC, which resulted in the defeat and death of Cyrus. Following this, Artaxerxes II had to contend with several other revolts; a revolt by Evagoras I ( r.  411–374 BC ) in Cyprus between 391–380 BC, by the Phoenicians in c.  380 BC , and most importantly, the revolts by the western satraps (known as the Great Satraps' Revolt ) in

1624-525: The coasts of Peloponnesia , putting increased pressure on the Spartans. This encouraged the resurgence of Athens, which started to bring back under her control the Greek cities of Asia Minor, thus worrying Artaxerxes II that his Athenian allies were becoming too powerful. In 386 BC, Artaxerxes II betrayed his allies and came to an arrangement with Sparta, and in the Treaty of Antalcidas , he forced his erstwhile allies to come to terms. This treaty restored control of

1682-477: The command of the fleet, and reduced Mytilene , the siege of which had been begun by Memnon. Pharnabazus now sailed with his prisoners to Lycia , and Autophradates attacked the other islands in the Aegean Sea which supported Alexander the Great . But Pharnabazus soon after joined Autophradates again, and both sailed against Tenedos , which was induced by fear to surrender to the Persians. Autophradates appears as

1740-530: The effort through funds. During this time, due to Tissaphernes' reports, Artaxerxes II began to build up a force to contend with his younger brother's revolt. By the time of Darius II's death, Cyrus had already been successful in defeating the Syrians and Cilicians and was commanding a large army made up of his initial supporters plus those who had joined him in Phrygia and beyond. Upon hearing of his father's death, Cyrus

1798-407: The epithet "Mnemon" ( Ancient Greek : Μνήμων ; Old Persian : abiataka ), meaning "remembering" or "having a good memory." The life and reign of Artaxerxes II is mostly attested in classical Greek sources, which generally focuses on the history of the western front. However, due to Artaxerxes II's younger brother Cyrus the Younger recruiting many Greeks during his rebellion against his brother,

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1856-620: The greater part of Cyprus, crossed over to Asia Minor , took several cities in Phoenicia (including Tyre ), and persuaded the Cilicians to revolt. One result of the Peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), to which Evagoras refused to agree, was that the Athenians withdrew their support, since by its terms they recognized the lordship of Persia over Cyprus. The following years Evagoras carried on hostilities single-handed, except for occasional aid from Egypt , which

1914-409: The king. He withdrew with the troops under his command into Cappadocia , and made common cause with the other satraps who were revolting from Persia. The Pharaoh Nectanebo provided financial support to the rebelling satraps and re-established ties with both Sparta and Athens. Artaxerxes II finally quashed the revolt of the satraps by 362 BC. Artaxerxes again attempted to mediate in conflicts between

1972-512: The mutual distrust that had arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from reaching Memphis . Then, the annual Nile flood and the Egyptian defenders' resolve to defend their territory turned what had initially appeared as certain defeat for Nectanebo I and his troops into a complete victory. After several weeks, the Persians and their Greek mercenaries under Iphicrates had to re-embark. The expedition against Egypt had failed. It

2030-552: The neighboring lands under water, and blocking up the navigable channels of the Nile by embankments. ( Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Cornelius Nepos , Iphicrates c. 5.) Fortifications on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile ordered by Nectanebo forced the enemy fleet to seek another way to sail up the Nile . Eventually the fleet managed to find its way up the less-defended Mendesian branch. At this point,

2088-547: The noble rule of Evagoras. Other sources of this period— Diodorus Siculus 14.115, 15.2-9; Xenophon , Hellenica 4.8—are not as unrestrainedly complimentary. Lysias in his Against Andocides 6.28 addresses him as the king of Cyprus. Although Cypriots were Greeks and their language a dialect of Greek, the Arcadocypriot , they used to write in an older and more difficult system, called the Cypriot syllabary . Evagoras has been called

2146-409: The opponents of the Achaemenid king. Athens and Sparta provided support for the revolted satraps, in particular Ariobarzanes . Sparta sent a force to Ariobarzanes under an aging Agesilaus II , while Athens sent a force under Timotheus , which was however diverted when it became obvious that Ariobarzanes had entered frontal conflict with the Achaemenid king. An Athenian mercenary force under Chabrias

2204-439: The reign of Artaxerxes II is well documented until Cyrus' death at the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC. Following that, detailed information on the rest of Artaxerxes II's reign become much more sparse. Plutarch, when writing his Life of Artaxerxes II , used Ctesias, Dinon, Xenophon, and a few others as references. The work is the only biography of an Achaemenid king. According to the modern historian Carsten Binder, Plutarch's work

2262-516: The resources for and in which the Lacedaemonian fleet was defeated thanks to his efforts, and for this service his statue was placed by the Athenians side by side with that of Conon in the Ceramicus . However, relations between Evagoras and the Persians became strained. From 391 BC, they were virtually at war. Aided by the Athenians and the Egyptian king Hakor (Achoris), Evagoras extended his rule over

2320-454: The short side, in tunic and himation; two younger male figures. Above is the Lycian inscription, which has been read: dhdiya : [hryivata : mdiyd piydtq. : vat[apr]data : kssadrapa : pa[rzz\a : pddq, : tdlqzi ; dpattd : trmmilisd : ma .... It contains the name of "Autophradates, Persian Satrap", and may record the granting of an authorization for

2378-433: The sixth century AD historian John of Ephesus . Artaxerxes II is reported to have had a number of wives. His main wife was Stateira , until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes' mother Parysatis in about 400 BC. Artaxerxes II is said to have more than 115 sons from 350 wives. Evagoras I Evagoras or Euagoras ( Ancient Greek : Εὐαγόρας ) was the king of Salamis (411–374 BC) in Cyprus , known especially from

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2436-452: The support of Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II in the Greek conflict. The Achaemenid king proposed a new peace treaty, this time highly tilted in favour of Thebes, which required Messenia to remain independent and that the Athenian fleet to be dismantled. This Peace proposal was rejected by most Greek parties except Thebes. Sparta and Athens, dissatisfied with the Persian king's support of Thebes , decided to provide careful military support to

2494-438: The throne. Expecting an eventual Persian response to recapture Cyprus, he cultivated the friendship of the Athenians , and after Conon 's defeat at the Battle of Aegospotami he provided him with a refuge. For a time, he also maintained friendly relations with the Achaemenid Empire , and secured the aid of Artaxerxes II for Athens against Lacedaemon . He took part in the Battle of Cnidus of 394 BC which he provided most of

2552-459: The title of karanos ( Old Iranian : *Karana ), which greatly expanded his authority both politically and militarily, and allowed him to become largely autonomous. Before his accession, Arsaces married Stateira , the daughter of the Persian nobleman Hydarnes , who was descended from Hydarnes , one of the seven Persian conspirators who overthrew the Pseudo-Smerdis . The marriage was part of

2610-416: The tomb." The coinage of Autophradates shows the portrait of the satrap, and uses the legend "ΟΑΤΑ" in Greek script as an abbreviation for his name in Greek (ΟΑΤΑΦΡΑΔΑΤΗΣ). Artaxerxes II of Persia Arses ( Ancient Greek : Ἄρσης ; c. 445 – 359/8 BC), known by his regnal name Artaxerxes II ( Old Persian : 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂 Artaxšaçāʰ ; Ancient Greek : Ἀρταξέρξης ), was King of Kings of

2668-463: The work of Isocrates , who presents him as a model ruler. He claimed descent from Teucer , the son of Telamon and half-brother of Ajax , and his family had long been rulers of Salamis, although during his childhood, Salamis came under Phoenician control, which resulted in his exile. While in Cilicia , Evagoras gathered the support of 50 followers and returned secretly in 410 BC, to gain possession of

2726-546: The worship of Anahita, erecting temples and statues of the goddess across the empire. This included the cities of Ecbatana , Susa, and Babylon . The temple of Anahita in Istakhr was also most likely founded by Artaxerxes II. At the start of the 3rd century AD, the temple was repaired and adorned by the Persian Sasanian family , who acted as the hereditary caretakers of the temple. The Persian Empire under Artaxerxes II

2784-487: Was Parysatis who summoned Cyrus, as she favoured him over Arsaces. He further adds that she attempted to convince Darius II to choose Cyrus as his heir, as the position was still vacant. Modern historians question Plutarch's account, and state that Arsaces must have already been chosen as heir previously, probably several years earlier. During the coronation of Arsaces at the southern capital of Pasargadae , Cyrus allegedly attempted to have his brother assassinated. The plan

2842-531: Was also sent to the Egyptian Pharaoh Tachos , who was also fighting against the Achaemenid king. Much of Artaxerxes' wealth was spent on building projects. He restored the Palace of Darius I at Susa , and also the fortifications; including a strong redoubt at the south-east corner of the enclosure and gave Ecbatana a new apadana and sculptures. The tomb of Artaxerxes II is located at Persepolis , and

2900-402: Was born before his father's accession in 424, while another author states that he was "at least in his late seventies in the early 360s". Darius II and Parysatis had thirteen children, most of whom died prematurely. Thus the only known full siblings of Arsaces were his younger brothers Cyrus, Ostanes , Oxathres, and an older sister, Amestris. With the exception of Arsaces and Cyrus, not much

2958-589: Was built on the model of his predecessors at Naqsh-e Rustam . On the upper register of the tomb appear reliefs of the Emperor, supported by the soldiers of all ethnicities of the Empire. On the lintel over each figure appears a trilingual inscription describing each ethnicity. These are known collectively as "Inscription A2Pa" . Since the reign of Darius the Great ( r.  522–486 BC ), Achaemenid inscriptions make mention of unnamed gods alongside Ahura Mazda , who

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3016-620: Was completely unsuccessful, but in his waning years, the Persians did manage to defeat a joint Egyptian–Spartan effort to conquer Phoenicia . In 377 BC, Pharnabazus was reassigned by Artaxerxes II to help command a military expedition into rebellious Egypt, having proven his ability against the Spartans. After four years of preparations in the Levant, Pharnabazus gathered an expeditionary force of 200,000 Persian troops, 300 triremes, 200 galleys, and 12,000 Greeks under Iphicrates . The Achaemenid Empire had also been applying pressure on Athens to recall

3074-563: Was considered the supreme god of the Zoroastrian pantheon by the royal family. It was first under Artaxerxes II that the identities of these gods were uncovered. In a trilingual inscription at Susa , he invokes the deities Anahita and Mithra alongside Ahura Mazda. Artaxerxes II was thus the first known Achaemenid king to recognize Anahita, who was the divinity of "the Waters" and hence associated with fertility, healing and wisdom. He promoted

3132-400: Was exposed by Tissaphernes, but Cyrus was spared following the intervention of Parysatis and sent back to Asia Minor. The authenticity of this event is deemed uncertain by modern historians. According to Binder, the transition of power between Darius II and Arsaces was seemingly peaceful. During his investiture , Arsaces adopted the throne name of Artaxerxes. Tissaphernes noted that Cyrus

3190-408: Was likewise threatened by the Persians. While Evagoras was in Egypt asking for help, his younger son Pnytagoras was in charge of Salamis. The Persian generals Tiribazus and Orontes at last invaded Cyprus in 385 BC, with an army far larger than what Evagoras could command. However, Evagoras managed to cut off this force from being resupplied, and the starving troops rebelled. The war then turned in

3248-851: Was that of the Palace of Darius in Susa . He would also be remembered for his tomb in Persepolis. The image of Artaxerxes from contemporary foreign sources depicts him in a similar light to his image among those in the Achaemenid Empire. The Greek portrayal highlights his long rule with many conflicts and shortcomings of Artaxerxes II in his ability to control his empire. Greek sources also focus on his problems in his court with his harem and eunuchs , as in Claudius Aelianus 's accounts of Aspasia of Phocaea and Tiridates . Greek sources portray Artaxerxes II as sad in his reign. The Jewish high priest Johanan

3306-463: Was the end of the career of Pharnabazus, who was now over 70 years old. Pharnabazus was replaced by Datames to lead a second expedition to Egypt, but he failed and then started the "Satraps' Revolt" against the Great King. The Achaemenid defeat in Egypt led to unrest among the Achaemenid nobility. From 372 BC, many western satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire started to rebel against Artaxerxes II, in

3364-523: Was viewed as a political power that had many unfortunate complications, such as the many wars with Greece. One aspect of his legacy which would have great influence upon his successors was his conflict with Cyrus the Younger. This conflict was remembered due to the power vacuum that followed, allowing the Satrap Revolt and the rebellion of Egypt . Artaxerxes II was also remembered for his works to restore monuments of his predecessors. His largest restoration

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