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59-496: AutoCAD is a general drafting and design application used in industry by architects, project managers, engineers, graphic designers, city planners, and other professionals to prepare technical drawings . After discontinuing the sale of perpetual licenses in January 2016, commercial versions of AutoCAD are licensed through a term-based subscription or Autodesk Flex, a pay-as-you-go option introduced on September 24, 2021. Subscriptions to

118-412: A conceptual model . Practitioners reported that diagramming helped with analysing requirements , design, refactoring , documentation, onboarding , communication with stake holders. Diagrams are often transient or redrawn as required. Redrawn diagrams can act as a form of shared understanding in a team. Technical illustration is the use of illustration to visually communicate information of

177-458: A drafting machine that is supported on both sides of the table to slide over a large piece of paper. Because it is secured on both sides, lines drawn along the edge are guaranteed to be parallel. The drafter uses several technical drawing tools to draw curves and circles. Primary among these are the compasses , used for drawing arcs and circles, and the French curve , for drawing curves. A spline

236-435: A freemium business model with a free plan and two paid levels, including various amounts of storage, tools, and online access to drawings. 360 includes new features such as a "Smart Pen" mode and linking to third-party cloud-based storage such as Dropbox . Having evolved from Flash-based software, AutoCAD Web uses HTML5 browser technology available in newer browsers including Firefox and Google Chrome. AutoCAD WS began with

295-500: A 12-month renewable license available. Licenses acquired before March 25, 2020, were a 36-month license, with its last renovation on March 24, 2020. The student version of AutoCAD is functionally identical to the full commercial version, with one exception: DWG files created or edited by a student version have an internal bit-flag set (the "educational flag"). When such a DWG file is printed by any version of AutoCAD (commercial or student) older than AutoCAD 2014 SP1 or AutoCAD 2019 and newer,

354-405: A 2013 interview with Ilai Rotbaein, an AutoCAD WS product manager for Autodesk, the name AutoCAD WS had no definitive meaning, and was interpreted variously as Autodesk Web Service , White Sheet or Work Space. In 2013, AutoCAD WS was renamed to AutoCAD 360 . Later, it was renamed to AutoCAD Web App . AutoCAD is licensed, for free, to students, educators, and educational institutions, with

413-443: A composition before a more finished work, especially when the finished work is expensive and time-consuming. Architectural sketches, for example, are a kind of diagram . These sketches, like metaphors , are used by architects as a means of communication in aiding design collaboration. This tool helps architects to abstract attributes of hypothetical provisional design solutions and summarize their complex patterns, thereby enhancing

472-453: A derivative format. These derivative formats include: AutoCAD LT is the lower-cost version of AutoCAD, with reduced capabilities, first released in November 1993. Autodesk developed AutoCAD LT to have an entry-level CAD package to compete in the lower price level. Priced at $ 495, it became the first AutoCAD product priced below $ 1000. It was sold directly by Autodesk and in computer stores unlike

531-402: A drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes. The drawing must show every feature of the invention specified in the claims and is required by the patent office rules to be in a particular form. The Office specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating to the making of the drawing. The reason for specifying

590-426: A few recognized major differences in the software's features: AutoCAD Mobile and AutoCAD Web (formerly AutoCAD WS and AutoCAD 360) is an account-based mobile and web application enabling registered users to view, edit, and share AutoCAD files via mobile device and web using a limited AutoCAD feature set — and using cloud-stored drawing files. The program, which is an evolution and combination of previous products, uses

649-462: A lesser extent, .dxf , have become de facto, if proprietary, standards for CAD data interoperability , particularly for 2D drawing exchange. The primary file format for 2D and 3D drawing files created with AutoCAD is .dwg . While other third-party CAD software applications can create .dwg files, AutoCAD uniquely creates RealDWG files. The drawing version code changes between AutoCAD releases. Using AutoCAD, any .dwg file may be saved to

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708-586: A parts list, often referred to as a bill of materials. In a technical service manual, this type of drawing may be referred to as an exploded view drawing or diagram. These parts may be used in engineering. Also called As-Built drawings or As-made drawings . As-fitted drawings represent a record of the completed works, literally 'as fitted'. These are based upon the working drawings and updated to reflect any changes or alterations undertaken during construction or manufacture. DXF AutoCAD DXF (Drawing Interchange Format, or Drawing Exchange Format)

767-494: A point require a number of moves of the T-square and triangles, and in general, drafting can be a time-consuming process. A solution to these problems was the introduction of the mechanical "drafting machine", an application of the pantograph (sometimes referred to incorrectly as a "pentagraph" in these situations) which allowed the drafter to have an accurate right angle at any point on the page quickly. These machines often included

826-518: A technical nature. Technical illustrations can be component technical drawings or diagrams . The aim of technical illustration is "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer". The main purpose of technical illustration is to describe or explain these items to a more or less nontechnical audience. The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object

885-468: A three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional surface. Two-dimensional representation uses orthographic projection to create an image where only two of the three dimensions of the object are seen. In a three-dimensional representation, also referred to as a pictorial, all three dimensions of an object are visible. Multiview is a type of orthographic projection . There are two conventions for using multiview, first-angle and third-angle. In both cases,

944-916: A version for the iPhone and subsequently expanded to include versions for the iPod Touch , iPad , Android phones, and Android tablets. Autodesk released the iOS version in September 2010, following with the Android version on April 20, 2011. The program is available via download at no cost from the App Store ( iOS ), Google Play ( Android ) and Amazon Appstore (Android). In its initial iOS version, AutoCAD WS supported drawing of lines, circles, and other shapes; creation of text and comment boxes; and management of color, layer, and measurements — in both landscape and portrait modes. Version 1.3, released August 17, 2011, added support for unit typing, layer visibility, area measurement and file management. The Android variant includes

1003-573: A very broad term. It stems from the Latin ingenerare , meaning "to create". Because this could apply to everything that humans create, it is given a narrower definition in the context of technical drawing. Engineering drawings generally deal with mechanical engineered items, such as manufactured parts and equipment. Engineering drawings are usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typefaces and line styles), size, etc. Its purpose

1062-404: A visual appearance as if someone had cutout a piece of the object or sliced it into parts. Cutaway illustrations avoid ambiguities with respect to spatial ordering, provide a sharp contrast between foreground and background objects, and facilitate a good understanding of spatial ordering". The two types of technical drawings are based on graphical projection . This is used to create an image of

1121-536: Is a CAD data file format developed by Autodesk for enabling data interoperability between AutoCAD on different platforms. DXF was introduced in December 1982 as part of AutoCAD 1.0, and was intended to provide an exact representation of the data in the AutoCAD native file format, DWG (Drawing). For many years, Autodesk did not publish specifications, making correct creation of DXF files difficult. Autodesk now publishes

1180-414: Is a person who makes a drawing (technical or expressive). A professional drafter who makes technical drawings is sometimes called a drafting technician. A sketch is a quickly executed, freehand drawing that is usually not intended as a finished work. In general, sketching is a quick way to record an idea for later use. Architect's sketches primarily serve as a way to try out different ideas and establish

1239-468: Is a rubber coated articulated metal that can be manually bent to most curves. Drafting templates assist the drafter with creating recurring objects in a drawing without having to reproduce the object from scratch every time. This is especially useful when using common symbols; i.e. in the context of stagecraft , a lighting designer will draw from the USITT standard library of lighting fixture symbols to indicate

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1298-526: Is a technical drawing of an object that shows the relationship or order of assembly of the various parts. It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three- dimensional exploded diagram. An object is represented as if there had been a small controlled explosion emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated relative distances away from their original locations. An exploded view drawing (EVD) can show

1357-475: Is called a group code. A group code's value indicates what type of data element follows. This value also indicates the meaning of a data element for a given object (or record) type. Virtually all user-specified information in a drawing file can be represented in DXF format." Because comprehensive documentation does not exist, consideration is often given to alternative open formats like SVG (an open format defined by

1416-429: Is constructed. Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering . To make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols , perspectives , units of measurement , notation systems, visual styles, and page layout . Together, such conventions constitute a visual language and help to ensure that the drawing is unambiguous and relatively easy to understand. Many of

1475-409: Is known as architecture . To communicate all aspects of the shape or design, detail drawings are used. In this field, the term plan is often used when referring to the full section view of these drawings as viewed from three feet above finished floor to show the locations of doorways, windows, stairwells, etc. Architectural drawings describe and document an architect's design. Engineering can be

1534-492: Is merely an electronic drawing board. Its greatest strength over direct to paper technical drawing is in the making of revisions. Whereas in a conventional hand drawn technical drawing, if a mistake is found, or a modification is required, a new drawing must be made from scratch, the 2D CAD system allows a copy of the original to be modified, saving considerable time. 2D CAD systems can be used to create plans for large projects such as buildings and aircraft but provide no way to check

1593-483: Is or does, to enhance the viewer's interest and understanding". According to Viola (2005), "illustrative techniques are often designed in a way that even a person with no technical understanding clearly understands the piece of art. The use of varying line widths to emphasize mass, proximity, and scale helped to make a simple line drawing more understandable to the lay person. Cross hatching, stippling, and other low abstraction techniques gave greater depth and dimension to

1652-416: Is seen is actually the left side of the object and will be drawn to the left of the front side. While multiview relates to external surfaces of an object, section views show an imaginary plane cut through an object. This is often useful to show voids in an object. Auxiliary views utilize an additional projection plane other than the common planes in a multiview. Since the features of an object need to show

1711-418: Is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect, or shop personnel (such as a machinist ), skilled drafters (and/or designers) usually accomplish the task, and are always in demand to some degree. Today, the mechanics of the drafting task have largely been automated and accelerated through the use of computer-aided design systems (CAD). There are two types of computer-aided design systems used for

1770-489: Is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component. Software engineering practitioners make use of diagrams for designing software. Formal standards and modelling languages such as Unified Modelling Language (UML) exist but most diagramming happens using informal ad hoc diagrams that illustrate

1829-539: Is up to individuals to produce the drawings to a standard. There is no definitive standard for layout or style. The only standard across engineering workshop drawings is in the creation of orthographic projections and cross-section views. In representing complex, three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional drawings, the objects can be described by at least one view plus material thickness note, 2, 3 or as many views and sections that are required to show all features of object. The art and design that goes into making buildings

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1888-414: The T-square and running a pencil or technical pen along the T-square's edge. The T-square is used to hold other devices such as set squares or triangles. In this case, the drafter places one or more triangles of known angles on the T-square — which is itself at right angles to the edge of the table — and can then draw lines at any chosen angle to others on the page. Modern drafting tables are equipped with

1947-456: The ability to change the angle, hence removing the need for the triangles. In addition to the mastery of the mechanics of drawing lines, arcs and circles (and text) onto a piece of paper—with respect to the detailing of physical objects—the drafting effort requires a thorough understanding of geometry, trigonometry and spatial comprehension, and in all cases demands precision and accuracy, and attention to detail of high order. Although drafting

2006-494: The accuracy of the results may be unpredictable or distorted. For example, jagged edges may appear. Several vendors provide online conversions for free such as Cometdocs. AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT are available for English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Japanese , Korean , Chinese Simplified , Chinese Traditional , Brazilian Portuguese , Russian , Czech , Polish and Hungarian (also through additional language packs). The extent of localization varies from full translation of

2065-686: The application store Autodesk Exchange Apps. AutoCAD's DXF , drawing exchange format, allows importing and exporting drawing information. Autodesk has also developed a few vertical programs for discipline-specific enhancements such as: Since AutoCAD 2019 several verticals are included with AutoCAD subscription as Industry-Specific Toolset. For example, AutoCAD Architecture (formerly Architectural Desktop) permits architectural designers to draw 3D objects, such as walls, doors, and windows, with more intelligent data associated with them rather than simple objects, such as lines and circles. The data can be programmed to represent specific architectural products sold in

2124-456: The construction industry, or extracted into a data file for pricing, materials estimation, and other values related to the objects represented. Additional tools generate standard 2D drawings, such as elevations and sections, from a 3D architectural model. Similarly, Civil Design, Civil Design 3D, and Civil Design Professional support data-specific objects facilitating easy standard civil engineering calculations and representations. Softdesk Civil

2183-406: The design process. The basic drafting procedure is to place a piece of paper (or other material) on a smooth surface with right-angle corners and straight sides—typically a drawing board . A sliding straightedge known as a T-square is then placed on one of the sides, allowing it to be slid across the side of the table, and over the surface of the paper. "Parallel lines" can be drawn by moving

2242-599: The desktop version of AutoCAD include access to the web and mobile applications. However, users can subscribe separately to the AutoCAD Web App online or AutoCAD Mobile through an in-app purchase. Before AutoCAD was introduced, most CAD programs ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers , with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate graphics terminal . AutoCAD was derived from a program that began in 1977, and then released in 1979 called Interact CAD , also referred to in early Autodesk documents as MicroCAD, which

2301-465: The first version for Windows was Release 12, released in February 1993. Many software applications such as Autodesk Civil 3D and ESRI ArcMap 10 permits export as AutoCAD drawing files. Third-party file converters exist for specific formats such as Bentley MX GENIO Extension, PISTE Extension (France), ISYBAU (Germany), OKSTRA and Microdrainage (UK); also, conversion of .pdf files is feasible, however,

2360-412: The front or main side of the object is the same. First-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they land. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen will be drawn to the right of the front side. Third-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they are. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What

2419-429: The full version of AutoCAD, which must be purchased from official Autodesk dealers. AutoCAD LT 2015 introduced Desktop Subscription service from $ 360 per year; as of 2018, three subscription plans were available, from $ 50 a month to a 3-year, $ 1170 license. Since AutoCAD LT 2024, AutoCAD LT support LISP customization. While there are hundreds of small differences between the full AutoCAD package and AutoCAD LT, there are

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2478-465: The iOS feature set along with such unique features as the ability to insert text or captions by voice command as well as manually. Both Android and iOS versions allow the user to save files on-line — or off-line in the absence of an Internet connection. In 2011, Autodesk announced plans to migrate the majority of its software to " the cloud ", starting with the AutoCAD WS mobile application. According to

2537-429: The import and export of DXF files, notably Adobe products , Inkscape & Blender . Some CAD systems use DXF as their native format, notably QCAD and LibreCAD . ASCII versions of DXF can be read with any text editor . The basic organization of a DXF file is as follows: The data format of a DXF is called a "tagged data" format, which "means that each data element in the file is preceded by an integer number that

2596-444: The incomplete DXF specifications online. Versions of AutoCAD from Release 10 (October 1988) and up support both ASCII and binary forms of DXF. Earlier versions support only ASCII. As AutoCAD has become more powerful, supporting more complex object types, DXF has become less useful. Certain object types, including ACIS solids and regions, are not documented. Other object types, including AutoCAD 2006's dynamic blocks, and all of

2655-432: The intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. In mechanical systems, the component closest to the center is usually assembled first or is the main part inside which the other parts are assembled. The EVD can also help to represent the disassembly of parts, where those on the outside are normally removed first. There have been many standard sizes of paper at different times and in different countries, but today most of

2714-560: The objects specific to the vertical market versions of AutoCAD, are partially documented, but not well enough to allow other developers to support them. For these reasons many CAD applications use the DWG format which can be licensed from Autodesk or non-natively from the Open Design Alliance . DXF files do not specify the units of measurement used for its coordinates and dimensions. Most CAD systems and many vector graphics packages support

2773-550: The output includes a plot stamp/banner on all four sides. Objects created in the Student Version cannot be used for commercial use. Student Version objects "infect" a commercial version DWG file if they are imported in versions older than AutoCAD 2015 or newer than AutoCAD 2018. Open source CAD software: Technical drawing Technical drawing , drafting or drawing , is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or

2832-638: The parameter of first or third angle projection and displaying the relevant symbol on the technical drawing. 3D CAD allows individual parts to be assembled together to represent the final product. Buildings, aircraft, ships, and cars are modelled, assembled, and checked in 3D before technical drawings are released for manufacture. Both 2D and 3D CAD systems can be used to produce technical drawings for any discipline. The various disciplines (electrical, electronic, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) have industry recognized symbols to represent common components. BS and ISO produce standards to show recommended practices but it

2891-518: The position of a common fixture across multiple positions. Templates are sold commercially by a number of vendors, usually customized to a specific task, but it is also not uncommon for a drafter to create his own templates. This basic drafting system requires an accurate table and constant attention to the positioning of the tools. A common error is to allow the triangles to push the top of the T-square down slightly, thereby throwing off all angles. Even tasks as simple as drawing two angled lines meeting at

2950-401: The product to documentation only. The AutoCAD command set is localized as a part of the software localization. AutoCAD supports a number of APIs for customization and automation. These include AutoLISP , Visual LISP , VBA , .NET and ObjectARX . ObjectARX is a C++ class library, which was also the base for: There are a large number of AutoCAD plugins (add-on applications) available on

3009-512: The production of technical drawings: two dimensions ("2D") and three dimensions ("3D"). 2D CAD systems such as AutoCAD or MicroStation replace the paper drawing discipline. The lines, circles, arcs, and curves are created within the software. It is down to the technical drawing skill of the user to produce the drawing. There is still much scope for error in the drawing when producing first and third angle orthographic projections , auxiliary projections and cross-section views . A 2D CAD system

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3068-608: The standards in detail is that the drawings are printed and published in a uniform style when the patent issues and the drawings must also be such that they can be readily understood by persons using the patent descriptions. Working drawings are the set of technical drawings used during the manufacturing phase of a product. In architecture, these include civil drawings , architectural drawings , structural drawings , mechanical systems drawings , electrical drawings , and plumbing drawings . Assembly drawings show how different parts go together, identify those parts by number, and have

3127-462: The subject matter". A cutaway drawing is a technical illustration, in which part of the surface of a three-dimensional model is removed in order to show some of the model's interior in relation to its exterior. The purpose of a cutaway drawing is to "allow the viewer to have a look into an otherwise solid opaque object. Instead of letting the inner object shine through the surrounding surface, parts of outside object are simply removed. This produces

3186-440: The symbols and principles of technical drawing are codified in an international standard called ISO 128 . The need for precise communication in the preparation of a functional document distinguishes technical drawing from the expressive drawing of the visual arts . Artistic drawings are subjectively interpreted; their meanings are multiply determined. Technical drawings are understood to have one intended meaning. A draftsman

3245-423: The true shape and size of the object, the projection plane must be parallel to the object surface. Therefore, any surface that is not in line with the three major axis needs its own projection plane to show the features correctly. Patterns, sometimes called developments, show the size and shape of a flat piece of material needed for later bending or folding into a three-dimensional shape. An exploded-view drawing

3304-409: The various components will fit together. A 3D CAD system (such as KeyCreator , Autodesk Inventor , or SolidWorks ) first produces the geometry of the part; the technical drawing comes from user defined views of that geometry. Any orthographic, projected or sectioned view is created by the software. There is no scope for error in the production of these views. The main scope for error comes in setting

3363-434: The world uses the international standard (A4 and its siblings). North America uses its own sizes. The applicant for a patent will be required by law to furnish a drawing of the invention if or when the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention with the job. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except compositions of matter or processes , but

3422-467: Was developed as an AutoCAD add-on by a company in New Hampshire called Softdesk (originally DCA). Softdesk was acquired by Autodesk, and Civil became Land Development Desktop (LDD), later renamed Land Desktop. Civil 3D was later developed and Land Desktop was retired. AutoCAD's native file formats are denoted either by a .dwg , .dwt , .dws , or .dxf filename extension . .dwg and, to

3481-482: Was written prior to Autodesk's (then Marinchip Software Partners) formation by Autodesk cofounder Michael Riddle. The first version by Autodesk was demonstrated at the 1982 Comdex and released that December. AutoCAD supported CP/M -80 computers. As Autodesk's flagship product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide. The first UNIX version was Release 10 for Xenix in October 1989, while

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