The Austrian Air Force ( German : Österreichische Luftstreitkräfte , lit. 'Austrian Air Combat Force') is a component part of the Austrian Armed Forces .
128-513: The Austrian Air Force in its current form was created in May 1955 by the victorious Allied powers, subject to restrictions on its use of guided missiles . The Austrian State Treaty of 1955 committed Austria to permanent neutrality. Pilot training started out with four Yak-11 Moose and four Yak-18 Max aircraft donated by the Soviet Union , and Austria purchased further light trainer types under
256-476: A castrum superius (upper castle) on the Nonnberg Terrace as a gift. In return he was to evangelize the east and south-east of the country of Bavaria. Rupert reconnoitred the river for the site of his basilica and chose Juvavum. He ordained priests and annexed the manor of Piding . Rupert built a church at St. Peter on the site of today's cathedral and probably also founded the associated monastery and
384-418: A French CSF (now Thales Group ) RV376 and a British Marconi (now BAE Systems ) S244 height finder were used at the site but were replaced by an Italian Selenia (now Alenia ) RAT-31S 3D- radar in 1983. The system was further enhanced with the installation of a Selenia (now Alenia ) RAT-31DL 3-D radar in 2003. The site is also called Grossraumradarstation (lit. large space radar station) since it has
512-674: A close relationship with Colloredo. In 1803, the archbishopric was secularised by Emperor Napoleon ; he transferred the territory to Ferdinando III of Tuscany , former Grand Duke of Tuscany , as the Electorate of Salzburg . In 1805, Salzburg was annexed to the Austrian Empire , along with the Berchtesgaden Provostry . In 1809, the territory of Salzburg was transferred to the Kingdom of Bavaria after Austria's defeat at Wagram . After
640-904: A common Anglo-American vision of the postwar world, as formalized by the Atlantic Charter . At the Second Inter-Allied Meeting in London in September 1941, the eight European governments in exile, together with the Soviet Union and representatives of the Free French Forces, unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth in the Atlantic Charter. In December, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and
768-608: A domination of the world completely different from any known in world history. The domination at which the Nazis aim is not limited to the displacement of the balance of power and the imposition of the supremacy of one nation. It seeks the systematic and total destruction of those conquered by Hitler and it does not treaty with the nations which it has subdued. He destroys them. He takes from them their whole political and economic existence and seeks even to deprive them of their history and culture. He wishes only to consider them as vital space and
896-560: A formalized group upon the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942, which was signed by 26 nations around the world; these ranged from governments in exile from the Axis occupation to small nations far removed from the war. The Declaration officially recognized the Big Three and China as the "Four Powers", acknowledging their central role in prosecuting the war; they were also referred to as
1024-473: A further 18 Z/FlAK 65, but this time with FLGer 69, a further improved Super Fledermaus, was purchased in 1973. The FLGer 69 were never issued to the units but returned to the manufacturer in 1973 for eventual replacement with the new FLGer 75 Skyguard beginning in 1976. Improved Skyguards, dubbed FLGer 79 were purchased in 1981. The guns itself were upgraded to GDF-005 standard in 1987, designated Z/FlAK 85 since. The FLGer 75/79 have been upgraded to FLGer 98 in
1152-512: A hub for southbound trains through the Alps into Italy . Salzburg Airport has scheduled flights to European cities such as Frankfurt , Vienna , London , Rotterdam , Amsterdam , Brussels , Düsseldorf , and Zürich , as well as Hamburg , Edinburgh and Dublin . In addition to these, there are numerous charter flights. In the main city, there is the Salzburg trolleybus system and bus system with
1280-535: A key role in achieving victory. A series of conferences between Allied leaders, diplomats, and military officials gradually shaped the makeup of the alliance, the direction of the war, and ultimately the postwar international order. Relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were especially close , with their bilateral Atlantic Charter forming the groundwork of their alliance. The Allies became
1408-640: A massive air attack on Germany, but Stalin kept wanting more. Although the U.S. had a strained relationship with the USSR in the 1920s, relations were normalized in 1933. The original terms of the Lend-Lease loan were amended towards the Soviets, to be put in line with British terms. The United States would now expect interest with the repayment from the Soviets, following the initiation of the Operation Barbarossa , at
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#17328441573511536-609: A region known as Aichfeld , was built as a base for the Air Force of the Ständestaat 1936–1938. The base was occupied by Soviet troops in the aftermath of the war, but then transferred to the RAF which used the base until 1947. In spring 1957 the first aircraft, Piper PA-18/95 Super Cub and Zlin Z-126 Trener , arrived with Fluggruppe 1 at the base. Since then it is the main base for
1664-559: A scout helicopter, is mounted with a rapid-firing machine gun, but the air force lacks a true attack helicopter. Most of the helicopters, except the 24 AB-212s, are becoming obsolete. After the 1999 Galtür Avalanche , it became apparent that the Austrian Air Force's helicopter complement were too few in numbers and too limited in design. Therefore, 9 US-built UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters were purchased, to be used for transportation during disasters. In 2003 Austria's transport capability
1792-640: A separate colony. British Malaya covers the areas of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore , while British Borneo covers the area of Brunei , including Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia. British Hong Kong consisted of Hong Kong Island , the Kowloon Peninsula , and the New Territories . Territories controlled by the Colonial Office , namely the Crown Colonies , were controlled politically by
1920-532: A short time there were regular flights New York City / Langenlebarn . The first Austrian aircraft to arrive were Yak-11 "Moose" and Yak-18 "Max-A" trainers donated by the Soviet Union and Agusta Bell AB47G2 helicopters in late 1955. The base was named for Captain Godwin Brumowski in 1967. The base is the headquarters of the Luftunterstützungsgeschwader (Air Support Wing); it also houses
2048-646: A stopgap measure. The Eurofighter purchase was subject to controversy in Austria, and became a political football for some time, but the 15th and final aircraft was delivered on 24 September 2009. As of 2017, possible corruption affairs surrounding the Eurofighter procurement are still being investigated by the Austrian parliament. In July 2017, as a result of the ongoing controversy, the Austrian Ministry of Defense announced
2176-510: A total of more than 20 lines, and service every 10 minutes. Salzburg has an S-Bahn system with four Lines (S1, S2, S3, S11), trains depart from the main station every 30 minutes, and they are part of the ÖBB network. Suburb line number S1 reaches the world-famous Silent Night chapel in Oberndorf in about 25 minutes. In the 1960s, The Sound of Music , based on the true story of Maria von Trapp , who took up with an aristocratic family and fled
2304-599: A vacant territory over which he has every right. The human beings who constitute these nations are for him only cattle. He orders their massacre or migration. He compels them to make room for their conquerors. He does not even take the trouble to impose any war tribute on them. He just takes all their wealth and, to prevent any revolt, he scientifically seeks the physical and moral degradation of those whose independence he has taken away. France experienced several major phases of action during World War II: In Africa these included: French West Africa , French Equatorial Africa ,
2432-692: Is active since 1985; to the immediate west a secondary radar operated by AustroControl is located atop the Buschberg . The ORS uses a Selenia (now Alenia) RAT-31S 3-D radar, but is scheduled to receive the RAT-31DL upgrade. The site was a replacement for the unbuilt one atop the Schneeberg south of Vienna. In 2022, the Austrian Ministry of Defense announced that the entire Eurofighter fleet would be modernized. The currently 15 Eurofighters are to receive night vision, self-defence and medium-range missiles. Furthermore,
2560-399: Is comparatively high, mainly in the summer months. The specific drizzle is called Schnürlregen in the local dialect. In winter and spring, pronounced foehn winds regularly occur. Salzburg's official population significantly increased in 1935 when the city absorbed adjacent municipalities . After World War II , numerous refugees found a new home in the city. New residential space
2688-593: Is earmarked for closure, with the helicopters being redeployed to the nearby Andreas Hofer Kaserne . Radar installations sites for mobile air defense systems are also maintained by the Austrian Air Force. This radar site is located atop the Kolomannsberg (1,114 m) on the border between Salzburg and Upper Austria north of Thalgau in a region known as the Flachgau . The site is active since January 1968, and provides 24/7 air surveillance since August 1968. Initially
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#17328441573512816-684: Is on the site of the Roman settlement of Iuvavum . Salzburg was founded as an episcopal see in 696 and became a seat of the archbishop in 798. Its main sources of income were salt extraction, trade, as well as gold mining. The fortress of Hohensalzburg , one of the largest medieval fortresses in Europe, dates from the 11th century. In the 17th century, Salzburg became a center of the Counter-Reformation , with monasteries and numerous Baroque churches built. Salzburg's historic center ( German : Altstadt )
2944-529: Is problematic. Nevertheless, some new structures have been added: the Mozarteum at the Baroque Mirabell Garden (Architecture Robert Rechenauer), the 2001 Congress House (Architecture: Freemasons), the 2011 Unipark Nonntal (Architecture: Storch Ehlers Partners), the 2001 "Makartsteg" bridge (Architecture: HALLE1), and the "Residential and Studio House" of the architects Christine and Horst Lechner in
3072-401: Is renowned for its Baroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centers north of the Alps. The historic center was enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. The city has three universities and a large population of students. The name "Salzburg" was first recorded in the late 8th century. It is composed of two parts; the first being " Salz- " German for "salt" and
3200-473: Is the reason why there are no churches built in the Rococo style. Sigismund von Schrattenbach continued with the construction of "Sigmundstor" and the statue of holy Maria on the cathedral square. With the fall and division of the former "Fürsterzbistum Salzburg" (Archbishopric) to Upper Austria , Bavaria (Rupertigau) and Tyrol (Zillertal Matrei) began a long period of urban stagnancy. This era didn't end before
3328-411: Is unknown – have been purchased beginning in 1993. They are used in conjunction with the so-called ZZR ( Zielzuweisungsradar ), 16 Thomson-CSF (now Thales Group ) RAC 3D medium range 3-D radars in target designation configuration which were purchased in 1998. Nine missile launchers and two radars normally operate in a battery. Allies of World War II The Allies , formally referred to as
3456-785: The Bundesfachschule für Flugtechnik (Federal School for Aeronautical Engineering) and Fliegerwerft 1 , responsible for overhauls and maintenance of the Pilatus PC-6 B2H2 Turbo Porter, S-70A-42 Black Hawk and OH-58B Kiowa. Units currently based here are the PC-6 B2H2 Turbo Porter of 4th Air Squadron, Flight Regiment 1; the S-70A-42 Black Hawk of 1st Helicopter Squadron, Flight Regiment 1, and OH-58B Kiowa of 3rd Helicopter Squadron, Flight Regiment 1. Fliegerhorst Hinterstoisser , located north of Zeltweg in
3584-535: The British West Indies , British Honduras , British Guiana and the Falkland Islands . The Dominion of Newfoundland was directly ruled as a royal colony from 1933 to 1949, run by a governor appointed by London who made the decisions regarding Newfoundland. British India included the areas and peoples covered by later India , Bangladesh , Pakistan and (until 1937) Burma/Myanmar , which later became
3712-639: The Celtic Alums in the Kingdom of Noricum . After the Roman invasion in 15 BC, the various settlements on the Salzburg hills were abandoned, following the construction of the Roman city in the area of the old town. The recently created Municipium Claudium Juvavum was awarded the status of a Roman municipium in 45 CE and has become one of the most important cities of the now Roman province of Noricum . When
3840-650: The Congress of Vienna with the Treaty of Munich (1816) , Salzburg was definitively returned to Austria, but without Rupertigau and Berchtesgaden, which remained with Bavaria . Salzburg was integrated into the Province of Salzach and Salzburgerland was ruled from Linz . In 1850, Salzburg's status was restored as the capital of the Duchy of Salzburg , a crownland of the Austrian Empire . The city became part of Austria-Hungary in 1866 as
3968-577: The Military Assistance Program . Until 1960 Austria purchased training and support aircraft under the MAP, but no modern fighter aircraft ; the role of a fighter was rather inadequately filled by 30 of the already outdated Saab 29 Tunnan bought second-hand from the Swedish Air Force in the early 1960s. From 1970, Austria purchased a total of 40 Saab 105 lightweight multi-role aircraft with
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4096-750: The Mönchsberg and Kapuzinerberg , which offer green relief within the city. Salzburg is approximately 150 km (93 mi) east of Munich , 281 km (175 mi) northwest of Ljubljana , Slovenia , and 300 km (186 mi) west of Vienna . Salzburg has about the same latitude as Seattle . Due to its proximity to the Austrian-German border, the greater Salzburg urban area has sometimes (unoffcially) been thought of as if it included contiguous parts of Germany: Freilassing (until 1923 known as Salzburghofen), Ainring and Piding . Public transport planning and multiple public transport lines stretch across
4224-598: The Netherlands , Belgium , Norway , Greece , and Yugoslavia . The Soviet Union, which initially had a nonaggression pact with Germany and participated in its invasion of Poland , joined the Allies after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The United States, while providing some materiel support to European Allies since September 1940, remained formally neutral until
4352-631: The United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers . Its principal members by the end of 1941 were the " Big Four " – the United Kingdom , United States , Soviet Union , and China . Membership in the Allies varied during the course of the war. When the conflict broke out on 1 September 1939, the Allied coalition consisted of
4480-455: The market rights and minting rights (probably also the toll law). The first part of Hohensalzburg Fortress was built in 1077. A city judge was first mentioned in a document in 1120/30. On the left bank of the Salzach an extensive spiritual district was created with the cathedral, the bishop's residence north-west of the cathedral, the cathedral monastery on its south side, St Peter's monastery and
4608-511: The monasteries and the early carcass houses dominated the medieval city for a long time. The Cathedral of Archbishop Conrad of Wittelsbach was the largest basilica north of the Alps . The choir of the Franciscan Church , construction was begun by Hans von Burghausen and completed by Stephan Krumenauer , is one of the most prestigious religious gothic constructions of southern Germany. At
4736-510: The " trusteeship of the powerful", and later as the " Four Policemen " of the United Nations. Many more countries joined through to the final days of the war, including colonies and former Axis nations. After the war ended, the Allies, and the Declaration that bound them, would become the basis of the modern United Nations ; one enduring legacy of the alliance is the permanent membership of
4864-496: The 1920s, culminating in the invasion of Manchuria in 1931. The League of Nations strongly condemned the attack as an act of aggression against China; Japan responded by leaving the League in 1933. The second Sino-Japanese War erupted in 1937 with Japan's full-scale invasion of China. The League of Nations condemned Japan's actions and initiated sanctions; the United States, which had attempted to peacefully negotiate for peace in Asia,
4992-627: The 214th anniversary of the 95 Theses , Archbishop Count Leopold Anton von Firmian signed an Edict of Expulsion, the Emigrationspatent , directing all Protestant citizens to recant their non-Catholic beliefs. 21,475 citizens refused to recant their beliefs and were expelled from Salzburg. Most of them accepted an offer by King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia , travelling the length and breadth of Germany to their new homes in East Prussia. The rest settled in other Protestant states in Europe and
5120-463: The 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , all 35 churches of Salzburg rang their bells after 8:00 p.m. (local time) to celebrate the occasion. Major celebrations took place throughout the year. As of 2017 Salzburg had a GDP per capita of €46,100, which was greater than the average for Austria and most European countries. Salzburg is on the banks of the River Salzach , at
5248-553: The AB-212 of 1st and 2nd Helicopter Squadron, Flight Regiment 3. Fliegerhorst Brumowski , south of the town of Langenlebarn northwest of Vienna, was built as a base for the Luftwaffe 1938–1940. After the war the base was briefly occupied by Soviet troops before it was taken over by the USAAF, becoming "Air Force Station Tulln – Vienna". In 1946 Pan Am added the base as a destination, and for
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5376-729: The Air Defense Bataillons in special target designation configuration to provide early warning and target tracking for the Mistral units. The Z/FlAK 85 ( Zwilling / Fliegerabwehrkanone ) is the Oerlikon Contraves GDF-001 system. 18 of these guns were purchased in 1965 (under the designation Z/FlAK 65) and used with earlier acquired Oerlikon Contraves FLGer 60 ( Feuerleitgerät , fire control radar) Super Fledermaus and new Oerlikon Contraves FLGer 65 Improved Super Fledermaus. A second batch of these guns consisting of
5504-643: The Air Force is trained by the Air and Air Defense Personnel School ( Flieger- und Fliegerabwehrtruppenschule ) based at Langenlebarn Air Base. The school is under direct command and control of the Ministry of Defense and controls two flying units: After 50 years of service the Austrian Air Force has retired without replacement its Saab 105 OE aircraft in January 2021 and has disbanded its Jet Trainer Squadron ( Düsentrainerstaffel ) at Linz - Hörsching Air Base, which has operated
5632-452: The Air Force of the Ständestaat 1936–37. At the end of World War II the base became the home base of the only helicopter unit of the Luftwaffe; beginning the tradition of helicopter operations at Aigen im Ennstal. Soviet troops occupied the base after the war, but after only a few weeks control switched to US forces. After a few more weeks, the base ended up in British hands. The RAF rebuilt
5760-419: The American Harry Hopkins . It is also often called the "Strange Alliance", because it united the leaders of the world's greatest capitalist state (the United States), the greatest socialist state (the Soviet Union) and the greatest colonial power (the United Kingdom). Relations between them resulted in the major decisions that shaped the war effort and planned for the postwar world. Cooperation between
5888-466: The Benedictine nunnery on Nonnberg for his relative Erentrude . Salzburg has been the seat of a diocesan bishop since 739 CE and an archbishopric since 798 CE . The first cathedral was built under Archbishop Virgil. The Franciscan Church existed since the beginning of the 9th century at the latest. The Marienkirche dates from 1139. The first use of the German name Salzburg, meaning Salt-Castle , can be traced back to 739 CE when
6016-402: The Big Three leaders, although they were not enough to break the alliance during wartime. In 1942 Roosevelt proposed becoming, with China, the Four Policemen of world peace. Although the 'Four Powers' were reflected in the wording of the Declaration by United Nations , Roosevelt's proposal was not initially supported by Churchill or Stalin. Division emerged over the length of time taken by
6144-429: The British Government during the Second World War and made part of the British Army structure. It was mostly Greek Cypriot volunteers and Turkish Cypriot inhabitants of Cyprus but also included other Commonwealth nationalities. On a brief visit to Cyprus in 1943, Winston Churchill praised the "soldiers of the Cyprus Regiment who have served honourably on many fields from Libya to Dunkirk". About 30,000 Cypriots served in
6272-494: The British colonies in America. In 1772–1803, under archbishop Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo , Salzburg was a center of late Illuminism . Colloredo is known for being one of the main employers of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . Colloredo often had arguments with Mozart and he dismissed him by saying, Soll er doch gehen, ich brauche ihn nicht! (He should go; I don't need him!). Mozart left Salzburg for Vienna in 1781 with his family, although his father Leopold stayed back, as he had
6400-477: The Cyprus Regiment. The regiment was involved in action from the very start and served at Dunkirk , in the Greek Campaign (about 600 soldiers were captured in Kalamata in 1941), North Africa ( Operation Compass ), France, the Middle East and Italy. Many soldiers were taken prisoner especially at the beginning of the war and were interned in various PoW camps ( Stalag ) including Lamsdorf ( Stalag VIII-B ), Stalag IVC at Wistritz bei Teplitz and Stalag 4b near Most in
6528-421: The Czech Republic. The soldiers captured in Kalamata were transported by train to prisoner of war camps. After Germany invaded Poland, France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. In January 1940, French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier made a major speech denouncing the actions of Germany: At the end of five months of war, one thing has become more and more clear. It is that Germany seeks to establish
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#17328441573516656-406: The Declaration was signed by Iraq, Iran, Brazil, Bolivia and Colombia. A Tripartite Treaty of Alliance with Britain and the USSR formalised Iran's assistance to the Allies. In Rio de Janeiro , Brazilian dictator Getúlio Vargas was considered near to fascist ideas, but realistically joined the United Nations after their evident successes. In 1944, Liberia and France signed. The French situation
6784-404: The Draken saw their first major use in airspace interdiction starting in 1991 during the Yugoslav Wars , when Yugoslav MiG-21 fighters crossed the Austrian border without permission. In one incident on 28 June, a MiG-21 penetrated as far as Graz , causing widespread demands for action. Following repeated border crossings by armed aircraft of the Yugoslav People's Army , changes were suggested to
6912-444: The Europark Shopping Centre. (Architecture: Massimiliano Fuksas ) Salzburg has twenty-four urban districts and three extra-urban populations. Urban districts ( Stadtteile ): Extra-urban populations ( Landschaftsräume ): Salzburg is a tourist favorite, with the number of visitors outnumbering locals by a large margin in peak times. In addition to Mozart's birthplace noted above, other notable places include: Old Town Outside
7040-402: The Frauengarten (probably after a former women's convent that was dissolved in 1583). Only during the 12th century did the civil settlement begin to spread into the Getreidegasse, the Abtsgasse (Sigmund Haffner-Gasse) and along the quay. Around 1280 the first city fortifications were created. The oldest known city law document dates from the year 1287. Independence from Bavaria was secured in
7168-473: The German war machine. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland ; two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany. Roughly two weeks after Germany's attack, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east. Britain and France established the Anglo-French Supreme War Council to coordinate military decisions. A Polish government-in-exile was set up in London, joined by hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers, which would remain an Allied nation until
7296-425: The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, after which it declared war and officially joined the Allies. China had already been at war with Japan since 1937 , and formally joined the Allies in December 1941. The Allies were led by the so-called "Big Three"—the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States—which were the principal contributors of manpower, resources, and strategy, each playing
7424-417: The League of Nations mandates of French Cameroun and French Togoland , French Madagascar , French Somaliland , and the protectorates of French Tunisia and French Morocco . French Algeria was then not a colony or dependency but a fully-fledged part of metropolitan France . Salzburg Salzburg is the fourth-largest city in Austria . In 2020, it had a population of 156,852. The town
7552-490: The Old Town Greater Salzburg area Salzburg is a center of education and home to three universities, as well as several professional colleges and gymnasiums (high schools) . Salzburg Hauptbahnhof is served by comprehensive rail connections, with frequent east–west trains serving Vienna , Munich , Innsbruck , and Zürich , including daily high-speed ICE services. North–south rail connections also serve popular destinations such as Venice and Prague . The city acts as
7680-410: The Pacific, resulting in the U.S. formally entering the war as an Allied power. Still reeling from Japanese aggression, China declared war on all the Axis powers shortly thereafter. By the end of 1941, the main lines of World War II had formed. Churchill referred to the "Grand Alliance" of the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union, which together played the largest role in prosecuting
7808-431: The RAT-31S – are operated by the Radarbataillon since 1979. Several sites ( Irrsberg , Hochwechsel ) are prepared to host the radar. To provide detection of low-flying aircraft the Radarbataillon operates six Thomson-CSF (now Thales Group) RAC 3D medium-range 3-D radars – designated TER Tieffliegererfassungsradar – mounted on ÖAF 32.403 trucks beginning in 1998. A further 16 of these systems are operated by
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#17328441573517936-409: The Saab 105Oe and the Pilatus PC-7 Turbo Trainer , as well as flight school for basic training. Units currently based here are the PC-7 Turbo Trainer of flight school; detachments of 2nd Squadron and the Eurofighter Typhoon. Fiala-Fernbrugg Air Base ( Fliegerhorst Fiala-Fernbrugg ), located north of the town of Aigen im Ennstal on the southern edge of the Totes Gebirge , was built as a base for
8064-587: The Sidewinder was purchased directly from the United States; deliveries began in 1995. French Mistral SAMs were purchased to add ground-based protection against air attack. The first Mistrals arrived in 1993 and final deliveries were concluded in 1996. The helicopter fleet includes Agusta-Bell (AB) 204s (mainly used for medical evacuation), AB-206s (training and liaison), and AB-212s (used by air-mobile troops and for light transport). 28 French-made Alouette IIIs are available for search-and-rescue tasks, including high mountain operations. The 12 Bell OH-58 Kiowa ,
8192-399: The Soviet Union, were accepted as members of the United Nations as a way to provide greater influence to Stalin, who had only Yugoslavia as a communist partner in the alliance. British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain delivered his Ultimatum Speech on 3 September 1939 which declared war on Germany , a few hours before France. As the Statute of Westminster 1931 was not yet ratified by
8320-517: The Treaty of Versailles and made claims over German-populated Austria and the German-populated territories of Czechoslovakia. The likelihood of war was high, but none of the major powers had the appetite for another conflict; many governments sought to ease tensions through nonmilitary strategies such as appeasement . Japan, which was a principal allied power in the First World War, had since become increasingly militaristic and imperialistic; parallel to Germany, nationalist sentiment increased throughout
8448-431: The U.N. Security Council , which is made up exclusively of the principal Allied powers that won the war. The victorious Allies of World War I —which included what would become the Allied powers of the Second World War—had imposed harsh terms on the opposing Central Powers in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 . Germany resented signing the Treaty of Versailles , which required that it take full responsibility for
8576-468: The UK and therefore also entered hostilities with Britain's declaration of war. At the outbreak of World War II, the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men. Later during World War II, the British Indian Army became the largest all-volunteer force in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in size. Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War. It suffered 87,000 military casualties (more than any Crown colony but fewer than
8704-485: The United Kingdom and the United States had cooperated in a number of ways, notably through the destroyers-for-bases deal in September 1940 and the American Lend-Lease program, which provided Britain and the Soviet Union with war materiel beginning in October 1941. The British Commonwealth and, to a lesser extent, the Soviet Union reciprocated with a smaller Reverse Lend-Lease program. The First Inter-Allied Meeting took place in London in early June 1941 between
8832-453: The United Kingdom and the United States was especially close and included forming a Combined Chiefs of Staff . There were numerous high-level conferences ; in total Churchill attended 14 meetings, Roosevelt 12, and Stalin 5. Most visible were the three summit conferences that brought together the three top leaders. The Allied policy toward Germany and Japan evolved and developed at these three conferences. There were many tensions among
8960-404: The United Kingdom). The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties. Kuwait was a protectorate of the United Kingdom formally established in 1899. The Trucial States were British protectorates in the Persian Gulf. Palestine was a mandate dependency created in the peace agreements after World War I from the former territory of the Ottoman Empire , Iraq . The Cyprus Regiment was formed by
9088-408: The United Kingdom, France , and Poland , as well as their respective dependencies , such as British India . They were joined by the independent dominions of the British Commonwealth : Canada , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . Consequently, the initial alliance resembled that of the First World War . As Axis forces began invading northern Europe and the Balkans , the Allies added
9216-474: The United Kingdom, the four co-belligerent British Dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa), the eight governments in exile ( Belgium , Czechoslovakia , Greece , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Yugoslavia ) and Free France . The meeting culminated with the Declaration of St James's Palace , which set out a first vision for the postwar world. In June 1941, Hitler broke
9344-803: The Western Allies to establish a second front in Europe. Stalin and the Soviets used the potential employment of the second front as an 'acid test' for their relations with the Anglo-American powers. The Soviets were forced to use as much manpower as possible in the fight against the Germans, whereas the United States had the luxury of flexing industrial power, but with the "minimum possible expenditure of American lives". Roosevelt and Churchill opened ground fronts in North Africa in 1942 and in Italy in 1943, and launched
9472-610: The bad weather in the region (partly due to the height above SL) and problems with the radom and the radar itself. A Selenia (now Alenia) RAT-31S 3-D radar is installed, scheduled to receive the RAT-31DL upgrade. The site features a downsized version of the ORS K's control center, but is normally not staffed. This radar site is located atop the Steinmandl (490 m) north of Ernstbrunn in the Leiser Berge region 40 km north of Vienna. The site
9600-681: The base and handed it over to Austria in 1947. It was used as a storage depot for the B-Gendarmerie , a paramilitary police force in the western zones. After some years of hiatus, the first helicopters, Bell H-13H Sioux arrived in late 1960. The base was named for Captain Benno Fiala von Fernbrugg in 1967. The base houses Fliegerwerft A , responsible for overhauls and maintenance on the AS-316B Alouette III. Hochgebirgslandekurse (Alpine landing courses) are conducted at least annually at
9728-636: The base for flight training purposes as well as for training of army parachutists. The large Liechtenstein Kaserne on the northern edge of the Truppenübungsplatz Allentsteig (Training Area, Gunnery and Bombing Range) is home to a detachment of Flight Regiment 1's OH-58B Kiowas. Known as Stützpunkt Nord , it is not only used by military aircraft; helicopters of the Ministry of the Interior also use
9856-526: The base for operations; the task of border surveillance is jointly conducted by the military and civilian authorities. Besides that, Flight Regiment 1's helicopters and PC-6 B2H2 Turbo Porters are operating from the base or its adjacent meadows and roads on a regular basis. The Frundsberg Kaserne in the southern suburbs of Schwaz east of Innsbruck houses a detachment of Flight Regiment 2's AS-316B Alouette IIIs used for SAR and firefighting duties. The helicopters are operating from Schwaz since 1969. The base
9984-518: The base, with officers of foreign air forces as regular attendants. Units based here are the AS-316B Alouette III of 1st and 2nd Helicopter Squadron, Flight Regiment 2. Wiener Neustadt Air Base was located northwest of the city and was one of the first airports on the European continent. It opened in 1910 and housed units of the Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops. The base
10112-407: The border. The Köppen climate classification specifies Salzburg's climate as a humid continental climate (Dfb). However, with the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm for the coldest month, Salzburg can be classified as having a four-season oceanic climate (Cfb) with significant temperature differences between seasons. Due to the location at the northern rim of the Alps, the amount of precipitation
10240-510: The capital city of the Federal State of Salzburg ( Land Salzburg ) and saw the Americans leave the area once Austria had signed a 1955 treaty re-establishing the country as a democratic and independent nation and subsequently declared its perpetual neutrality . In the 1960s, the city became the shooting location and setting of the family musical film The Sound of Music . On 27 January 2006,
10368-656: The capital of a crownland of the Austrian Empire. The nostalgia of the Romantic Era led to increased tourism. In 1892, a funicular was installed to facilitate tourism to Hohensalzburg Fortress . Following World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Salzburg, as the capital of one of the Austro-Hungarian territories, became part of the new German Austria . In 1918, it represented
10496-737: The city's buildings, especially those around Salzburg railway station. Although the town's bridges and the dome of the cathedral were destroyed, much of its Baroque architecture remained intact. As a result, Salzburg is one of the few remaining examples of a town of its style. American troops entered the city on 5 May 1945 and it became the centre of the American-occupied area in Austria . Several displaced persons camps were established in Salzburg—among them Riedenburg, Camp Herzl (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne), Camp Mülln, Bet Bialik, Bet Trumpeldor, and New Palestine. After World War II, Salzburg became
10624-526: The city's independence led to an increase in wealth and prosperity, culminating in the late 16th to 18th centuries under the Prince Archbishops Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau , Markus Sittikus , and Paris Lodron . It was in the 17th century that Italian architects (and Austrians who had studied the Baroque style) rebuilt the city center as it is today along with many palaces. On 31 October 1731,
10752-505: The city. Political opponents, Jewish citizens and other minorities were subsequently arrested and deported to concentration camps. The synagogue was destroyed. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union, several POW camps for prisoners from the Soviet Union and other enemy nations were arranged in the city. During the Nazi occupation, a Romani camp was built in Salzburg-Maxglan. It
10880-499: The construction of the residential well. Giovanni Gaspare Zuccalli , by order of the same archbishop, created the Erhard and the Kajetan church in the south of the town. The city's redesign was completed with buildings designed by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach , donated by Prince Archbishop Johann Ernst von Thun. After the era of Ernst von Thun, the city's expansion came to a halt, which
11008-608: The declaration; the Big Four were listed first: The United Nations began growing immediately after its formation. In 1942, Mexico, the Philippines and Ethiopia adhered to the declaration. Ethiopia had been restored to independence by British forces after the Italian defeat in 1941. The Philippines, still owned by Washington but granted international diplomatic recognition, was allowed to join on 10 June despite its occupation by Japan. In 1943,
11136-659: The end of the Gothic era Nonnberg Abbey , the Margaret Chapel in St Peter's Abbey , St George's Chapel, and the stately halls of the "Hoher Stock" in Hohensalzburg Fortress were constructed. Inspired by Vincenzo Scamozzi , Prince-Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau began to transform the medieval town to the architectural ideals of the late Renaissance . Plans for a massive cathedral by Scamozzi failed to materialize upon
11264-739: The end of the war—the United States were not looking to support any "postwar Soviet reconstruction efforts", which eventually manifested into the Molotov Plan . At the Tehran conference , Stalin judged Roosevelt to be a "lightweight compared to the more formidable Churchill". During the meetings from 1943 to 1945, there were disputes over the growing list of demands from the USSR. Tensions increased further when Roosevelt died and his successor Harry Truman rejected demands put forth by Stalin. Roosevelt wanted to play down these ideological tensions. Roosevelt felt he "understood Stalin's psychology", stating "Stalin
11392-594: The end. After a quiet winter, Germany began its invasion of Western Europe in April 1940, quickly defeating Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. All the occupied nations subsequently established a government-in-exile in London, with each contributing a contingent of escaped troops. Nevertheless, by roughly one year since Germany's violation of the Munich Agreement, Britain and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini. Before they were formally allied,
11520-570: The fall of the archbishop. A second cathedral planned by Santino Solari rose as the first early Baroque church in Salzburg. It served as an example for many other churches in Southern Germany and Austria . Markus Sittikus and Paris von Lodron continued to rebuild the city with major projects such as Hellbrunn Palace , the prince archbishop's residence, the university buildings, fortifications, and many other buildings. Giovanni Antonio Daria managed by order of Prince Archbishop Guido von Thun
11648-494: The intention to deploy them in trainer, reconnaissance, interception and ground attack roles. As it became clear in the 1980s that the sub-sonic aircraft were inadequate for air combat and airspace interdiction, Austria purchased 28 reconditioned Saab 35 Draken fighter aircraft to supersede the Saab 105 as the Austrian Air Force's main interceptor in 1988. The Saab 105 remained in service as a trainer/surveillance aircraft. Shortly after,
11776-720: The late 14th century. Salzburg was the seat of the Archbishopric of Salzburg , a prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire . As the Reformation movement gained steam, riots broke out among peasants in the areas in and around Salzburg. The city was occupied during the German Peasants' War , and the Archbishop had to flee to the safety of the fortress. It was besieged for three months in 1525. Eventually, tensions were quelled, and
11904-558: The late 90s. A total of 72 guns and 37 Skyguard systems have been acquired over the years. The lFAL ( leichte Fliegerabwehrlenkwaffe ) Matra (now MBDA ) Mistral is not only used with the Air Defense Regiments of the Air Force, but also with the air defense batteries attached to the HQ units of the Army's Brigades. 72 of these systems – along with several hundred missiles, the exact number
12032-535: The main advocates of appeasement, decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded by preparing for war. On 31 March 1939, Britain formed the Anglo-Polish military alliance in an effort to avert an imminent German attack on Poland; the French likewise had a long-standing alliance with Poland since 1921 . The Soviet Union , which had been diplomatically and economically isolated by much of
12160-494: The middle of Salzburg's old town (winner of the architecture award of Salzburg 2010 ). Other examples of contemporary architecture lie outside the old town: the Faculty of Science building (Universität Salzburg – Architecture Willhelm Holzbauer ) built on the edge of free green space, the blob architecture of Red Bull Hangar-7 (Architecture: Volkmar Burgstaller ) at Salzburg Airport, home to Dietrich Mateschitz 's Flying Bulls and
12288-531: The military and civilian aviation until the 70s when construction of the new civilian area in the northern part of the base was finished. FH Vogler is the largest base of the Luftstreitkräfte . It houses Fliegerwerft 3 , responsible for overhauls and maintenance of the C-130K Hercules and AB-212. Units currently based here are the C-130K Hercules of 4th Air Transport Squadron, Flight Regiment 3; and
12416-547: The name was used in Willibald 's report on the organization of the Bavarian dioceses by Saint Boniface . The name derives from the barges carrying salt on the River Salzach , which were subject to a toll in the 8th century as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers. Hohensalzburg Fortress , the city's fortress was built on the site of a Roman fort in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard, who made it his residence. It
12544-615: The necessary office and working areas for a complete air traffic/combat control center. It served in this role until 1987 when its tasks were taken over by the EZ/B and is still maintained to provide backup when needed. This radar site is located atop the Speikkogel (2,140 m) on the border between Styria and Carinthia in the Koralpe mountains west of Wolfsberg . The site is active since 1986, with its construction and commission severely hampered by
12672-637: The non-aggression agreement with Stalin and Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union , which consequently declared war on Germany and its allies. Britain agreed to an alliance with the Soviet Union in July, with both nations committing to assisting one another by any means, and to never negotiate a separate peace. The following August saw the Atlantic Conference between American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , which defined
12800-402: The northern boundary of the Alps . The mountains to Salzburg's south contrast with the rolling plains to the north. The closest alpine peak, the 1,972‑metre-high Untersberg , is less than 16 km (10 mi) from the city center. The Altstadt , or "old town", is dominated by its baroque towers and churches and the massive Hohensalzburg Fortress . This area is flanked by two smaller hills,
12928-546: The old town), the "Lepi" (public baths in Leopoldskron ) (built 1964), and the original 1957 constructed congress-center of Salzburg, which was replaced by a new building in 2001. An important and famous example of the architecture of this era is the 1960 opening of the Großes Festspielhaus by Clemens Holzmeister . Adding contemporary architecture to Salzburg's old town without risking its UNESCO World Heritage status
13056-494: The parliaments of Australia and New Zealand, the British declaration of war on Germany also applied to those dominions . The other dominions and members of the British Commonwealth declared war from 3 September 1939, all within one week of each other; they were Canada , British India and South Africa . During the war, Churchill attended seventeen Allied conferences at which key decisions and agreements were made. He
13184-527: The period of promoterism ( Gründerzeit ) brought new life into urban development. The builder dynasty Jakob Ceconi and Carl Freiherr von Schwarz filled major positions in shaping the city in this era. Buildings of classical modernism and in particular, post-war modernism is frequently encountered in Salzburg. Examples are the Zahnwurzen house (a house in the Linzergasse ;22 in the right center of
13312-754: The phasing out of the Typhoon starting 2020, and its replacement by a "militarily more effective and more cost-efficient" air surveillance system. Austria's air force is divided into two brigade-level formations: the Air Surveillance Command ( Kommando Luftraumüberwachung ) in Salzburg tasked with the defense of the Austrian airspace and the Air Support Command ( Kommando Luftunterstützung ) in Hörsching Air Base with helicopters and transport planes. All personnel destined to enter service with
13440-539: The province of Noricum collapsed in 488 at the beginning of the migration period , part of the Romano-Celtic population remained in the country. In the 6th century they came under the rule of the Baiuvarii . The Life of Saint Rupert credits the 8th-century saint with the city's rebirth, when around 696 CE , Bishop Rupert of Salzburg received the remains of the Roman town from Duke Theodo II of Bavaria as well as
13568-450: The purchase of further fighter jets is currently being examined. It is very likely that Austria will announce the purchase of light jets with light armament (e.g. on-board cannon, unguided rockets…) in the first half of 2023. More detailed information regarding the type is not yet known. As a backup to the fixed sites and to create a better situation image in times of crisis two Selenia (now Alenia) MRCS-403 3-D radars – mobile versions of
13696-470: The residual German-speaking territories of the Austrian heartlands. This was replaced by the First Austrian Republic in 1919, after the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) . The Anschluss (the occupation and annexation of Austria, including Salzburg, into Nazi Germany ) took place on 12 March 1938, one day before a scheduled referendum on Austria's independence. German troops moved into
13824-560: The second being "-burg" from Proto-West-Germanic : *burg conveying the same meaning as Latin : oppidum , lit. 'fortified settlement, city' and not that of the New High German : Burg , lit. 'fortress'. The area of the city has been inhabited continuously since the Neolithic Age until the present. In the La Tène period it was an administrative centre of
13952-526: The severity of the economic crisis on the Treaty of Versailles. The far-right Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler , which had formed shortly after the peace treaty, exploited growing popular resentment and desperation to become the dominant political movement in Germany. By 1933, they gained power and rapidly established a totalitarian regime known as Nazi Germany . The Nazi regime demanded the immediate cancellation of
14080-568: The standing orders for aircraft armament. Since 1955, Austria's armed forces had been forbidden to operate any guided missile system, including air-to-air missiles and surface-to-air missiles (SAMs). In the post- Cold War environment, and with gun-armed aircraft a relic of a past age, the Austrian Parliament voted to amend this section of its state treaty and in January 1993 modern AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles were ordered from Sweden to arm its fighter aircraft. A higher performance model of
14208-610: The town of Hörsching west of Linz , was built as a base for the German Luftwaffe 1938–1940. After the war the USAAF used the base, then named "Camp McCauley – Hörsching" and housing displaced persons , until 1955 when it was returned to the Austrian government. Initially used exclusively by the ground forces, the first military aircraft, Yak-18 "Max-A", arrived in 1957. The base was named for First Lieutenant Walter Vogler in 1967. The German-built base structures were used jointly by
14336-482: The training of new aviators. It was named for Colonel Franz Hinterstoisser in 1967. The base houses the 1st Squadron of the Überwachungsgeschwader (Surveillance Wing). With the retirement of the Saab 35 Draken in 2005 the unit now uses the Eurofighter Typhoon. The first Eurofighter Typhoon arrived in July 2007. The base also houses parts of Fliegerwerft 2 , responsible for overhauls and maintenance of
14464-539: The type. The Squadron's younger pilots will re-qualify for the Eurofighter, the older pilots and the aircraft technicians will re-qualify for the AB 212 helicopters and advanced jet flying training will be outsourced to the Italian Air Force's MB.339 and T.346 jet trainers operating from Lecce - Galatina and Decimomannu. Eight air bases ( Fliegerhorste ) are maintained by the Austrian Air Force. Vogler Air Base , north of
14592-477: The unchallenged Japanese expansion in the East, particularly considering their defeat in previous wars with Japan; the Soviets also recognized, as the U.S. and Britain had suggested, the advantages of a two-front war . Franklin D. Roosevelt , Winston Churchill , and Joseph Stalin were The Big Three leaders. They were in frequent contact through ambassadors, top generals, foreign ministers and special emissaries such as
14720-557: The war, Britain could remain the sole great power in Europe facing the Communist threat, as it was in 1940 and 1941 against Nazism. During the early part of 1945, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Venezuela, Uruguay, Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Syria (these latter two French colonies had been declared independent states by British occupation troops, despite protests by Pétain and later De Gaulle) and Ecuador became signatories. Ukraine and Belarus , which were not independent states but parts of
14848-488: The war, lose a significant portion of territory, and pay costly reparations, among other penalties. The Weimar Republic , which formed at the end of the war and subsequently negotiated the treaty, saw its legitimacy shaken, particularly as it struggled to govern a greatly weakened economy and humiliated populace. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and the ensuing Great Depression , led to political unrest across Europe, especially in Germany, where revanchist nationalists blamed
14976-479: The war. The alliance was largely one of convenience for each member: the U.K. realized that the Axis powers threatened not only its colonies in North Africa and Asia but also the homeland . The United States felt that the Japanese and German expansion should be contained, but ruled out force until Japan's attack. The Soviet Union, having been betrayed by the Axis attack in 1941, greatly despised German belligerence and
15104-513: The world, had sought an alliance with the western powers, but Hitler preempted a potential war with Stalin by signing the Nazi–Soviet non-aggression pact in August 1939. In addition to preventing a two-front war that had battered its forces in the last world war, the agreement secretly divided the independent states of Central and Eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for
15232-543: Was "the most important of the Allied leaders during the first half of World War II". British West Africa and the British colonies in East and Southern Africa participated, mainly in the North African, East African and Middle-Eastern theatres. Two West African and one East African division served in the Burma Campaign . Southern Rhodesia was a self-governing colony, having received responsible government in 1923. It
15360-575: Was an Arbeitserziehungslager (work 'education' camp), which provided slave labor to local industry. It also operated as a Zwischenlager (transit camp), holding Roma before their deportation to German camps or ghettos in German-occupied territories in eastern Europe. Salzburg was also the location of five subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp . Allied bombing destroyed 7,600 houses and killed 550 inhabitants. Fifteen air strikes destroyed 46 percent of
15488-625: Was close to the Wiener Neustädter Flugzeugwerke (WNF) factory in the eastern part of the city and which manufactured Messerschmitt Bf 109s and repaired Junkers bombers and destroyers during World War II. The base was bombed to total destruction during World War II and was rebuilt by the Soviets who operated the base until 1955. The Austrian military took the base over, but didn't use it until 1961. The base houses no units, but Flight Regiment 1's PC-6 B2H2 Turbo Porter are operating from
15616-404: Was constructed for American soldiers of the postwar occupation and could be used for refugees when they left. Around 1950, Salzburg passed the mark of 100,000 citizens, and in 2016, it reached the mark of 150000 citizens. Salzburg is home to large German, Bosnian, Serbian, and Romanian communities. Largest groups of immigrants by 1 January 2021 : The Romanesque and Gothic churches ,
15744-458: Was especially angered by the invasion and sought to support China. In March 1939, Germany took over Czechoslovakia , just six months after signing the Munich Agreement , which sought to appease Hitler by ceding the mainly ethnic German Czechoslovak borderlands; while most of Europe had celebrated the agreement as a major victory for peace, the open flaunting of its terms demonstrated the failure of appeasement. Britain and France, which had been
15872-401: Was greatly expanded during the following centuries. This site is not the site of the Roman castrum superius , which was located on the Nonnberg nearby. The state of Salzburg and its counties soon gained more and more influence and power within Bavaria due to the flourishing salt mining and the wide-ranging missionary activities. In 996 Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor rented Archbishop Hartwig
16000-402: Was improved when it purchased three C-130 Hercules from the Royal Air Force . These aircraft were needed for the demanding UN peacekeeping missions in which Austria played a role. In 2005, the Saab Draken fleet was retired (50 years after the type first flew), to be replaced by the Eurofighter Typhoon . Before the first delivery of Typhoons, 12 F-5 Tiger II were leased from Switzerland as
16128-457: Was not a sovereign dominion. It governed itself internally and controlled its own armed forces, but had no diplomatic autonomy, and, therefore, was officially at war as soon as Britain was at war. The Southern Rhodesian colonial government issued a symbolic declaration of war nevertheless on 3 September 1939, which made no difference diplomatically but preceded the declarations of war made by all other British dominions and colonies. These included:
16256-416: Was too anxious to prove a point ... he suffered from an inferiority complex." During December 1941, Roosevelt devised the name "United Nations" for the Allies and Churchill agreed. He referred to the Big Three and China as the " Four Policemen " repeatedly from 1942. The alliance was formalised in the Declaration by United Nations signed on 1 January 1942. There were the 26 original signatories of
16384-405: Was very confused. Free French forces were recognized only by Britain, while the United States considered Vichy France to be the legal government of the country until Operation Overlord , while also preparing U.S. occupation francs . Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944; the Prime Minister feared that after
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