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72-518: It was founded in 1945 as a co-operative microfilming scheme under which historical materials of Australian and Pacific interest held in collections in the United Kingdom and Ireland were copied and made available to participating libraries in Australia and elsewhere. 10,419 reels of microfilmed records (dating from 1560 to 1984) were produced. Filming started in 1948, and continued through to 1993, with

144-585: A considerable collection of general overseas and rare book materials, as well as world-class Asian and Pacific collections which augment the Australiana collections. The print collections are further supported by extensive microform holdings. The library also maintains the National Reserve Braille Collection. As a national library, the NLA is required by legal deposit provisions enshrined in

216-586: A joint administering partner of the Project with the National Library from 1945 to 1988. After that time other State Libraries and institutions acted as partners, sharing the costs of microfilming with the National Library. The scope of the Project is defined in geographical rather than thematic terms with filming covering records related to Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific area and Antarctica. The initial emphasis of

288-462: A national leadership role in developing and managing collaborative online services with the Australian library community, making it easier for users to find and access information resources at the national level. It provides services to libraries and publishers and the general public, with membership available to residents of Australia providing access to additional services. Some of the components of

360-706: A total of 5,508,008 images. Where possible, these are delivered directly across the Internet. Since a 2016 amendment to the Copyright Act , all born-digital content must also be deposited in the library (with varying provisions for state libraries as well). The NLA has since May 2019 hosted and managed the National edeposit (NED) service. Libraries ACT , Libraries Tasmania , Northern Territory Library , State Library of New South Wales , State Library of Queensland , State Library of South Australia , State Library Victoria and

432-410: Is able to locate resources about Australia and Australians, which reaches many locations otherwise unavailable to external search engines. The library produces non-fiction and children's books which explore the collections. These cover subjects including History, Natural History and Art. NLA Publishing has been a recipient of several Eve Pownall Award for Information Books. Free registration with

504-481: Is decorated in marble, with stained-glass windows by Leonard French and three tapestries by Mathieu Matégot . A Tom Bass sculpture called Lintel Sculpture is installed over the entrance to the library. The building was listed on the Australian Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004. In 2004 the book A different view : the National Library of Australia and its building art

576-698: Is held across six organisations: the NLA; Australian Performing Arts Collection in Melbourne ; Mitchell Library in Sydney; Queensland Performing Arts Centre Museum; Scenic Studios Australia Pty Ltd; and Seaborn, Broughton & Walford Foundation Archives and Library collection. Both AusStage and the J.C. Williamson Distributed Collection were added to the UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register in 2021. The National Library of Australia provides

648-519: The Copyright Act 1968 to collect a copy of every Australian publication in the country, which publishers must submit upon publication of the material. At the end of the Australian financial year of 2018–19, the National Library collection comprised 7,717,579 items, and an additional 17,950 metres (58,890 ft) of manuscript material. The library's collections of Australiana have developed into

720-778: The Australian Conservation Foundation , and the Australian Council of National Trusts . Finally, the library holds about 37,000 reels of microfilm of manuscripts and archival records, mostly acquired overseas and predominantly of Australian and Pacific interest. The National Library's Pictures collection focuses on Australian people, places and events, from European exploration of the South Pacific to contemporary events. Art works and photographs are acquired primarily for their informational value, and for their importance as historical documents. Media represented in

792-534: The National Library of Australia from July 1960, Mander-Jones continued the work of the project initiated in 1945 for the copying of records of Australian and Pacific interest held in repositories in the United Kingdom. Then, in 1964, she was appointed to direct the project under the joint administration of the Australian National University and the National Library of Australia . This led to

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864-495: The Pacific . The collection also holds a number of European and Asian manuscript collections or single items have been received as part of formed book collections. The Australian manuscript collections date from the period of maritime exploration and settlement in the 18th century until the present, with the greatest area of strength dating from the 1890s onwards. The collection includes a large number of outstanding single items, such as

936-590: The Pandora Archive since 1996. The Australian Web Archive , released in March 2019, combines records from PANDORA, the Australian Government Web Archive (AGWA), and other websites published in Australia. In the 2019 federal budget, the government allocated A$ 10 million to the library, intended to be spread over four years to set up a digitisation fund. As of June 2019 , the library had digitised

1008-657: The Public Record Office, London (now The National Archives ) were published in the series Historical Records of New South Wales (1892-1901). The editor of the Historical Records of New South Wales, F.M. Bladen , was attached to the staff of the State Library of NSW and was Principal Librarian from 1907 to 1912. The Bonwick Transcripts were transferred to the Mitchell Library when it was founded in 1910 as

1080-581: The State Library of Western Australia are the member organisations of the collaboration. The library houses the largest and most actively developing research resource on Asia in Australia, and the largest Asian language collections in the Southern hemisphere, with over half a million volumes in the collection, as well as extensive online and electronic resources. The library collects resources about all Asian countries in Western languages extensively, and resources in

1152-579: The "Australiana" Wing of the Library. However, criticism of Bonwick’s Transcripts and the resulting 7 volumes of HRNSW began to surface. Bonwick’s selections were arbitrary. He exercised censorship and excluded material that reflected poorly on individuals whether government officials, the military and free settlers, or drew attention to convict origins. The Commonwealth Government took over responsibility for copying documents located in Britain following federation of

1224-641: The 14th century Chertsey Cartulary , the journal of James Cook on HM Bark Endeavour , inscribed on the Memory of the World Register in 2001, the diaries of Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills from the Burke and Wills expedition , and Charles Kingsford Smith 's and Charles Ulm 's log of the Southern Cross. A wide range of individuals and families are represented in the collection, with special strength in

1296-602: The Australia, China and Pacific Stations. Many of these records relate to the exploration of Australia and the Pacific by European explorers including William Bligh and Matthew Flinders. Records include convict trial, imprisonment and transportation registers as well as convict musters and censuses in New South Wales and other convict colonies. Records include Muster Books and Pay Lists for British Regiments 1789-1977 (WO 12); Monthly returns (WO 17); Military Pensions (WO 22); and Description and Succession Books (W0 25) relating to

1368-754: The Australian colonies. The governor of each colony was subject to direction from the Colonial Office to whom he had to report on the colony’s affairs. The reports detailed every aspect of colonial life and some consider the AJCP microfilms the single most important source for the period. The appointment of James Bonwick as government archivist for New South Wales in 1888 acknowledged the importance of such primary records and systematic copying of British Government records began in earnest. Bonwick began examining historical records of Australian interest in London in 1884. In 1887 he

1440-455: The Australian experience in all formats—not just printed works—books, serials, newspapers, maps, posters, music and printed ephemera —but also online publications and unpublished material such as manuscripts , pictures and oral histories . Hazel de Berg began recording Australian writers, artists, musicians and others in the Arts community in 1957. She conducted nearly 1300 interviews. Together with

1512-409: The Australian states in 1901. Historical Records of Australia under the editorship of Dr. Frederick Watson was published in 33 volumes between 1914 and 1925. However, the method of transcribing documents still resulted in a selective rather than comprehensive coverage required by researchers and publication was suspended after editorial difficulties with the last volume appearing in 1925. This paved

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1584-690: The British Isles relating to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific” was used as the basis for the Miscellaneous Series. This reference work, sponsored by the National Library of Australia and the Australian National University, uncovered the wealth of source material in institutions such as libraries, archives, museums, county record offices, missionary societies, business archives and collections held in private hands. Phyllis Mander-Jones

1656-532: The British Isles. Succeeding AJCP Officer’s followed the example of Phyllis Mander-Jones seeking to achieve a balance between Official records at Public Record Office and the many archival repositories that also contain records of significance to Australia. Records in the Miscellaneous (M) Series are drawn from the following repositories: Access to the microfilms is largely through published AJCP Handbooks. Records which have been filmed are listed and described in

1728-691: The Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was driven to development of a truly national collection. In 1907 the Joint Parliamentary Library Committee under the Chairmanship of the Speaker, Sir Frederick William Holder defined the objective of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library in the following words: The Library Committee is keeping before it the ideal of building up, for the time when Parliament shall be established in

1800-529: The Federal Capital, a great Public Library on the lines of the world-famed Library of Congress at Washington; such a library, indeed, as shall be worthy of the Australian Nation; the home of the literature, not of a State, or of a period, but of the world, and of all time. From 1923, two forms of name were used concurrently: Commonwealth National Library and Commonwealth Parliament Library, to designate

1872-464: The Library's collections as well as promoting its valuable resources. To this end she acquired significant original materials such as records of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and the second collection of Macarthur papers. She publicised the library's significant holdings via print publications as well as addressing conferences, public forums and community groups. Perhaps her greatest challenge

1944-619: The Library. She was to play a key role in what was to become the Archives Office of NSW . Mander-Jones' final project as Mitchell Librarian was based in London, working with the records of the London Missionary Society and other papers. Based there from 6 November 1956 to 18 March 1958, she resigned her position as Mitchell Librarian and was then appointed the State Library's Liaison Officer in London. Mander-Jones helped lay

2016-501: The National Library was having to cope with increasingly dwindling staff resources to develop services on Trove and National edeposit, and undertook a restructure of its staffing and operations. Attribution Phyllis Mander-Jones Phyllis Mander-Jones MBE (2 January 1896 – 19 February 1984) was an Australian born librarian and archivist who helped establish the archival profession in Australia . Phyllis Mander-Jones

2088-669: The New South Wales Corps and arranged alphabetically, containing such information as each man's description, age, rank, date of enlistment, service, and trade. Other departments that have been the focus of AJCP filming include: Filming of institutional records outside the National Archives was a major part of the Australian Joint Copying Project and is known collectively as the Miscellaneous or M Series. The publication by Phyllis Mander-Jones “Manuscripts in

2160-576: The Performing arts ephemera collection (PROMPT). Within the PROMPT collection, there are further divisions by person or topic, for instance the J.C. Williamson collection of theatre ephemera, and performers such as Dame Nellie Melba and Kylie Minogue . Since around 2017, a team of volunteers has been using the PROMPT collection to add content to the AusStage database. The J.C. Williamson Distributed Collection

2232-601: The Project focused on filming 19th century official records. Copying  continued into the 20th century and included the successor to the Colonial Office, The Dominions Office, documenting Commonwealth relations in the correspondence with the Australian and New Zealand governments up to 1951. A full time AJCP Officer and an assistant based in the Australian High Commission in London were responsible for selecting and listing records to be filmed. The AJCP Officer’s reports on records under consideration were presented to

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2304-574: The Public Record Office (The National Archives) and other record offices throughout the UK and Ireland. Plans to proceed were thwarted by the outbreak of World War 2 and negotiations resumed towards the end of war. The Australian Joint Copying Project (AJCP) was established with the signing of an agreement between the National Library of Australia and the State Library of New South Wales in October 1945. Under

2376-601: The Public Record Office, London, shelf list of miscellaneous copying Part 2 Colonial Office, class and piece list Part 3 Home Office, class and piece list Part 4 War Office, class and piece list Part 5 Foreign Office, class and piece list Part 6 Board of Trade, Treasury, Exchequer and Audit Department, Privy Council, Board of Longitude, class and piece list Part 7 Admiralty, class and piece list Part 8 Miscellaneous (M series) Part 9 Public Record Office personal collections Part 10 Dominions Office, class, piece and file list Part 11 Public Record Office, classes filmed in

2448-516: The Sydney suburb of Wahroonga . She and her sister Mildred were educated at nearby Abbotsleigh a private girls' school, while her three brothers: Evan, Burnett and Geoffrey went to Shore School . On matriculation Phyllis entered the University of Sydney . Residing at Women's College she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in languages in 1917, awarded honours in German and French. After graduating she

2520-973: The World Programme Register in 2001. The library has also acquired the records of many national non-governmental organisations. They include the records of the Federal Secretariats of the Liberal party, the A.L.P , the Democrats, the R.S.L. , the Australian Inland Mission , the Australian Union of Students , The Australian Ballet , the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust , the Australian Institute of Urban Studies , Australian Industries Protection League ,

2592-521: The agreement the two libraries agreed to share the task and cost of microfilming material of Australian and Pacific interest held in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The Project was to be administered by the National Library Liaison Officer in London. C.A Burmester was the first AJCP Officer and he and succeeding staff concentrated on Colonial Office records and other departmental classes at the Public Record Office. Phyllis Mander-Jones

2664-556: The archives of non-government organisations and institutions. The National Library of Australia holds a complete set of the AJCP reels, and the various State Libraries hold large collections as well (particularly those related to the relevant state). Libraries and archives throughout the world also hold parts of the AJCP, including in New Zealand, the United States of America, Canada, South Africa, and Pacific island countries. In 1972

2736-463: The assistance and support of library staff from London, New York City, and Jakarta, building various collections have been possible. Approximately 94.1% of the library's collection had been catalogued by July 2019, a total of 5,453,888 items and these are discoverable through the online catalogue. The library is a world leader in digital preservation techniques, and has maintained an Internet-accessible archive of selected Australian websites called

2808-489: The bulk of British colonial administrative records. These included the governor’s reports or dispatches collected comprehensively with enclosures and minutes, departmental registers and indexes. Records of other Government departments followed including: Records include masters logbooks and surgeon’s journals for ships on voyages to Australia, ships musters, correspondence of the Admiralty and Medical Departments, and records of

2880-641: The collection include photographs, drawings, watercolours, oils, lithographs, engravings, etchings and sculpture/busts. The library contains a large amount of printed ephemera , collected since the early 1960s and also including older materials. These include minor publications, pamphlets, leaflets, invitations, cards, menus, junk mail , as well as larger publications, such as theatre programmes or retail trade catalogues. They are selected based on certain key criteria, such as information content, design elements, period representation, and portraiture . They are divided into various types or topics. This group includes

2952-567: The fields of politics, public administration, diplomacy, theatre, art, literature, the pastoral industry and religion. Examples are the papers of Alfred Deakin , Sir John Latham , Sir Keith Murdoch , Sir Hans Heysen , Sir John Monash , Vance Palmer and Nettie Palmer , A.D. Hope , Manning Clark , David Williamson , W.M. Hughes , Sir Robert Menzies , Sir William McMahon , Lord Casey , Geoffrey Dutton , Peter Sculthorpe , Daisy Bates , Jessie Street , and Eddie Mabo and James Cook both of whose papers were inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of

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3024-415: The final five years of the Australian Joint Copying Project. The National Library of Australia has created an online portal where the digitised documents can be viewed online. The portal provides access to information on the AJCP including links to finding aids, digitised content and guidelines to using AJCP content. The finding aids can be browsed A-Z in two distinct sequences: Detailed descriptions of

3096-446: The first edition of a handbook was produced, which listed the contents of the reels. The final edition was published in 2005 by the National Library of Australia. The importance of British and Irish records in documenting the history and development of Australia was recognised by historians in the late nineteenth century. In the formative years from 1788 to the granting of responsible government in 1855, Britain held supreme authority over

3168-849: The following Asian languages: Burmese , Chinese , Persian , Indonesian , Japanese , Khmer , Korean , Lao , Manchu , Mongolian , Thai , Timorese , and Vietnamese . The library has acquired a number of important Western and Asian language scholarly collections from researchers and bibliophiles. These collections include: The Asian Collections are searchable via the National library's catalogue. The National Library holds an extensive collection of pictures and manuscripts. The manuscript collection contains about 26 million separate items, covering in excess of 10,492 metres of shelf space (ACA Australian Archival Statistics, 1998). The collection relates predominantly to Australia, but there are also important holdings relating to Papua New Guinea , New Zealand and

3240-659: The following year reported on the state of NSW archives to a conference of Commonwealth and State authorities. After her appointment in London as the State Library's Liaison Officer (1958–1960) based at the Office of the Agent-General for NSW she embarked on the major project of her career: the Australian Joint Copying Project (AJCP) . Taking up the position of AJCP officer for the Public Library of NSW and

3312-589: The foundations of the archival profession in Australia establishing the archives section of the Library Association of Australia which in 1975 became the Australian Society of Archivists . She co-edited the inaugural issue of the society's journal Archives and Manuscripts in 1955, which continues to this day. She attended the first congress of the International Council on Archives in 1948 and

3384-494: The handbooks which consist of eleven parts. Each handbook aims to provide a description of the microfilm at levels of progressively greater detail, linking descriptions with reel numbers. The National Library of Australia published the first part in 1972. Eleven parts followed which have been revised an updated, and are now available digitally via the Trove website. The handbooks are as follows: Part 1 General introduction, shelf list in

3456-501: The last film issued in 1997. Running for close to 50 years it was one of the largest and longest running microfilming projects in history. It is regarded as the world’s most extensive collaborative copying project. The AJCP reels are an invaluable resource for researchers and historians in Australia, as it allows access to records that otherwise would have to be viewed in Europe (UK or Ireland). Many of these records are from private archives or

3528-478: The library in person, inter-library loans may be obtained to use in the reading rooms . The following individuals have been appointed as Director-General or any precedent titles: In 2016, with threatened funding cuts to Trove , a public campaign led to a government commitment of A$ 16.4 million in December 2016, spread over four years. By early 2020, with the surge in demand for all types of digital services,

3600-458: The library is allowed for all Australian residents, with cards sent to a physical address before use is allowed. Membership confers some extra benefits for users of the library, such as requesting items for use onsite in the reading rooms, and access to a select range of licensed electronic resources from offsite, such as the full text of Encyclopaedia Britannica . Electronic copies of some items are able to be ordered, and for members who can visit

3672-672: The library schools of the early 1940s. 1942 saw her appointment to the Mitchell Library. Coinciding with war service her energies were redirected, being employed by the Department of the Army in censorship. Her proficiency in languages was an asset and utilised between 1942 and 1945. Her bibliographic skills were also called upon under the direction of Mitchell Librarian, Ida Leeson , for the Allied Geographic Section. Mander-Jones

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3744-414: The library, she was a pioneer in the field in Australia, working together for twenty-seven years. A core Australiana collection is that of John A. Ferguson . The library's Australiana collections are the nation's most important resource of materials recording Australia's cultural heritage. The library has particular collection strengths in the performing arts , including dance. The library contains

3816-400: The major AJCP partners for approval. The AJCP consists of two sets of records: Public Record Office, London (PRO) and collections in other record offices and private collections referred to as the Miscellaneous or M Series. The PRO Series consists of some 7000 microfilm reels, and the M Series a further 3000 reels. The first records to be filmed were records in the Colonial Office which house

3888-447: The nation's single most important resource of materials recording the Australian cultural heritage. Australian writers , editors and illustrators are actively sought and well represented, whether published in Australia or overseas. The library's collection includes all formats of material, from books, journals, websites and manuscripts to pictures, photographs, maps, music, oral history recordings, manuscript papers and ephemera. With

3960-420: The national and parliamentary collections respectively. In 1957 the Paton Committee recommended a National Library as an independent statutory body . In 1960 the National Library of Australia was created by the National Library Act 1960 , and each library became a separate entity. The original National Library building on Kings Avenue, Canberra was designed by Edwin Hubert Henderson (1885–1939), who

4032-504: The publication of her major life's work: Manuscripts in the British Isles Relating to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific (1972). In 1996, the Australian Society of Archivists introduced a suite of awards in her honour. The awards are presented annually at the Society's national conference. In retirement, Mander-Jones returned to Australia and pursued her interest in bibliography, contributing most notably to J.C. Beaglehole's The Life of Captain Cook (1974) as well as researching

4104-414: The records are accompanied by the digitised images. Specific searches on collections, personal, family and organisational names and subjects can also be done through Trove. National Library of Australia The National Library of Australia ( NLA ), formerly the Commonwealth National Library and Commonwealth Parliament Library , is the largest reference library in Australia, responsible under

4176-413: The renowned Trove cultural heritage discovery service, which includes access to the Australian Web Archive and National edeposit (NED), a large collection of digitised newspapers, official documents, manuscripts and images, as well as born-digital material. In 1901 the Commonwealth Parliament Library was established to serve the newly formed Federal Parliament of Australia . From its inception

4248-525: The request and access of collection items. On the ground floor is the Main Reading Room — this is where the bulk of the Library's Internet access terminals are located, and where wireless internet access is available. Services are also delivered on-site from the Newspaper & Family History zone on the ground floor, the Special Collections Reading Room and the Petherick Reading Room on the 1st floor, and Asian Collections on level 3. The library collects material produced by Australians, for Australians or about

4320-447: The services are: The online services mentioned above, and more, are accessible via the Trove service, which was launched in 2009. Trove is an online library database aggregator, a centralised national service built with the collaboration of major libraries of Australia. Trove's most well known feature is the digitised collection of Australian newspapers. Most NLA resource discovery services are now fully integrated with Trove. The service

4392-430: The site of the Edmund Barton Building . In 1963, prime minister Robert Menzies announced the near-completion of working plans for a new National Library building. The present library building was opened on 15 August 1968 by Prime Minister John Gorton . The building, situated in Parkes , was designed by the architectural firm of Bunning and Madden in the Late Twentieth Century Stripped Classical style. The foyer

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4464-548: The terms of the National Library Act 1960 for "maintaining and developing a national collection of library material, including a comprehensive collection of library material relating to Australia and the Australian people ", thus functioning as a national library . It is located in Parkes , Canberra, ACT . Created in 1960 by the National Library Act , by the end of June 2019 its collection contained 7,717,579 items, with its manuscript material occupying 17,950 metres (58,890 ft) of shelf space. The NLA also hosts and manages

4536-468: The way for AJCP microfilming project. The development of microfilm in the interwar years facilitated a more extensive and cost-effective copying program. In 1939 the National Library of Australia and State Library of New South Wales announced their intention to microfilm all the records in the Public Record Office in London relating to Australia. This would allow researchers to consult the original records on microfilm in Australia rather than having to travel to

4608-429: Was Chief Architect of the Commonwealth of Australia from 1929 to 1939, and built in 1934. Originally intended to be several wings, only one wing was completed, partly because of the advent of World War II. The 1957 Paton Committee reported that the accommodation was inadequate for a National Library. The building was used for the headquarters of the Canberra Public Library Service until its demolition in 1968, when it became

4680-439: Was Mitchell Librarian, State Library of New South Wales from 1946-1957. Her final project as Mitchell Librarian was based in London working with the records of the London Missionary Society from 1956. In 1960 she took up the position of AJCP Officer for the State Library of NSW and the National Library of Australia based in London. Whilst not neglecting Government records she pursued private records of Australasian interest throughout

4752-418: Was appointed Mitchell Librarian in November 1946 and began the work of modernising the library in the wake of the difficult war years. Drawing on her experience in bibliography she established standards in recording collections, created finding aids to assist researchers, and giving due care to the processing of original materials: manuscripts, pictures and maps. She was aware of the need to continue building

4824-431: Was appointed the first full-time AJCP Officer in 1960. Her appointment signalled a move to identify and copy not only official records but institutional records outside the Public Record Office. This led to the publication of Mander-Jones reference work: Manuscripts in the British Isles relating to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific (1972), and ultimately the Miscellaneous or M Series. The State Library of NSW remained

4896-400: Was authorised by the New South Wales Colonial Secretary, Sir Henry Parkes , to transcribe Governors’ despatches from the Public Record Office as part of a drive to collect records for an official centenary history of New South Wales. After his appointment as Archivist in 1888 until 1902 he compiled what became known as the Bonwick Transcripts. These handwritten transcripts of records held in

4968-426: Was born in Homebush , Sydney, Australia, the eldest child of physician George Mander Jones and his wife Margaret Fleming (née Arnott). Both parents had commercial connections: George was the grandson of retailer David Jones , whilst Margaret was the daughter of Australia's leading biscuit manufacturer, William Arnott . The young Mander-Jones family had two stints in England between 1899 and 1906, before settling in

5040-406: Was managing a library that also functioned as the State Archive. From its inception, the Mitchell Library acted as the government record repository (documents no longer required in the administration of government departments being transferred to it). The Library no longer had the resources required to process or store the material and in November 1953 the State Archives became a separate department of

5112-452: Was offered a teaching position at Abbotsleigh but instead chose private tutoring. Mander-Jones was appointed to the staff of the Public Library of NSW ( State Library of NSW ) in 1925. She began as a library assistant and worked her way through the ranks of the organisation becoming a qualified librarian in 1933 and appointed to the position of Bibliographer in 1941. Her bibliographical work included lecturing on historical bibliography in

5184-405: Was published which talked about the NLA building. The large National Library building is home to various reading rooms and collections. Usage of the reading rooms include speaking to expert staff, browsing the library's reference collection and electronic journals, ebooks, indexes, and databases. The reading rooms also provide free internet and computer use, scanning, photocopying and printing, and

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