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99-596: Audubon Terrace (also known as the Audubon Terrace Historic District ) is a group of eight early-20th century Beaux Arts / American Renaissance buildings in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan , in New York City, United States. The complex is bounded by Broadway to the east, 155th Street to the south, and 156th Street to the north. Home to several cultural institutions,

198-493: A building for the new institution on the grounds of what would become Audubon Terrace. Huntington's original building was constructed from 1904–08, with a west wing by Huntington added in 1915 along with an east wing designed by Erik Strindberg. In 1923–30, a library for the Society was added across the plaza, designed by H. Brooks Price. The next institutions to locate on the site all had their buildings designed by Charles Huntington:

297-529: A civic face to railroads. Chicago's Union Station , Detroit's Michigan Central Station , Jacksonville's Union Terminal , Grand Central Terminal and the original Pennsylvania Station in New York, and Washington, D.C.'s Union Station are famous American examples of this style. Cincinnati has a number of notable Beaux-Arts style buildings, including the Hamilton County Memorial Building in

396-650: A daughter of a Count Diego Fernández de Oviedo . Tradition states that when El Cid first laid eyes on her, he was enamoured of her great beauty. El Cid and Jimena had two daughters, Cristina and María, and a son. The latter, Diego Rodríguez , was killed while fighting against the invading Muslim Almoravids from North Africa at the Battle of Consuegra in 1097. El Cid's daughters Cristina Rodríguez and María both married into noble families. Cristina married Ramiro , Lord of Monzón and grandson of García Sánchez III of Navarre . Her own son, El Cid's grandson, would be elevated to

495-515: A harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed. The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum

594-731: A large equestrian statue of the legendary Spanish knight El Cid (1927), in front of the Hispanic Society Library. A number of the original institutions are no longer resident on the Terrace: Of the remaining original institutions, the Hispanic Society is renovating its existing space as well as expanding into the space left vacant by the Museum of the American Indian, a project that will take several years to complete. A plan to move

693-571: A leading figure in a diverse Moorish force consisting of Muwallads , Berbers , Arabs , and Malians within the respective Taifa. According to Moorish accounts: Andalusi Knights found El Cid their foe ill, thirsty and exiled from the court of Alfonso , he was presented before the elderly Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud and accepted command of the forces of the Taifa of Zaragoza as their Master. In his History of Medieval Spain (Cornell University Press, 1975), Joseph F. O'Callaghan writes: That kingdom

792-520: A member of the minor nobility, El Cid was brought up at the court of Ferdinand the Great and served Ferdinand's son, Sancho II of León and Castile . He rose to become the commander and royal standard-bearer ( armiger regis ) of Castile upon Sancho's ascension in 1065. El Cid went on to lead the Castilian military campaigns against Sancho's brothers, Alfonso VI of León and García II of Galicia , as well as in

891-438: A model republic, particularly with regard to culture and aesthetic tastes. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s. Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s. El Cid As the head of his loyal knights, he came to dominate

990-439: A novel approach to planning strategy as well, holding what might be called " brainstorming " sessions before each battle to discuss tactics. They frequently used unexpected strategies, engaging in what modern generals would call psychological warfare —waiting for the enemy to be paralyzed with terror and then attacking them suddenly; distracting the enemy with a small group of soldiers, etc. (El Cid used this distraction in capturing

1089-528: A perceived detriment to easy access for visitors. The complex was designated a New York City landmark in 1979, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Named for naturalist and artist John James Audubon , on whose former land the complex sits, Audubon Terrace was commissioned in 1907 by Archer Milton Huntington , the heir to the Southern Pacific Railroad fortune,

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1188-444: A philanthropist and a Spanish scholar. The master plan for the site was drawn up by his cousin, architect Charles P. Huntington , in 1908. Archer Huntington chose the location at a time when the two centuries old northward march of fashionable residences and cultural institutions seemed likely to transform the largely rural area. He assumed that other museums and learned societies would soon join him, creating an intellectual citadel atop

1287-483: A strong local history in the American Greek Revival of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training made great use of agrafes , clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" ( architecture parlante ) in which

1386-555: A variety of architectural styles at the École des Beaux-Arts , and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the Sainte-Geneviève Library (1844–1850), Duc designed the new Palais de Justice and Court of Cassation on

1485-496: A young man in 1057, El Cid fought against the Moorish stronghold of Zaragoza , making its emir al-Muqtadir a vassal of Sancho. In the spring of 1063, El Cid fought in the Battle of Graus , where Ferdinand's half-brother, Ramiro I of Aragon , was laying siege to the Moorish town of Graus, which was fought on Zaragozan lands in the valley of the river Cinca . Al-Muqtadir, accompanied by Castilian troops including El Cid, fought against

1584-481: Is a good example of this style, decorated not just with columns (mainly Ionic ), but also with allegorical statues placed in niches , that depict Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Justice. Because of the popularity of this style, it changed the way Bucharest looks, making it similar in some way with Paris, which led to Bucharest being seen as "Little Paris". Eclecticism was very popular not just in Bucharest and Iași ,

1683-424: Is believed that the legend originated shortly after Jimena entered Burgos, and that it is derived from the manner in which Jimena's procession rode into the city, i.e. alongside her deceased husband. During his campaigns, El Cid often ordered that books by classic Roman and Greek authors on military themes be read aloud to him and his troops, for both entertainment and inspiration before battle. El Cid's army had

1782-631: The Académie des Beaux-Arts . The academy held the competition for the Grand Prix de Rome in architecture, which offered prize winners a chance to study the classical architecture of antiquity in Rome. The formal neoclassicism of the old regime was challenged by four teachers at the academy, Joseph-Louis Duc , Félix Duban , Henri Labrouste , and Léon Vaudoyer , who had studied at the French Academy in Rome at

1881-505: The École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Renaissance and Baroque elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass, and later, steel. It was an important style and enormous influence in Europe and the Americas through the end of the 19th century, and into

1980-624: The École des Beaux-Arts , are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States: Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White , which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings. From 1880 the so-called Generation of '80 came to power in Argentine politics. These were admirers of France as

2079-597: The American Academy of Arts and Letters and the National Institute of Arts and Letters , which was followed by an auditorium and gallery for them designed by Cass Gilbert and built in 1928–30. The two organizations merged as the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters in 1976. The plaza surrounding these buildings is the location of a number of sculptures executed by Anna Hyatt Huntington , Archer Huntington's wife, between 1927 and 1944. These include

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2178-675: The American Numismatic Society , built in 1907, the American Geographical Society (1911), the Spanish-speaking Church of Our Lady of Esperanza (1909–12; West 156th Street addition and remodeling in 1924 by Lawrence G. White, Stanford White 's son), and the Museum of the American Indian (1915–22). In 1921–23, William M. Kendall of McKim, Mead & White designed an Anglo-Italian Renaissance building for

2277-748: The Battle of Almenar . In 1084, he defeated the Aragonese at the Battle of Morella near Tortosa , but in autumn the Castilians started a loose siege of Toledo and later the next year the Christians captured Salamanca , a stronghold of the Taifa of Toledo . In 1086, the Almoravid invasion of the Iberian Peninsula , through and around Gibraltar , began. The Almoravids, a Berber dynasty from North Africa , led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin , were asked to help defend

2376-710: The Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark in Brussels and expansions of the Palace of Laeken in Brussels and Royal Galleries of Ostend also carry the Beaux-Arts style, created by the French architect Charles Girault . Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels on the Avenue Molière/Molièrelaan. As an old student of the École des Beaux-Arts and as a designer of the Petit Palais , Girault

2475-625: The Levante of the Iberian Peninsula at the end of the 11th century. He reclaimed the Taifa of Valencia from Moorish control for a brief period during the Reconquista , ruling the Principality of Valencia from 17 June 1094 until his death in 1099. His wife, Jimena Díaz , inherited the city and maintained it until 1102 when it was reconquered by the Moors. Díaz de Vivar became well known for his service in

2574-581: The Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood. Two notable ecclesiastical variants on the Beaux-Arts style—both serving the same archdiocese, and both designed by the same architect—stand in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis–Saint Paul , Minnesota. Minneapolis ' Basilica of St. Mary , the first basilica constructed and consecrated in

2673-609: The University of California, Berkeley (commissioned in 1898), designed by John Galen Howard ; the United States Naval Academy (built 1901–1908), designed by Ernest Flagg ; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth ; Emory University and Carnegie Mellon University (commissioned in 1908 and 1904, respectively), both designed by Henry Hornbostel ; and the University of Texas (commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret . While

2772-614: The architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920. In contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. Owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century, British architects of Imperial classicism followed a somewhat more independent course, a development culminating in Sir Edwin Lutyens 's New Delhi government buildings . The Beaux-Arts training emphasized

2871-761: The main branch of the New York Public Library ; Bancroft Hall at the Naval Academy, the largest academic dormitory in the world; and Michigan Central Station in Detroit, the tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion. In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America. The following individuals, students of

2970-483: The 11th century epic poem Cantar de mio Cid , the Castilian nobility led by El Cid and a dozen "oath-helpers" forced Alfonso to swear publicly on holy relics multiple times in front of Santa Gadea ( Saint Agatha ) Church in Burgos that he did not participate in the plot to kill his brother. This is not mentioned in the more reliable 12th century chronicle Historia Roderici , however. El Cid's position as armiger regis

3069-563: The 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the École des Beaux-Arts , architects; Joseph-Louis Duc , Félix Duban , Henri Labrouste , and Léon Vaudoyer , who had first studied Roman and Greek architecture at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic architectural styles , including French architecture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about

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3168-657: The 20th, particularly for institutional and public buildings. The Beaux-Arts style evolved from the French classicism of the Style Louis XIV , and then French neoclassicism beginning with Style Louis XV and Style Louis XVI . French architectural styles before the French Revolution were governed by Académie royale d'architecture (1671–1793), then, following the French Revolution, by the Architecture section of

3267-534: The Almoravids besieged the city. But he defeated them and died 5 years later, on July 10, 1099. Afterward Valencia was captured by Mazdali on May 5, 1102. Jimena fled to Burgos, Castile, in 1101. She rode into the town with her retinue and the body of El Cid. Originally buried in Castile in the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña , his body now lies at the center of Burgos Cathedral . After his demise, but still during

3366-518: The Almoravids in 1102. The name El Cid ( Spanish: [el ˈθið] ) is a modern Spanish denomination composed of the article el meaning "the" and Cid , which derives from the Old Castilian loan word Çid borrowed from the dialectal Arabic word سيد sîdi or sayyid , which means "lord" or "master". The Mozarabs or the Arabs that served in his ranks may have addressed him in this way, which

3465-544: The Aragonese. The party slew Ramiro I, setting the Aragonese army on the run, and emerged victorious. One legend has said that during the conflict, El Cid killed an Aragonese knight in single combat, thereby receiving the honorific title " Campeador ". When Ferdinand died, Sancho continued to enlarge his territory, conquering both Christian strongholds and the Moorish cities of Zamora and Badajoz . When Sancho learned that Alfonso

3564-783: The Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of Rotterdam , Amsterdam and The Hague . In the Romanian Old Kingdom , towards the end of the century, many administrative buildings and private homes are built in the «Beaux-Arts» or «Eclectic» style, brought from France through French architects who came here for work in Romania, schooled in France. The National Bank of Romania Palace on Strada Lipscani , built between 1883 and 1885

3663-626: The Christian cognomen himself. The whole combination Cid Campeador is first documented c. 1195 in the Navarro-Aragonese Linage de Rodric Díaz  [ es ] included in the Liber Regum under the formula mio Cid el Campeador . El Cid was born Rodrigo Díaz circa 1043 in Vivar , also known as Castillona de Bivar, a small town about ten kilometers (or six miles) north of Burgos ,

3762-737: The Christians may have transliterated and adopted. Historians, however, have not yet found contemporary records referring to Rodrigo as Cid. Arab sources use instead Rudriq , Ludriq al-Kanbiyatur or al-Qanbiyatur ( Rodrigo el Campeador ). The cognomen Campeador derives from Latin campi doctor, which means "battlefield master". He probably gained it during the campaigns of King Sancho II of Castile against his brothers, kings Alfonso VI of León and García II of Galicia . While his contemporaries left no historical sources that would have addressed him as Cid , they left plenty of Christian and Arab records, some even signed documents with his autograph, addressing him as Campeador , which prove that he used

3861-541: The Cid". In 1929, Chilean writer Vicente Huidobro published his poetic novel Mío Cid Campeador. Hazaña. This work, together with other novels (and plays) he published between 1929 and 1939, defied the traditional realistic style of the early 20th century Chilean novel. The English version was published in 1931. Georges Bizet worked on Don Rodrigue in 1873 that was set aside and never completed. Jules Massenet wrote an opera, Le Cid , in 1885, based on Corneille's play of

3960-400: The Hispanic Society downtown was contemplated in 2006 but ultimately not carried out. Some of its collection is on tour, and so far, has been sent to Madrid , Mexico City , and Albuquerque . The Society maintains a library and a museum with an important collection of art and artifacts from the Iberian Peninsula , with some items from Spanish America. The American Academy of Arts and Letters

4059-781: The Latinized expression, ego Rudericus Campidoctor . The title "Campeador" thus comes from the Latin Campidoctor , literally meaning "Teacher of the Field", but translatable as "Master of the Battlefield". Arabic sources from the late 11th century and early 12th century call him الكنبيطور ( al-Kanbīṭūr ), القنبيطور ( al-Qanbīṭūr ), also preceded by Rudrīq or Ludrīq , which are Arabized forms of his title and name, respectively. The epithet of "El Cid" meant "the Lord", probably from

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4158-538: The Moorish Mediterranean coastal city of Valencia . Several obstacles lay in his way. First was Berenguer Ramon II, who ruled nearby Barcelona . In May 1090, El Cid defeated and captured Berenguer in the Battle of Tébar (nowadays Pinar de Tévar, near Monroyo , Teruel ). Berenguer was later released and his nephew Ramon Berenguer III married El Cid's youngest daughter Maria to ward against future conflicts. Along

4257-607: The Muslim kingdoms in al-Andalus . He became renowned for his military prowess in these campaigns, which helped expand the territory of the Crown of Castile at the expense of the Muslims and Sancho's brothers' kingdoms. When conspirators murdered Sancho in 1072, El Cid found himself in a difficult situation. Since Sancho was childless, the throne passed to his brother Alfonso, whom El Cid had helped remove from power. Although El Cid continued to serve

4356-465: The Muslim rulers of Lérida and their Christian allies, as well as against a large Christian army under King Sancho Ramírez of Aragon. In 1086, an expeditionary army of North African Almoravids inflicted a severe defeat to Castile, compelling Alfonso to overcome the resentment he harboured against El Cid. The terms for El Cid's return to Christian service must have been attractive enough since El Cid soon found himself fighting for his former lord. Over

4455-620: The Reconquista, making him a legendary figure in Spain. El Cid is one of the few examples of knight errantry formally recognized by the priest in Miguel de Cervantes 's Don Quixote (1605–1615). In the early 17th century, the Spanish writer Guillén de Castro wrote a play called Las Mocedades del Cid , on which French playwright Pierre Corneille based one of his most famous tragicomedies, Le Cid . He

4554-611: The United States, was designed by Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) and opened in 1914. A year later in neighboring Saint Paul , construction of the massive Masqueray -designed Cathedral of Saint Paul (also known as National Shrine Cathedral of the Apostle Paul ) was completed. The third-largest Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States, its architecture predominantly reflects Beaux-Arts principles, into which Masqueray integrated stylistic elements of other celebrated French churches. Other examples include

4653-533: The appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program , and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context. All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages—studying antique models, constructing analos , analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps—in

4752-418: The architecturally complementary buildings, which take up most of a city block, are arranged in two parallel rows facing each other across a common plaza. The complex is directly across 155th Street from Trinity Church Cemetery . Although the 157th Street station on the New York City Subway 's 1 train is one block away, the complex's location considerably north of Midtown Manhattan has resulted in

4851-401: The armies of both Christian and Muslim rulers. After his death, El Cid became Spain's most celebrated national hero and the protagonist of the most significant medieval Spanish epic poem, El Cantar de mio Cid , which presents him as the ideal medieval knight: strong, valiant, loyal, just, and pious. There are various theories on his family history, which remains uncertain; however, he was

4950-555: The capital of Castile . His father, Diego Laínez, was a courtier , bureaucrat , and cavalryman who had fought in several battles. Despite the fact that El Cid's mother's family was aristocratic, in later years, the peasants would consider him one of their own. However, his relatives were not major court officials; documents show that El Cid's paternal grandfather, Laín, confirmed only five documents of Ferdinand I 's; his maternal grandfather, Rodrigo Álvarez, certified only two of Sancho II 's; and El Cid's father confirmed only one. As

5049-413: The construction of the poem. The figure of El Cid has been the source for many literary works, beginning with the Cantar de mio Cid , an epic poem from the 12th century which gives a partly-fictionalized account of his life, and was one of the early chivalric romances . This poem, along with similar later works such as the Mocedades de Rodrigo , contributed to portray El Cid as a chivalric hero of

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5148-432: The craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included: Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren , but the complexes and triumphal arch of

5247-413: The death of al-Qadir, El Cid responded by laying siege to the city. Valencia finally fell in 1094, and El Cid established an independent principality on the Mediterranean coast of Iberia. He ruled over a pluralistic society with the popular support of Christians and Muslims alike. El Cid's final years were spent fighting the Almoravid Berbers . He inflicted upon them their first major defeat in 1094, on

5346-462: The director of the Academy of San Carlos from 1903 to 1912. Having studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he aimed to incorporate and adapt its teachings to the Mexican context. Among the texts produced on the Beaux-Artes style, Eléments et théorie de l'architecture from Julien Guadet is said to have had the most influence in Mexico. The style lost popularity following the Mexican Revolution (beginning in 1910). In contemporary architecture,

5445-451: The divided Moors from Alfonso. The Almoravid army, joined by that of several Taifas, including Badajoz , Málaga , Granada , Tortosa and Seville , defeated a combined army of León , Aragón , and Castile at the Battle of Sagrajas . In 1087, Raymond of Burgundy and his Christian allies attempted to weaken the Taifa of Zaragoza's northernmost stronghold by initiating the Siege of Tudela and Alfonso captured Aledo, Murcia , blocking

5544-413: The eleventh century and contained amounts of Damascus steel . In 2007, the Autonomous Community of Castile and León bought the sword for €1.6 million, and it is currently on display at the Museum of Burgos . El Cid also had a sword called Colada . El Cid married Jimena Díaz , who was said to be part of an aristocratic family from Asturias, in the mid-1070s. The Historia Roderici calls her

5643-410: The end of the 1820s. They wanted to break away from the strict formality of the old style by introducing new models of architecture from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Their goal was to create an authentic French style based on French models. Their work was aided beginning in 1837 by the creation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, headed by the writer and historian Prosper Mérimée , and by

5742-437: The epithet after his conquest of Valencia in 1094. This title appears for the first time, as Meo Çidi , in the Poema de Almería , composed between 1147 and 1149. The combination of "Cid Campeador" is documented from 1195 in Linaje de Rodrigo Díaz ( The Lineage of Rodrigo Díaz ) in Navarro-Aragonese which form part of the Liber regum written as mio Cit el Campiador ; and in El Cantar de mio Cid . Born

5841-548: The essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style ( Richardsonian Romanesque ) freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism . The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived City Beautiful movement in the United States. Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights,

5940-491: The exile: jealous nobles turning Alfonso against El Cid through court intrigue, and Alfonso's own personal animosity towards El Cid. The song of El Cid and subsequent tales state that Alfonso's and his court's animosity toward Rodrigo was the primary reason the expulsion of the knights from León, as well as a possible misappropriation of some of the tribute from Seville by El Cid. At first he went to Barcelona , where Ramon Berenguer II refused his offer of service. The exile

6039-482: The façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles , rich deep cornices , swags , and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at

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6138-412: The grandfather of García Ramírez de Pamplona, King of Navarre, the first son of his daughter Cristina Rodríguez . To this day, El Cid remains a popular Spanish folk hero and national icon, with his life and deeds remembered in popular culture. Rodrigo Díaz was recognized with the honorary title of "Campeador" during his lifetime, as is evidenced by a document that he signed in 1098, which he signed in

6237-536: The great interest in the Middle Ages caused by the publication in 1831 of The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo. Their declared intention was to "imprint upon our architecture a truly national character." The style referred to as Beaux-Arts in English reached the apex of its development during the Second Empire (1852–1870) and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without major interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced

6336-479: The island's heights. The widespread adoption of the elevator and steel framing at this time, however, led Manhattan real estate to begin to develop vertically instead and New York's other great cultural institutions failed to follow suit – in fact, most of the organizations which located on Audubon Terrace were headed by or strongly connected to Huntington. In 1904, Huntington had founded the Hispanic Society of America , and had commissioned Charles Huntington to design

6435-430: The long competition for the few desirable places at the Académie de France à Rome (housed in the Villa Medici ) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called envois de Rome . Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In

6534-411: The mainstream examples of Imperial Roman architecture between Augustus and the Severan emperors , Italian Renaissance , and French and Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models: Quattrocento Florentine palace fronts or French late Gothic . American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, which had

6633-423: The monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña . Babieca is mentioned in several tales and historical documents about El Cid, including The Lay of El Cid . A weapon traditionally identified as El Cid's sword , Tizona , used to be displayed in the Army Museum (Museo del Ejército) in Toledo. In 1999, a small sample of the blade underwent metallurgical analysis which confirmed that the blade was made in Moorish Córdoba in

6732-399: The monk to exclaim " Babieca! " (stupid!). Hence, it became the name of El Cid's horse. Another legend states that in a competition of battle to become King Sancho's "Campeador", or champion, a knight on horseback wished to challenge El Cid. The King wished a fair fight and gave El Cid his finest horse, Babieca, or Bavieca. This version says Babieca was raised in the royal stables of Seville and

6831-413: The next several years, however, El Cid set his sights on the kingdom-city of Valencia , operating more or less independently of Alfonso, while politically supporting the Banu Hud and other Muslim dynasties opposed to the Almoravids. He gradually increased his control over Valencia; the Islamic ruler, Yahya al-Qadir , became his tributary in 1092. When the Almoravids instigated an uprising that resulted in

6930-405: The original Arabic ([السَّيِّد] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |labels= ( help ) ), and was a title given to other Christian leaders. It has been conjectured that Rodrigo Díaz received the honorific title and respectful treatment of contemporaries in Zaragoza because of his victories in the service of the King of the Taifa of Zaragoza between 1081 and 1086; however, he more likely received

7029-399: The plains of Caurte, outside Valencia, and continued opposing them until his death. Although El Cid remained undefeated in Valencia, Diego Rodríguez, his only son and heir, died fighting against the Almoravids in the service of Alfonso in 1097. After El Cid's death in 1099, his wife, Jimena Díaz , succeeded him as ruler of Valencia, but she was eventually forced to surrender the principality to

7128-480: The route between the Taifas in the eastern and western Iberian Peninsula. Terrified after his crushing defeat, Alfonso recalled El Cid, rewarding him lavishly with lands and lordships, such as the fortress of Gormaz. In the year 1087 Alfonso sent him to negotiate with the emboldened Taifa kingdoms. El Cid returned to Alfonso, but now he had his own plans. He only stayed a short while and then returned to Zaragoza. El Cid

7227-462: The same name. Claude Debussy began work in 1890 on an opera, Rodrigue et Chimène , which he abandoned as unsuitable for his temperament; it was orchestrated for performance by Edison Denisov circa 1993. El Cid is portrayed by American actor Charlton Heston in a 1961 epic film of the same name directed by Anthony Mann , where the character of Doña Ximena is portrayed by Italian actress Sophia Loren . In 2020, Amazon Prime Video premiered

7326-603: The siege failed. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, El Cid had carved out his own principality on the coast of the Mediterranean. Officially, El Cid ruled in the name of Alfonso; in practice, El Cid was fully independent. The city was both Christian and Muslim, and both Moors and Christians served in the army and as administrators. Jerome of Périgord was made bishop. El Cid and his wife Jimena Díaz lived peacefully in Valencia until

7425-407: The siege of Valencia, legend holds that Jimena ordered that the corpse of El Cid be fitted with his armor and set on his horse, Babieca, to bolster the morale of his troops. In several variations of the story, the dead Rodrigo and his knights win a thundering charge against Valencia's besiegers, resulting in a war-is-lost-but-battle-is-won catharsis for generations of Christian Spaniards to follow. It

7524-456: The sovereign, he lost his ranking in the new court, which treated him suspiciously and kept him at arm's length. Finally, in 1081, he was exiled. El Cid found work fighting for the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza , whom he defended from its traditional enemy, Aragon . While in exile, he regained his reputation as a strategist and formidable military leader. He was repeatedly victorious in battle against

7623-415: The style has influenced New Classical architect Jorge Loyzaga . Beaux-Arts architecture had a strong influence on architecture in the United States because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . The first American architect to attend the École des Beaux-Arts

7722-783: The style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The Grand Palais in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought

7821-445: The throne of Navarre as King García Ramírez . The other daughter, María (also known as Sol), is said first to have married a prince of Aragon, presumably the son of Peter I , and she later married Ramon Berenguer III , count of Barcelona . Both the poem and the chronicle may state a previous marriage to the infantes de Carrión  [ es ] ; however, these marriages are not a historical fact and are an important element in

7920-517: The town of Castejón as depicted in Cantar de mio Cid ( The Song of my Cid ).) El Cid accepted or included suggestions from his troops. In The Song the man who served him as his closest adviser was his vassal and kinsman Álvar Fáñez " Minaya " (meaning "My brother" , a compound word of Spanish possessive Mi (My) and Anaia , the basque word for brother ), although the historical Álvar Fáñez remained in Castile with Alfonso VI. Babieca , or Bavieca ,

8019-536: The two biggest cities of Romania at that time, but also in smaller ones like Craiova , Caracal , Râmnicu Vâlcea , Pitești , Ploiești , Buzău , Botoșani , Piatra Neamț , etc. This style was used not only for administrative palaces and big houses of wealthy people, but also for middle-class homes. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three prairie provinces ' legislative buildings are in this style. Beaux-Arts

8118-517: The way to Valencia, El Cid also conquered other towns, many of which were near Valencia, such as El Puig and Quart de Poblet . El Cid gradually came to have more influence in Valencia, then ruled by Yahya al-Qadir , of the Hawwara Berber Dhulnunid dynasty . In October 1092 an uprising occurred in Valencia, inspired by the city's chief judge Ibn Jahhaf and the Almoravids. El Cid began a siege of Valencia. A December 1093 attempt to break

8217-465: The Île-de-la-Cité (1852–1868), Vaudroyer designed the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (1838–1867), and Duban designed the new buildings of the École des Beaux-Arts . Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris. Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style

8316-405: Was Richard Morris Hunt , between 1846 and 1855, followed by Henry Hobson Richardson in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in

8415-424: Was El Cid's warhorse . Several stories exist about El Cid and Babieca. One well-known legend about El Cid describes how he acquired the stallion . According to this story, Rodrigo's godfather, Pedro El Grande, was a monk at a Carthusian monastery . Pedro's coming-of-age gift to El Cid was his pick of a horse from an Andalusian herd. El Cid picked a horse that his godfather thought was a weak, poor choice, causing

8514-615: Was a highly trained and loyal war horse, not a foolish stallion. The name in this instance could suggest that the horse came from the Babia region in León, Spain . In the poem Carmen Campidoctoris , Babieca appears as a gift from "a barbarian" to El Cid, so its name could also be derived from "Barbieca", or "horse of the barbarian". Regardless, Babieca became a great warhorse, famous to the Christians, feared by El Cid's enemies, and loved by El Cid, who allegedly requested that Babieca be buried with him in

8613-632: Was also a popular source of inspiration for Spanish writers of the Romantic period , such as Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch , who wrote La Jura de Santa Gadea , or José Zorrilla , who wrote a long poem called La Leyenda del Cid . In 2019, Arturo Pérez-Reverte published the novel entitled Sidi: Un relato de frontera . Herman Melville references El Cid when introducing the character of Samoa in Chapter 21 of Mardi (1849): "He alighted about six paces from where we stood, and balancing his weapon, eyed us bravely as

8712-516: Was architecturally relevant in Mexico in the late 19th century and the first decade of 20th century. The style was popular among the científicos of the Porfiriato . The Academy of San Carlos had an impact on the style's development in Mexico. Notable architects include Genaro Alcorta , Alfred Giles , and Antonio Rivas Mercado (the preeminent Mexican architect during this era). Rivas Mercado served as

8811-466: Was content to let the Almoravid armies and the armies of Alfonso fight without his help, even when there was a chance that the Almoravids might defeat Alfonso and take over all of Alfonso's lands. El Cid chose not to fight because he was hoping that both armies would weaken themselves. Around this time, El Cid, with a combined Christian and Moorish army, began maneuvering in order to create his own fief in

8910-508: Was defending the king's tributary. During the aftermath of this battle the Muslim troops under El Cid's command would hail him as Sayyidi. Count García Ordóñez and the other Castilian leaders were taken captive and held for three days before being released. In the Battle of Cabra (1079), El Cid rallied his troops and turned the battle into a rout of Emir Abdullah of Granada and his ally García Ordóñez. This unauthorized expedition into Granada, however, greatly angered Alfonso and May 8, 1080,

9009-422: Was divided between al-Mutamin (1081–1085) who ruled Zaragoza proper, and his brother al-Mundhir , who ruled Lérida and Tortosa . El Cid entered al-Mutamin's service and successfully defended Zaragoza against the assaults of al-Mundhir, Sancho I of Aragón , and Ramon Berenguer II, whom he held captive briefly in 1082. In 1082, the army of the Taifa of Zaragoza under El Cid defeated the Taifa of Lleida at

9108-415: Was founded in 1898. Its gallery is open to the public Tuesdays through Saturdays from 1 pm to 4 pm, except from March to June, when it is open Thursdays through Sundays from 1 pm to 4 pm. Notes Bibliography Beaux-Arts architecture Beaux-Arts architecture ( / b oʊ z ˈ ɑːr / bohz AR , French: [boz‿aʁ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at

9207-463: Was not the end of El Cid, either physically or as an important figure. After being rejected by Ramon Berenguer II , El Cid journeyed to the Taifa of Zaragoza , where he received a warmer welcome. In 1081, El Cid went on to offer his services to the king of Zaragoza , Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud , and served both him and his successor, al-Musta'in II . He was given the title El Cid ( The Master ) and served as

9306-603: Was planning on overthrowing him in order to gain his territory, Sancho sent Cid to bring Alfonso back so that Sancho could speak to him. Sancho was assassinated in 1072, during a siege of his sister's town of Zamora. Since Sancho died unmarried and childless, all of his power passed to his brother Alfonso who, almost immediately, returned from exile in Toledo and took his seat as king of Castile and León. He was, however, deeply suspected of having been involved in Sancho's murder. According to

9405-470: Was subsequently begun at Columbia University , the University of Pennsylvania , and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, and sculptors to work as active collaborators. Numerous American university campuses were designed in the Beaux-Arts, notably: Columbia University (commissioned in 1896), designed by McKim, Mead & White ;

9504-437: Was taken away and given to his enemy, Count García Ordóñez . In 1079, El Cid was sent by Alfonso VI to Seville to the court of al-Mutamid to collect the parias owed by that taifa to León–Castile. While he was there Granada, assisted by other Castilian knights, attacked Seville, and El Cid and his forces repulsed the Christian and Grenadine attackers at the Battle of Cabra , in the (probably mistaken) belief that he

9603-438: Was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of Alphonse Balat , he became the new and favourite architect of Leopold II of Belgium . Since Leopold was the grandson of Louis Philippe I of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown. The Beaux-Arts style in France in

9702-530: Was the last time El Cid confirmed a document in King Alfonso's court. The most likely reason was El Cid's incursion into Toledo, which happened to be under the control of Alfonso's vassal, Yahya Al-Qadir. Alfonso's anger over El Cid's unsanctioned incursion into his vassal's territory would lead him to exile the knight. This is the generally accepted reason for the exile of El Cid, although several others are plausible and indeed may have been contributing factors to

9801-733: Was well received, along with Baroque Revival architecture . The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of Prussia during the German Empire . The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the Bode Museum in Berlin, and the Laeiszhalle and Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg in Hamburg. Compared to other countries like France and Germany,

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