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27-457: Located on the eastern edge of Central Greece , Attica covers about 3,808 square kilometres. In addition to Athens, it contains within its area the cities of Elefsina , Megara , Laurium , and Marathon , as well as a small part of the Peloponnese peninsula and the islands of Salamis , Aegina , Angistri , Poros , Hydra , Spetses , Kythira , and Antikythera . About 3,800,000 people live in

54-526: A hot-summer mediterranean ( Csa ) climate. During July 2024 minimum temperatures remained over 30 °C (86 °F) for 12 consecutive days in metropolitan Athens , breaking all known records for any area in the country. The lowest average annual precipitation is found in Anavysos , Athens Riviera with around 300 mm, while the highest average annual precipitation is found in Avlonas with around 930 mm. Lavrio

81-458: A tropical savanna climate or a humid subtropical climate . These climates tend to have hot, or sometimes extremely hot, summers and warm to cool winters, with some to minimal precipitation. Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found around the fringes of subtropical deserts. Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found in Africa , Australia , and South Asia . In Australia, a large portion of

108-434: A location has a semi-arid climate, the precipitation threshold must first be determined. The method used to find the precipitation threshold (in millimeters): If the area's annual precipitation in millimeters is less than the threshold but more than half or 50% the threshold, it is classified as a BS (steppe, semi-desert, or semi-arid climate). Furthermore, to delineate hot semi-arid climates from cold semi-arid climates,

135-409: A mean annual temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) is used as an isotherm. A location with a BS -type climate is classified as hot semi-arid ( BSh ) if its mean temperature is above this isotherm, and cold semi-arid ( BSk ) if not. Hot semi-arid climates (type "BSh") tend to be located from the high teens to mid-30s latitudes of the tropics and subtropics , typically in proximity to regions with

162-515: A population loss of 0.9%. Due to its large area Attica has a variety of climates. The largest part of the peninsula has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ). Some areas of the Athens Riviera , areas of the Thriasio Plain , Aigina , Hydra and some areas in west Attica have a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSh ). According to

189-469: Is given by the Köppen climate classification , which treats steppe climates ( BSh and BSk ) as intermediates between desert climates (BW) and humid climates (A, C, D) in ecological characteristics and agricultural potential. Semi-arid climates tend to support short, thorny or scrubby vegetation and are usually dominated by either grasses or shrubs as they usually cannot support forests. To determine if

216-721: Is the only area in mainland Attica that has never recorded an air frost according to the National Observatory of Athens station which operates since 2008. The highest temperature ever recorded in Attica was 48.0°C in Elefsina and Tatoi on July 10, 1977 which according to the World Meteorological Organization was also the highest official temperature ever recorded in Europe until 2021. The lowest temperature ever recorded

243-724: The ABC Islands , the rain shadows of Hispaniola 's mountain ranges in the Dominican Republic and Haiti , parts of the Southwestern United States including California's Central Valley , and sections of South America such as the sertão , the Gran Chaco , and the poleward side of the arid deserts, where they typically feature a Mediterranean precipitation pattern, with generally rainless summers and wetter winters. They are also found in few areas of Europe surrounding

270-586: The Mediterranean Basin . In Europe, BSh climates are predominantly found in southeastern Spain . It can also be found primarily in parts of south Greece but also in marginal areas of Thessaloniki and Chalkidiki in north Greece , most of Formentera , marginal areas of Ibiza and marginal areas of Italy in Sicily , Sardinia and Lampedusa . Cold semi-arid climates (type "BSk") tend to be located in elevated portions of temperate zones generally from

297-634: The Mornos in Phocis . The principal cities of the region of Central Greece according to the census of 2001 are: Hot semi-arid climate A semi-arid climate , semi-desert climate , or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration , but not as low as a desert climate . There are different kinds of semi-arid climates, depending on variables such as temperature, and they give rise to different biomes . A more precise definition

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324-518: The Outback surrounding the central desert regions lies within the hot semi-arid climate region. In South Asia, both India and parts of Pakistan experience the seasonal effects of monsoons and feature short but well-defined wet seasons , but are not sufficiently wet overall to qualify as either a tropical savanna or a humid subtropical climate. Hot semi-arid climates can be also found in parts of North America , such as most of northern Mexico ,

351-476: The Attica region have even milder winters with Hydra recording a January average low of over 10°C and falling in 11a hardiness zone . The highest July and August temperatures are recorded in the interior of the Athens Basin and also in west areas with Nea Filadelfeia , Harokopio University and Salamina registering average summer highs over 35°C. Due to land breezes, summer nights can be particularly hot in

378-661: The administrative region of Western Greece . The region has traditionally been known as Roúmeli (Ρούμελη), a name deriving from the Turkish word Rūm-eli , meaning "the land of the Rūm [the Romans, i.e. the Byzantine Greeks ]" and originally encompassing all of the Ottoman Empire 's European possessions. The official name Stereá Elláda ("Continental" or "Mainland" Greece), derives from

405-488: The area is usually called Central Greece , but the equivalent Greek term (Κεντρική Ελλάδα, Kentrikí Elláda ) is more rarely used. It includes the southern part of the Greek mainland (sans the Peloponnese ), as well as the offshore island of Euboea . Since 1987, its territory has been divided among the administrative regions of Central Greece and Attica , and the regional unit (former prefecture ) of Aetolia-Acarnania in

432-802: The country. Central Greece also has some of the largest lakes in Greece; among the most important is Mornos lake in Phocis , which supplies water to Phocis, parts of Phthiotis , Boeotia , and Athens as well. Some important and well-known rivers of Central Greece are the Acheloos in Aetolia-Acarnania , which is the second longest of the country, the Spercheios in Phthiotis , the Evenus in Aetolia-Acarnania, and

459-513: The juxtaposition with the Peloponnese peninsula across the Corinthian Gulf , and the fact that these two territories formed the independent First Hellenic Republic after the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829). Central Greece is the most populous geographical region of Greece, with a population of 4,591,568 people, and covers an area of 24,818.3 km (9,582.4 sq mi), making it

486-508: The meteorological stations of the National Observatory of Athens and the Hellenic National Meteorological Service areas in the north have wetter and colder winters. Parnitha mountain has a January average high of around 4°C and an average low below 0°C. Areas in the south mainland have very mild winters with Nea Smyrni recording a January average high close to 15°C and an average low of around 9°C. The islands of

513-525: The mid-30s to low 50s latitudes, typically bordering a humid continental climate or a Mediterranean climate . They are also typically found in continental interiors some distance from large bodies of water. Cold semi-arid climates usually feature warm to hot dry summers, though their summers are typically not quite as hot as those of hot semi-arid climates. Unlike hot semi-arid climates, areas with cold semi-arid climates tend to have cold and possibly freezing winters. These areas usually see some snowfall during

540-404: The port of Piraeus, with the islands of the region. *Not included the most parts of Athens urban area Central Greece (geographic region) Continental Greece ( Greek : Στερεά Ελλάδα , romanized :  Stereá Elláda ; formerly Χέρσος Ἑλλάς , Chérsos Ellás ), colloquially known as Roúmeli (Ρούμελη), is a traditional geographic region of Greece . In English,

567-630: The region represents the second-level local administration. While being supervised by the Decentralized Administration of Attica , it is now an independent self-governing body with powers and a budget comparable to the former prefectures . The region is subdivided into eight subordinate regional units : The Attica region consists of eight electoral districts : Athens A , Athens B1 , Athens B2 , Athens B3 , Piraeus A , Piraeus B , East Attica and West Attica . The region has shrunk by 35,965 people between 2011 and 2021, experiencing

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594-581: The region was 87.4 billion € in 2018, accounting for about 47% of the Greek economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 28,000 € or 93% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 99% of the EU average. Attica is the region in Greece with the highest GDP per capita. Despite that, the unemployment rate stood at 21.6% in 2017. The main roads and highways of Attica are: Numerous ferry lines, both normal ferries and high speed vessels, connect

621-540: The region, of whom more than 95% are inhabitants of the Athens metropolitan area . In 2019, Attica had the HDI of 0.912, the highest in Greece. The region was established in the 1987 administrative reform, and until 2010 it comprised the 4 prefectures of Athens , East Attica , Piraeus and West Attica . With the 2010 Kallikratis plan , the region's powers and authority were completely redefined and extended. Since 1 January 2011,

648-510: The second-largest of the country. It is located to the north of the Peloponnese and to the south of Thessaly and Epirus , bordering the Aegean Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the west and the Corinthian Gulf to the south. Its climate is temperate along its coastlines, and dry in the interior. The region is one of the most mountainous in Greece, having some of the highest elevations in

675-557: The south and especially around Piraeus which records an average August low of around 27°C. The highest average annual temperatures are recorded in Nea Smyrni registering around 20.5°C, while the lowest is recorded in Parnitha mountain with less than 11.0°C. Neos Kosmos is the warmest area of Downtown Athens with an average annual temperature of 20.2°C and a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSh ) closely bordering

702-796: The winter, though snowfall is much lower than at locations at similar latitudes with more humid climates. Areas featuring cold semi-arid climates tend to have higher elevations than areas with hot semi-arid climates, and tend to feature major temperature swings between day and night, sometimes by as much as 20 °C (36 °F) or more. These large diurnal temperature variations are seldom seen in hot semi-arid climates. Cold semi-arid climates at higher latitudes tend to have dry winters and wetter summers, while cold semi-arid climates at lower latitudes tend to have precipitation patterns more akin to Mediterranean climates , with dry summers, relatively wet winters, and even wetter springs and autumns. Cold semi-arid climates are most commonly found in central Asia and

729-527: Was -12.0°C in Parnitha mountain on January 9, 2017. The highest minimum temperature in mainland Attica was 32.9 °C (91 °F) and it was recorded on July 26, 2023 in Hellinikon . The highest minimum temperature in the Attica region was 37.0 °C (99 °F) in Kythira . Furthermore, Attica has experienced temperatures of 47.5°C and over in four different locations . The Gross domestic product (GDP) of

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