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55-553: On June 9, 2020, the league announced that they had cancelled the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada . On September 21, 2024, Ella Lord became the first woman to play in the league, playing for the UNB Reds . There are currently four teams in the league and each team plays six games with each team hosting the other once. The top three teams currently qualify for the playoffs with

110-485: A COVID-19 PCR test on arrival and must quarantine at an "approved hotel" at their own expense. At the same time, they awaited test results or recovery and were subject to "increased surveillance" during the remainder of the mandatory 14-day quarantine period. Foreign flights were only allowed to land in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, or Vancouver. To discourage non-essential travel, the major airlines agreed to suspend all flights to

165-518: A report on CBC Television questioned the safety of drugs sold in North America . The Canadian Press reported that Health Canada is secretive regarding inspections about drugs manufactured overseas, leaving the public unsure about the safety of these drugs. Health Canada aims to provide responses to pharmaceutical innovators within 300 days of submitting a drug for review. However, for submissions filed between 2015 and 2019, only 33 percent received

220-501: A response within that target. Fully 18 percent waited over a year, and almost 5 percent over two years. The average delay for a standard review was 335 days. Health Canada's accelerated pathway for approval dubbed "conditional compliance" reduces its target timeline to 200 days, but its actual average delay was still 302 days, and only 8 percent of applicants received responses within the 200-day target. It has been suggested that government entities should make use of rolling submissions, as

275-574: A third wave of the virus, cases began rising across most provinces west of Atlantic Canada in mid-March, prompting further lockdowns and restrictions in the most populous provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Due to a relatively low volume of cases in the Atlantic provinces, the travel-restricted Atlantic Bubble was planned to reopen; however, in late April, the third wave had spread to the Atlantic provinces. In response, Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia reinstated travel bans toward

330-464: A total of four approved vaccines in the nation. However, most provinces discontinued first doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca by May 12, 2021, while the administration of the Janssen vaccine was determined unnecessary. Canada became one of the most vaccinated countries in the world, with a continually high uptake of the vaccine. Despite high general uptake of the vaccine, cases began to surge particularly amongst

385-614: Is a corporate partner of the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP). In December 2016, Health Canada approved the purchase of a new botulism antitoxin called heptavalent botulism antitoxin (BAT) from the American-based company Emergent Biosolutions , a global specialty biopharmaceutical company. The PHAC has identified botulism as a likely biological terrorist threat. The Compliance and Enforcement Directorate provides support to Health Canada by enforcing

440-542: Is a shared responsibility between Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada . Acts for which Health Canada has total or partial responsibility: Acts which Health Canada is involved or has special interest in: Health Canada has a special access program that health care providers may use to request medications that are not currently commercially available in Canada. The chief medical advisor of Health Canada, Supriya Sharma, as of April 2021, oversees

495-538: Is also responsible for numerous federal health-related agencies, including the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), among others. These organizations help to ensure compliance with federal law in a variety of healthcare , agricultural , and pharmaceutical activities. This responsibility also involves extensive collaboration with various other federal- and provincial-level organizations in order to ensure

550-564: Is divided into six distinct programs: Health Canada's Canada Vigilance Program (CVP) "collects and assesses reports of suspected adverse reactions to health products marketed in Canada," including prescription and over-the-counter medications , natural health products , biotechnology products , vaccines , blood products , human cell products , human tissue products, human organs , disinfectants and radiopharmaceuticals . The program has been in effect since 1965. Pharmacovigilance related to Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI)

605-768: Is responsible for approval and regulation of vaccines (and other pharmaceuticals), while the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention. Vaccines are authorized by Health Canada, purchased by the Government of Canada and distributed by PHAC to individual provinces and territories in tranches based on various factors such as population size and prioritized peoples. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) has also issued recommendations on how vaccines should be distributed, in what intervals and to which populations. NACI has also been involved in recommendations on

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660-470: The Quarantine Act , introduced following the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak . For the first time in its legislative history, the act was used, legally requiring all travelers (excluding essential workers) returning to the country to self-isolate for 14 days, until rules were changed to accommodate fully vaccinated travelers. Between July and November, the four Atlantic provinces By mid to late summer of 2020,

715-874: The COVID-19 vaccine approval process in Canada. On 29 March 2021, Sharma supported the National Advisory Committee on Immunization 's declaration of a pause for the administration of the AstraZeneca vaccine to Canadians under the age of 55. An editorial published by the Canadian Medical Association Journal has called for Health Canada to more strictly regulate natural health products . The editorial cited weaknesses in current legislation that allow natural health products to make baseless health claims, to neglect side-effects research prior to products reaching market, and to be sold without being evaluated by Health Canada. On 10 September 2012,

770-511: The Christmas and holiday season in December, 2020 and January, 2021. Alarmed by hospital capacity issues, fatalities and new cases, heavy restrictions (such as lockdowns and curfews) were put in place in affected areas (primarily Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta) and across the country. These lockdowns caused active cases to steadily decline, reaching a plateau in active cases in mid-February 2021. During

825-566: The Omicron variant , which caused provincial and territorial governments to reintroduce restrictions surrounding travel and isolation. However, in mid-February active caseloads and hospitalizations began to decrease and towards the end of February 2022, almost all provinces and territories had announced plans to lift restrictions by early March or mid-March 2022, if epidemiology remained favorable. By March 2022, more than 85% of Canadians aged five and over were fully vaccinated. On January 12, 2020,

880-578: The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019. The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 was much lower than SARS of 2003, but the transmission was significantly greater, with a significant death toll. On January 1, 2020,

935-550: The Alpha and Gamma variants. A study in Ontario found that the Pfizer vaccine was 95% effective to prevent hospitalization or death from the Alpha, Beta and Gamma variants 7 days after the second dose. Moderna was 94% effective against Alpha 7 days after the 2nd dose. Moderna appeared to be highly effective against Delta. A preprint study from epidemiologists David Fisman and Ashleigh Tuite, at

990-575: The ArriveCAN app or website. On August 9, 2021, Canada reopened its land border to American citizens and permanent residents that are fully-vaccinated. However, the U.S. land border remained closed to Canadians entering the United States until November 8, 2021, when the U.S. began to allow non-essential land travel into the country, with a vaccine mandate for residents 18 and over (enforced via random checks). However, as with air travel, anyone re-entering

1045-479: The B.C. Ministry of Health announced that they had seen cases of B.1.617 as early as April 4. On May 14, Canada added B.1.617 (including what is now known as Delta ) to its variants of concern. On May 31, 2021, WHO announced that the variant B.1.1.7 was being renamed Alpha , P.1 Gamma , B.1.617.2 Delta and B.1.351 Beta . Early evidence out of Alberta suggested that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines would continue to be effective against death or hospitalization from

1100-627: The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness planning guidelines, which outlines risks and measures to address a viral disease, and the Federal/Provincial/Territorial Public Health Response Plan for Biological Events , which includes identifying, tracking, and ensuring rapid access to medical care. By February 27, the response plan was at level 3 (escalated). On March 18, the federal Minister of Health , Patty Hajdu , announced that

1155-472: The Caribbean and Mexico until April 30, 2021. On February 12, it was announced a third PCR test would also be required at the end of the 14-day quarantine period. The new rules for international travel went into effect on February 22. In July 2021, the government lifted the quarantine requirement for Canadian citizens and permanent residents re-entering the country, provided they submit proof of vaccination via

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1210-405: The Caribbean, Mexico, and the U.S. were instructed to land at either Calgary International Airport , Montréal–Trudeau International Airport , Toronto Pearson International Airport , or Vancouver International Airport . From March 20, Canada and the United States temporarily restricted all non-essential travel across their land border . The U.S. did not restrict non-essential air travel into

1265-592: The University of Toronto, found that the Delta variant had a 120% greater risk of hospitalization, 287% greater risk of ICU admission and 137% greater risk of death compared to non-variant of concern strains of SARS-COV-2. Over the five years (2020-2024), five main variants have been recorded, with hundreds of different lineages, sublineages, recombinants , and mutations . As the people of Canada experience profound and rapid changes to their lives, we are all concerned about

1320-544: The WHO set up the IMST (Incident Management Support Team) across all three levels of the organization: headquarters, regional headquarters and country-level, putting the organization on an emergency footing for dealing with the outbreak. On January 7, when it appeared that there was a health crisis emerging in Wuhan, Public Health Canada advised travelers to China to avoid contact with animals, noting that they were very carefully monitoring

1375-544: The country by Canadians, but Americans were prohibited from boarding flights into Canada per U.S. restrictions—a non-reciprocal restriction that was criticized as being contradictory. On April 16, Trudeau stated that the Canada/U.S. border restrictions would remain in place "for a significant amount of time". The next day, Canada and the United States agreed to extend their entry restrictions, which were to expire on April 21, for an additional 30 days beyond that date. On April 20,

1430-458: The country saw a steady decline in active cases until the beginning of late summer. In July, the four Atlantic provinces formed the Atlantic Bubble , which allowed unrestricted movement for provincial residents. Through autumn, there was a resurgence of cases in all provinces and territories. On September 23, 2020, Prime Minister Trudeau declared that Canada was experiencing a "second wave" of

1485-481: The country was required to present proof of a negative COVID-19 PCR test conducted within 72 hours of their arrival; this test could alternatively be obtained in Canada if the traveler had been in the country for less than 72 hours. Health Canada Health Canada ( HC ; French : Santé Canada, SC ) is the department of the Government of Canada responsible for national health policy . The department itself

1540-400: The elderly). Starting March 16, only Canadian citizens and their immediate families, permanent residents, and U.S. citizens were allowed to enter the country. The only exceptions were flight crews, diplomats, and trade and commerce. Travellers showing COVID-19 symptoms were not allowed to board flights into Canada, regardless of their citizenship. International flights to Canada from outside

1595-431: The electronic kiosks for passengers arriving from central China. The agency noted the overall risk to Canadians was low, and there were no direct flights from Wuhan to Canada. The CBSA said it would not be, at that time, implementing extra screening measures, but would "monitor the situation closely". On January 23, the federal Minister of Health , Patty Hajdu , said they were monitoring five or six people for signs of

1650-900: The exact number varying by province), and that those deaths would continue to increase even as the transmission rate decreased. Tam cited factors such as outside visitors, communal living spaces, and staff being transferred among multiple facilities as particular vulnerabilities. The pandemic exacerbated pre-existing staffing issues at some facilities, including underpaid staff and being understaffed in general. On April 28, Tam stated that as many as 79 percent of Canada's COVID-19 fatalities occurred in long-term care homes. Health Canada issued recommendations for long-term care homes. They were encouraged to restrict outside visitors and volunteers, restrict employees from being transferred between multiple facilities, provide personal protective equipment , enforce physical distancing during meals, screen staff and essential visitors. On April 15, Trudeau announced that

1705-614: The federal government announced funding for an additional 49 projects to bring the total to 96. On March 20, Trudeau stated that the National Research Council would work with small- and medium-sized companies on health research to fight the virus, as part of the announcement on Canada's industrial strategy (see below). On March 23, Theresa Tam began appearing in public service announcements on radio and television, urging personal hygiene, social distancing, and against unnecessary travel. On April 6, Tam began to suggest that

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1760-492: The federal government had signed an interim order to speed up access to COVID-19 test kits that would allow provincial labs to increase testing. The test kits were made by Switzerland-based Roche Molecular Systems and Thermo Fisher Scientific . Several research projects were provided federal funding to develop and implement measures to detect, manage, and reduce the transmission of COVID-19. On March 11, Trudeau announced $ 275 million in funding for 47 projects. On March 19,

1815-650: The federal government introduced the " ArriveCAN " mobile app , which is used to conduct entry screenings and submit documentation; use of the app became mandatory in November. Since March 30, individuals showing COVID-19 symptoms were to be refused boarding on domestic flights (10 seats or more) and passenger trains. However, it excluded buses and intercity passenger rail services. From April 20, all travellers were required to wear face masks while departing and arriving on air travel, including during security screenings. Those who did not comply were prevented from proceeding. As

1870-707: The federal government planned to provide additional pay to long-term care workers. In April 2020, the Department of National Defence gave the provinces the option to get Canadian Armed Forces assistance in combating the pandemic in long-term care facilities. Quebec was the first to act, with military personnel arriving on April 17. Ontario responded next, with Premier Doug Ford requesting military aid on April 22. On March 14, Canada recommended against any international travel and advised those returning from outside of Canada, except for essential workers (such as flight crew), to self-isolate for 14 days. The Quarantine Act

1925-467: The future. It may be difficult to remain hopeful when faced with loss and uncertainty, but Canadians have many reasons for optimism, even in the most trying times. Across Canada, countless people continue to care for the most vulnerable and to provide essential services for their fellow citizens. I am thankful for their dedication and for the hope it offers. In the coming weeks and months, the people of Canada will need to continue to work together to ensure

1980-427: The health and vitality of our communities. I know that Canadians will remain optimistic and will rise to the challenges ahead. My thoughts and prayers are with the people of Canada at this time." Elizabeth II , Queen of Canada , April 5, 2020 The federal government activated its Emergency Operations Centre on January 15, 2020. The federal government's pandemic response was based on two primary documents:

2035-549: The land border with the United States continued to be closed to non-essential travel, the Canadian government announced plans in October to allow family members to reunite under compassionate terms. Within the country, the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador established the Atlantic Bubble , restricting travel from other provinces but allowing free movement amongst residents of

2090-539: The laws and regulations pertaining to the production, distribution, importation, sale, and/or use of consumer products, including but not limited to: tobacco , pest control materials , drugs and medical devices , biologics , and natural health products. The Directorate conducts inspections and investigations to ensure that products are safe, of good quality, and properly labelled and distributed, in order to better protect Canadians from potentially harmful products and consumables. Compliance and Enforcement Directorate

2145-426: The member provinces. On January 6, 2021, the federal government announced that all incoming travellers must present proof of a negative COVID-19 PCR test conducted within 72 hours of their departure time to board flights into Canada. On January 29, 2021, due to concerns surrounding SARS-CoV-2 variants , Trudeau announced a series of new travel restrictions. Travellers arriving in Canada would be required to receive

2200-558: The other department being Human Resources and Labour Canada . Health Canada's leadership consists of: The following branches, offices, and bureaus (and their respective services) fall under the jurisdiction of Health Canada: In their responsibility of maintaining and improving the health of Canadians, the Minister of Health is supported by the Health Portfolio, which comprises Health Canada as well as: Additionally, Health Canada

2255-579: The reinstatement of pandemic restrictions like mask mandates in provinces such as British Columbia and Alberta. Consequently, vaccine passports were introduced in all provinces and two territories. Federally, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau implemented vaccination requirements for air travel, Via Rail and Rocky Mountaineer trains, and federally regulated workers, effective October 30, 2021.. In January 2022, all of Canada's provinces and territories were experiencing record-level case numbers, primarily driven by

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2310-599: The rest of the country. Following Health Canada 's approval of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine , and later the mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna , mass vaccinations began nationwide on December 14, 2020. On February 26, 2021, Health Canada approved the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for use, and on March 5, 2021, they additionally approved the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine for

2365-474: The safety of food, health, and pharmaceutical products—including the regulation of health research and pharmaceutical manufacturing / testing facilities. The department is responsible to Parliament through the minister of health —presently Mark Holland —as part of the federal health portfolio. The minister is aided by the associate minister of health , and minister of mental health and addictions —presently Ya'ara Saks . The deputy minister of health,

2420-492: The senior most civil servant within the department, is responsible for the day-to-day leadership and operations of the department and reports directly to the minister. Originally created as the "Department of Health" in 1919—in the wake of the Spanish flu crisis —what is known as Health Canada today was formed in 1993 from the former Health and Welfare Canada department (established in 1944), which split into two separate units;

2475-547: The situation. Still there was no evidence of what caused the illness, or how it spread. On January 15, the federal government activated its Emergency Operations Centre. On January 17, the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) indicated plans were in progress "to implement signage" in the Montreal , Toronto , and Vancouver airports to raise awareness of the virus. An additional health screening question added to

2530-732: The top seed earning a bye . The finalists then qualify for the league championship game, the Moosehead Cup. COVID-19 pandemic in Canada The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ). It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). Most cases over the course of the pandemic have been in Ontario , Quebec , British Columbia and Alberta . Confirmed cases have been reported in all of Canada's provinces and territories. The virus

2585-492: The unvaccinated population in provinces like Alberta, which had removed nearly all pandemic restrictions. Near the end of summer 2021, cases surged across Canada, particularly in British Columbia , Alberta , Quebec and Ontario , described as a "pandemic of the unvaccinated". A July 2021 PHAC epidemiology report said that those who were unvaccinated represented almost 90% of COVID cases reported. This fourth wave led to

2640-464: The use of non-medical face masks in public could be an "additional measure" of protection. She stated to "protect others around you in situations where physical distancing is difficult to maintain", but that this is not proven to protect the wearer and is considered complementary to all existing health guidance issued thus far. In response to backlogs in COVID-19 testing , especially provinces like Ontario , Health Canada approved new rapid testing for

2695-713: The use or disuse of vaccines to certain ages or populations. On December 26, 2020, Ontario announced that two cases of the B.1.1.7 variant had been found in Durham. On January 8, 2021, the Public Health Agency of Canada announced that the first case of the South African variant had been found in Alberta. On February 8, CTV reported that the first case of the P.1 variant out of Brazil had been detected in Toronto. On April 21,

2750-400: The virus and the numbers accelerate and keep accelerating...you will then end up with more widespread closures. So, I think as cities or hotspots cool down, if you like, the restart needs to be carefully thought of." Long-term care homes were impacted heavily by the pandemic. On April 13, Tam reported that at least half of COVID-19 deaths in Canada were linked to long-term care homes (with

2805-453: The virus. On November 3, the Public Health Agency of Canada started recommended that people wear non-medical masks with three layers including a filter. Tam said that " living with COVID-19 is something that we have to do because it's not going to immediately disappear and the population doesn't have much immunity", and went on to say that "If cases do occur and accelerate in a community, then you have to get at it early because if you let it,

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2860-459: The virus. That same day, the chief public health officer of Canada, Theresa Tam , was a member of the WHO committee that broadcast that it was too early to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern . Initially, Canada faced a shortage of personal protective equipment , as the Trudeau government had reduced PPE funding as a cost-cutting measure in previous years. Health Canada

2915-424: The virus. New restrictions from provincial governments were put in place once again as cases increased, including variations of regional lockdowns . In late November, the Atlantic Bubble was disbanded because of the second wave. The federal government passed legislation to approve further modified economic aid for businesses and individuals. Nation-wide cases, hospitalizations and deaths spiked during and after

2970-771: Was confirmed to have reached Canada on January 25, 2020, after an individual who had returned to Toronto from Wuhan , Hubei, China, tested positive. The first case of community transmission in Canada was confirmed in British Columbia on March 5. In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed, all of Canada's provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories implemented, to varying degrees, school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travelers from all countries with some exceptions. The federal Minister of Health invoked

3025-403: Was invoked by Hajdu on March 26, making self-isolation a legal mandate for travelers (excluding essential workers) returning to the country. It also prohibits those who are symptomatic from using public transit as transport to their place of self-isolation, and prohibiting self-isolation in settings where they may come in contact with those who are vulnerable (people with pre-existing conditions and

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