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58-478: Following a petition by citizens of Atlanta in 1973, the garden was incorporated in 1976, as the private, 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation Atlanta Botanical Garden Inc. . The garden incorporated the pre-existing Dr. A. Leslie Stephens Memorial Bonsai Garden, now known as the Japanese Garden. Within a year Bill Warner, previously employed at Holden Arboretum , was assigned office as the first executive director. He

116-539: A "grove" planted by 1746 in the garden of William Shenstone , describes what would today be called a woodland garden: ... opaque and gloomy, consisting of a small deep valley or dingle, the sides of which are enclosed with regular tufts of hazel and other underwood, and the whole shadowed with lofty trees rising out of the bottom of the dingle, through which a copious stream makes its way through mossy banks, enamelled with primroses, and variety of wild wood flowers. "Enamelled" or "embroidered" (Shenstone's own preferred term)

174-581: A bluff in the Garden into the branches of oaks, hickories and poplars. The structure also provides an aerial view of the woodland garden below. The Canopy Walk was built for $ 55 million and opened in 2010. It was originally set to open in 2009, but during its construction in 2008, the skywalk collapsed, killing one worker and injuring 18 others. Because of the uniqueness of the Canopy Walk, city leaders believe it will become an icon for Atlanta. The Botanical Garden

232-542: A bush, evergreen privet, pyrocanthus, Kalmia, Scotch broom.... The rhododendrons from Europe and America known in England by 1800 were "pale-pink and mauve" in flower, and the arrival from India in the 1820s of a large species with "brilliant scarlet" flowers began a phase of plant collecting in the Himalayas and adjacent regions, also covering many other types of plants, that would last over a century. The three-year expedition to

290-453: A display of moving, kinetic art. In 2009, the Garden hosted an exhibition of the monumental bronze sculptures of Henry Moore. The summers of 2010 and 2011 showcased the Garden's green expansion (see below), and in 2012, the Garden hosted Independent Visions, an exhibition of contemporary sculptures by nine artists. In 2013, the Garden will unveil Imaginary Worlds: Plants Larger than Life, made up of 19 mosaic culture sculptures. In 2016, Chihuly in

348-498: A distant view from above of the impressive ruins of Fountains Abbey . By 1762 Belmont Mansion near Philadelphia had "a wood cut into Visto's [avenues and walks giving views], in the midst a chinese temple, for a summer house, one avenue gives a fine prospect of the City, with a Spy glass you discern the houses distinct, Hospital, & another looks to the Oblisk". Thomas Jefferson was

406-515: A keen garden visitor during his years in France and England in the 1780s. He generally had a high opinion of English gardening, writing: "gardening in that country is the article in which it surpasses all the world", if often a rather acerbic critic of individual gardens, as shown in his notes and letters. Seeing the new shrubberies filled with American plants in England, he realized that back home "gardens may be made without expense. We have only to cut out

464-464: A large number of flowering shrubs and trees that grew well in temperate climates, and often preferred acid soils that were little use for agriculture. Woodland gardens work well, arguably best of all, on sites with sharp but small contouring; the original habitat of most of the waves of new Asian plants was steep valleys or hillsides. The steep garden at Cragside in Northumberland , created from

522-449: A lawn or glade. But under the beaming, constant and almost vertical sun of Virginia, shade is our Elysium. In the absence of this no beauty of the eye can be enjoyed... He continued: Let your ground be covered with trees of the loftiest stature. Trim up their bodies as high as the constitution & form of the tree will bear, but so as that their tops shall still unite & yeild [sic] dense shade. A wood, so open below, will have nearly

580-686: A mere three years after the lease was arranged - this was even before any permanent structures had been erected. In 1985, the Atlanta Botanical Garden built its first permanent structure, the Gardenhouse. Expansions following this were The Children's Garden (1999), the Fuqua Conservatory in 1989, and the Fuqua Orchid Center which was added in 2002. Blockbuster summertime exhibitions began in 2003 with TREEmendous TREEhouses. Chihuly in

638-485: A number of specimens obtained during wilderness collection trips, particularly to China and Korea near the 40th parallel, areas with a similar climate to Northeast Ohio. Many Trees like Dawn Redwoods are planted there. Holden is home to two National Natural Landmarks , accessed by guided hikes, and is a Midwest representative for The Center for Plant Conservation. Special gardens include the Myrtle S. Holden Wildflower Garden,

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696-555: A problematic invasive plant . It is native to western Spain and Portugal, from where the British stock seems to have come, as well as north-eastern Turkey . It was first introduced to England in 1763 by the Loddiges family of nurserymen , but initially it was thought it needed the same damp conditions as the American species. By the 19th century it was realized that this was not the case, and

754-472: A research program dedicated to ecological research. In 2009, the department received a National Science Foundation grant to examine the role soil organisms play in acquiring limiting nutrients from the soil for forest trees. In 2013, the Holden's research department, in partnership with Kent State University, earned a National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates(REU) grant. The REU grant project

812-606: A trust agreement in which he provided that funds be designated for an arboretum. After a study of possible sites, Roberta Holden Bole and her husband, Benjamin P. Bole, donated 100 acres (40 ha) in Kirtland Township. In 1931, the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas approved establishment of The Holden Arboretum. In December 1988, 75 years after Albert Fairchild Holden's original bequest, the Holden Trust began to benefit

870-740: Is composed of a number of smaller themed gardens. Each contains different landscapes to display a variety of plants. Near the entrance are formal gardens , such as the Japanese garden and the rose garden. Two woodland areas, the 5 acres (20,000 m) Upper Woodland and the 10 acres (40,000 m) Storza Woods feature large trees and shade-loving flowers and undergrowth. The Children's Garden features whimsical sculptures, fountains, and interpretive exhibits on botany , ecology , and nutrition . The 16,000 square feet (1,500 m) Dorothy Chapman Fuqua Conservatory contains indoor exhibits of plants from tropical rainforests and deserts . The rain forest room of

928-418: Is designed to train the next generation of research scientists and foster an interest in post-graduate education in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The Holden Arboretum hosts a number of special events and exhibits on the grounds, designed to help people connect with and enjoy the outdoors. Annual events include a spring Arbor Day celebration with family activities; and Goblins in

986-540: Is filled with fragrant orchids from around the world. The Earth Goddess is a 25-foot sculpture that is a centerpiece of the Cascades Garden. It was the highlight of the "Imaginary Worlds" exhibition that was showcased in 2013–2014. It has since become a permanent part of the Cascades Garden. Holden Arboretum The Holden Arboretum , in Kirtland , Ohio , is one of the largest arboreta and botanical gardens in

1044-450: Is taken by garden historians as a significant point, "decisive for the development of the 'natural' style of English landscape". This was a natural wood, to the side of the main axis of the garden of the newly-built house, which was instead "turned into a labyrinth of tangled paths, enlivened by various fountains", but at least initially, little special planting. Stephen Switzer , an advocate of ornamental woodland, may have been involved with

1102-586: Is to maintain and ultimately increase species diversity of both flora and fauna. In order to preserve our native habitats, plant community surveys are conducted by Holden staff to inventory the composition of the existing flora. Wise management of unique areas such as Bole Woods, Pierson Creek Valley, Stebbins Gulch, and Little Mountain cannot begin until there is an understanding of the plant communities which comprise these areas. To limit damage, areas such as Stebbins Gulch and Little Mountain can only be accessed by visitors on guided tours. The Holden Arboretum hosts

1160-627: The Himalayas by Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker , later Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , in 1847–50 had a rapid impact on large English gardens, beginning the "rhododendron garden". The new Asian plants were generally easier to grow successfully in northern Europe than the American arrivals of the previous century, and tended to replace them. One species, rhododendron ponticum , is now all too prominent in Britain, Ireland and New Zealand as

1218-712: The Savill Garden and the Valley Gardens in Windsor Great Park in a "new style in which glades and vistas became the major means of organizing the composition, and in which colour massing was downplayed", at least in the former. Another influence in the years around 1900 was the Japanese garden , whose distinct aesthetic was promoted in the West by Josiah Conder 's Landscape Gardening in Japan ( Kelly & Walsh , 1893). Conder

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1276-479: The United States , with more than 3,600 acres (1,500 ha), including 600 acres (240 ha) devoted to collections and gardens. Diverse natural areas and ecologically sensitive habitats make up the rest of the holdings. Holden's collections includes 9,400 different kinds of woody plants, representing 79 plant families. Specializing in the woody plants that can be grown in the climate of northern Ohio, Holden has

1334-468: The 1860s until about 1880, "may be regarded as the pioneering example" of this type of woodland garden, copied by several other gardens in the next three decades. The very large areas of garden developed by the rich in the early 20th century therefore used relatively cheap land, that was often already woodland. Some woodland gardens, like Sheffield Park Garden in East Sussex , took over a park laid out in

1392-593: The 18th-century English landscape garden style, in that case worked on by both Capability Brown and Humphry Repton . They also needed fewer gardeners per acre than intensive formal Victorian plantings. The style spread from the rich to the comfortably-off suburban middle-class. According to Charles Quest-Ritson , "The William Robinson style of woodland garden, colourfully planted with exotic shrubs and herbaceous plants, dominated English horticulture from 1910 to 1960". After World War I new trends appeared in woodland garden design. Eric Savill (1895–1980) designed both

1450-544: The Alps, was relatively small, and some of these were apparently planted around woods, along with the growing number of available imported species. In the French formal garden style that influenced all Europe during the Baroque period of the 17th and 18th centuries, when the garden aspired to reach into the surrounding landscape, much of the space of the further garden away from the house

1508-593: The Arboretum partnered with Tanisha Williams of Black Botanists Week to begin a lecture series called 'Uncovering the Black Botanical Legacy'. Woodland garden A woodland garden is a garden or section of a garden that includes large trees and is laid out so as to appear as more or less natural woodland , though it is often actually an artificial creation. Typically it includes plantings of flowering shrubs and other garden plants , especially near

1566-405: The Fuqua Conservatory is also populated by tropical birds , turtles , and several exhibits of poison dart frogs , the last of which is a collaboration in conservation efforts with Zoo Atlanta. Adjoining this building, the Fuqua Orchid Center contains separate rooms simulating the tropics and high elevations in order to house rare orchids from around the world. The Fuqua Orchid Center is home to

1624-469: The Garden open again with 19 installations throughout the Garden. In the winter the Garden has a holiday light show. "Garden Lights, Holiday Nights" began in 2011 featuring displays created with more than 1 million lights, most of them LED. The following year, the show grew to more than 1.5 million lights and attracted more than 160,000 visitors. In 2004, the Atlanta Botanical Garden hosted an exhibition of glass art by Dale Chihuly titled "Chihuly in

1682-465: The Garden opened in 2004, while in 2005 Locomotion in the Garden featured G-scale model trains. On April 29, 2006, an exhibition of the sculpture of Niki de Saint Phalle opened to the public. These huge mosaic sculptures came to the Garden from France, Germany, and California . In 2007, the exhibition was David Rogers' Big Bugs and Killer Plants, and 2008 is Sculpture in Motion, Art Choreographed by Nature,

1740-457: The Garden". The exhibit ran through the end of October and was extended until December 31, 2004. During the eight-month run, an estimated 425,000 attendees visited the exhibit. The peak per-day rates of 7,500 were double the previous single-day attendance record at the Garden. Chihuly in the Garden returned to the Atlanta location on April 30, 2016, with 19 new installations. The Green Expansion Plan

1798-463: The Garden, a family friendly Halloween celebration. Special exhibits have included David Rodgers Big Bugs (2005); The Holden Express Garden Railroad , created by artist Paul Busse (2007); Gnome and Garden , featuring 20 5-foot-tall garden gnomes decorated by regional artists (2011) and Vanishing Acts: Trees Under Threat , a traveling exhibit created by the Morton Arboretum . Beginning in 2020,

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1856-707: The Helen S. Layer Rhododendron Garden, and the Arlene and Arthur Holden Jr. Butterfly Garden. The Holden Arboretum also features extensive Crabapple, Lilac, Viburnum and Conifer Collections. The arboretum is named for Albert Fairchild Holden , a mining engineer and executive, who had considered making Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum his beneficiary. However, his sister, Roberta Holden Bole, convinced him that Cleveland deserved its own arboretum. Thus Mr. Holden established an arboretum in memory of his deceased daughter, Elizabeth Davis Holden. When he died in 1913, at age 46, Mr. Holden left

1914-463: The Western woodland garden as it had by then developed. Initially Japanese gardens in the West were mostly sections of large private gardens, but as the style grew in popularity, many Japanese gardens were, and continue to be, added to public parks and gardens, and Japanese plants and styles spread into the wider Western garden. The Japanese had been breeding garden plants for centuries, and most imports to

1972-478: The appearance of open grounds. Then, when in the open ground you would plant a clump of trees, place a thicket of shrubs presenting a hemisphere the crown of which shall distinctly show itself under the branches of the trees. This may be effected by a due selection & arrangement of the shrubs, & will I think offer a group not much inferior to that of trees. The thickets may be varied too by making some of them of evergreens altogether, our red cedar made to grow in

2030-411: The arboretum as he and so many others had envisioned. His permanent endowment, together with the gifts of other contributors and supporters, make possible the development of a truly first-class arboretum. The geographic area that Holden has property within comprises two counties, Lake and Geauga, and 5 townships and municipalities. Other major collections of scientific value but not easily accessible to

2088-467: The best of the new style of "forest or savage gardens". This was a style of woodland aiming at the sublime , a newly-fashionable concept in literature and the arts. It really required steep slopes, even if not very high, along which paths could be made revealing dramatic views, by which contemporary viewers who had read Gothic novels like Walpole's The Castle of Otranto (1764) were very ready to be impressed. The appropriate style of garden buildings

2146-404: The casual visitor include Maple , Hawthorn , nut-bearing, and specimen trees (a diverse planting of deciduous trees). The majority of land at The Holden Arboretum is maintained in a natural state. Even though it gives the appearance of being untouched, crucial management decisions are always being made to maintain the diversity and health of these areas. The goal of natural areas management

2204-522: The conversion of its old entry drive to a large cascades garden filled with tropical plants and gently flowing waterfalls. The Atlanta Botanical Garden is home to the Kendeda Canopy Walk, a 600-foot-long (180 m) skywalk that allows the visitors to tour one of the city's last remaining urban forests from around 40 feet in the air through the treetops of the Storza Woods. The skywalk extends from

2262-474: The formally arranged gardens, paths through the woodland and park were known in England as "wood walks". These were probably mostly given little alteration from their natural state other than some attention to bridging streams and keeping paths open and easily navigable, but there was some deliberate planting of flowers and shrubs, especially native climbers. The range of native flowering trees and shrubs that had great ornamental value, and would also grow north of

2320-519: The largest collection of species orchids on permanent display in the U.S. and hosts a wintertime display known as Orchid Daze. Its unique Tropical High Elevation House provides the correct habitat for montane orchids and companion plants from around the equator at elevations of 6,000 to 10,000 feet. An Air Washer System, technology adapted from the textile industry, was combined with traditional greenhouse heating and cooling to create this environment and allows rare orchids to thrive. The Tropical Display House

2378-414: The many varieties of rhododendron : "What the pelargonium was for Victorian bedding schemes , the rhododendron was for the woodland garden". Forest gardening is a different concept, mostly concentrated on food production. In Europe the large gardens of country houses often included in the enclosed area a park, whether used for deer or grazing by horses and farm animals, and often woodland. Beyond

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2436-510: The mass planting of bulbs and other flowers, under and in front of deciduous trees and shrubs, which Robinson himself practised on an epic scale in his own garden at Gravetye Manor , bought in 1885. A second crucial influence from the years around 1900 was the opening up of south-west China, especially Yunnan , and parts of the Himalayan foothills to European plant collectors, including George Forrest and Ernest Henry Wilson . These regions had

2494-517: The new design. In the early 18th century the English horticultural trade began to enthusiastically import new plants from British America , generally the eastern seaboard of the modern US; Philadelphia was the main port for shipments. Leading figures in the trade included John Bartram , collecting, propagating and packing in America, and Thomas Fairchild and Philip Miller , distributing and promoting

2552-481: The new plants from London. Many of these were flowering shrubs, and by the mid-century the shrubbery had become established as a fashionable area to have in a garden; the word is first documented in 1748. Gradually, the woodland garden evolved from these three styles of garden, as shrubberies gradually replaced the now unfashionable wilderness, and began to expand into the wood walks. The wilderness had already begun to lose its French geometrical strictness, first in

2610-404: The paths through it. The woodland garden style is essentially a late 18th- and 19th-century creation, though drawing on earlier trends in gardening history . Woodland gardens are now found in most parts of the world, but vary considerably depending on the area and local conditions. The original English formula usually features tree species that are mostly local natives, with some trees and most of

2668-502: The project and recycling any trees removed as a result of construction, considerable efforts were made to make this expansion eco-friendly. A 100,000-gallon cistern was installed underground in December 2007 to aid in water conservation; the cistern fills with only an inch and a quarter of rain and waters about 40% of the new gardens. One striking feature of the new visitor center is the innovative green roof, with plants covering nearly 50% of

2726-401: The roof area. It provides natural cooling, sound insulation and additional garden area for visitors, and even a new wildlife habitat. The visitor center leads visitors to the canopy walk. The garden's old parking lot is now a beautiful Edible Garden featuring an outdoor kitchen; this new garden reconnects people with food and healthful eating. And the final aspect of the garden expansion plan is

2784-608: The scenery of exotically remote and distant landscapes, mostly Asian, which their owners and designers often knew only from books. Woodland gardens began to become a particular focus of gardening attention from the publication in 1870 of The Wild Garden by the opinionated gardener and writer William Robinson . In his "Preface" to the 1881 edition, Robinson explains that this essentially means "the placing of perfectly hardy exotic plants in places and under conditions where they will become established and take care of themselves". For woodland gardens Robinson's influence meant especially

2842-486: The shrubs and flowers from non-native species. Visitable woodlands with only native species tend to be presented as nature reserves . But for example in the United States, many woodland gardens make a point of including only native or regional species, and often present themselves as botanical gardens . But in both countries, very many woodland gardens rely heavily on Asian species for large flowering shrubs, especially

2900-649: The smaller walks within the hedged "quarters" or blocks, which were already winding and curving before 1700, and then, from perhaps 1710, in the main walks. This irregularity, often expressed in the fashionable serpentine shape for walks, laid out like snakes, was almost invariably adopted for the new shrubberies, and later became normal for the woodland garden. A description of

2958-615: The species began to thrive. By the 1840s landowners were spreading the seeds in woodland to create game coverts. Another gardening form that fed into the woodland garden in the 19th century was the arboretum and its specialized sub-type of the pinetum , specimen collections of trees in general, but mostly exotic, and of conifers . Various schemes for arranging these rose and fell in fashion, and were also used for woodland gardens: by botanical groups, by geographical origin, by size and shape, and finally and most popularly, by colour. Many woodland gardens set out to replicate as far as possible

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3016-493: The superabundant plants...", which is more or less what he did in "The Grove" at Monticello , with extra planting, some of imported plants. He cleared much of the undergrowth, and trimmed the lower branches of the large trees. In hot American summers, shaded garden areas were extremely welcome, as he wrote to the leading American gardener William Hamilton , in 1806: They [the English] need no more of wood than will serve to embrace

3074-461: Was Gothic rather than Neoclassical , and exotic planting was more likely to be evergreen conifers rather than flowering plants, replacing "the charm of bright, pleasant scenery in favour of the dark and rugged, gloomy and dramatic". A leading example of the style was Studley Royal in North Yorkshire , which had the great advantage, at what was known as "The Surprise View", of suddenly revealing

3132-503: Was a term of art in early gardening, implying special planting of flowers, and we know that in 1749 he planted flowers given by his friend Lady Luxborough by this stream. Horace Walpole , a great promoter of the English landscape garden style, praised Painshill in Surrey, whose varied features included a shrubbery with American plants, and a sloping "Alpine Valley" of conifers , as one of

3190-492: Was a British architect who had worked for the Japanese government and other clients in Japan from 1877 until his death. The book was published when the general trend of Japonisme , or Japanese influence in the arts of the West, was already well-established, and sparked the first Japanese gardens in the West. A second edition was required in 1912. The traditional Japanese styles for larger gardens had long had many similarities with

3248-636: Was a large-scale expansion project that was completed in the spring of 2010 that doubled the size of the Garden while modernizing them at the same time. The expansion plan encompassed the construction of a number of new facilities, the most noticeable of which are the new visitor center and 600-foot-long (180 m) canopy walk. The plan was built around five key areas of human and environmental health: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor environmental quality. By employing an array of energy-saving strategies with environmental sustainability considered throughout

3306-460: Was occupied with bosquets , dense artificial woodland divided into geometric compartments surrounded by high hedges, in large gardens like the Gardens of Versailles as much as 20 feet high. The English term for these was a wilderness . The relatively well-documented decision before 1718 not to turn Ray or Wray Wood at Castle Howard into a formal wilderness, as had been proposed by George London ,

3364-424: Was soon followed by Ann L. Crammond in 1979. The following year marked a turning point in the history of the garden as a 50-year lease was negotiated with the city, securing the site of the Garden for years to come. A number of promotional activities started taking place, including social events, major art exhibitions and the annual Garden of Eden Ball. The Atlanta Botanical Garden welcomed its 50,000th visitor within

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