The Lemnian Athena , or Athena Lemnia , was a classical Greek statue of the goddess Athena . According to geographer Pausanias (1.28.2), the original bronze cast was created by the sculptor Phidias circa 450–440 BCE, for Athenians living on the island of Lemnos to dedicate on the Acropolis of Athens .
21-414: It is unclear whether any copies survived. In 1891, German archaeologist Adolf Furtwängler reconstructed two virtually identical Roman marble statues which he claimed were copies of the original, and identified two Roman marble copies of the head alone. These completed statues were recreated by joining a poorly preserved marble head (kept at Dresden ) and a plaster cast of a similar Roman marble head, from
42-631: A privatdozent at the University of Berlin . In later years Furtwängler concluded he had dedicated his best years to the museum. His catalogue of the Saburov collection (1883–87) demonstrated his mastery of classical terracottas. In 1885 he married Adelheid Wendt. The same year, his catalogue of the Greek pottery of the Antikensammlung Berlin , Beschreibung der Vasensammlung im Antiquarium (2 vols.)
63-452: A complete publication of the Mycenaean pottery finds on Aegina. This not only provided a valuable chronology but also represented the first corpus of pottery finds in archaeology. The study was the first to distinguish between Mycenaean and Geometric styles in pottery, and contributed to the developing technique of identifying archaeological strata, and giving them relative dates, through
84-525: Is bare-headed, without a shield, holding her helmet out in her extended right hand, and with her left grasping her spear near the top of the shaft. Furtwängler's identification of the original Athena Lemnia with the Dresden statues and Palagi head was based upon study of an engraved gem and by interpretation of the following passages from contemporary reports by Pausanias, Lucian , and Himerius : Furtwängler's logic has been disputed. "Hartswick has shown that
105-468: The Antikensammlung Berlin , where the collection was catalogued by Adolf Furtwängler , who thereby established his reputation as a master of Greek terracottas, and where it occasioned an acute lack of space that spurred additional construction. Among the prize works was the headless bronze of an Apollo or Dionysus found in the sea off the coast of Salamis. During his retirement in Saint Petersburg,
126-514: The Hermitage Museum purchased part of the remainder of his collection, about 1909 including 233 molded terracotta statuettes, which he bought in the 1870s when treasure hunters had plundered the necropolis of ancient Tanagra (Boeotia). Saburov was born on the estate of Veryaevo in the district of Elatma in the Government of Taboff. His brother Andrei held for several years the portfolio of
147-603: The University of Leipzig , with Johannes Overbeck , and having graduated from Freiburg (1874), with a dissertation, Eros in der Vasenmalerei , he spent the academic years 1876-1878 supported by a scholarship at the German Archaeological Institute , studying in Italy and Greece. In 1878, he participated in Ernst Curtius ’ excavations at Olympia . In 1879, he published with Georg Loeschcke Mykenische Thongefäβe ,
168-717: The Minister of Public Instruction. Petr Alexandrovich graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum , in 1854, gaining a first gold medal. After employment in the Chancellery (1857–59), he worked in Munich, and then in England, where he stayed for eleven years, moving in upper-class British society. In 1870 he went to Karlsruhe, and subsequently moved on to Athens, where he stayed until 1879. In the summer of 1879 he went to Constantinople, where he
189-690: The Palagi head in Bologna cannot have come from Dresden statue B, that the gems Furtwängler employed could be post-antique, and that the sources are impossibly vague." (Stewart) Some of Hartwick's own conclusions have been disputed in turn, i.e., that the head of Dresden A is alien and the entire Palagi type is Hadrianic. Stewart remarks, "So while the type remains intact and looks Phidian, Furtwängler's further hypotheses concerning its identity and date (451-448) remain unproven." Adolf Furtw%C3%A4ngler Johann Michael Adolf Furtwängler (30 June 1853 – 10 October 1907)
210-517: The collection of Pelagio Palagi in Bologna , to a pair of identical bodies in Dresden. However, both reconstructions and attributions have been disputed; see below. The sculptures concerned are: As reconstructed, the completed statues are pastiches of two Roman marbles, one for the head and the other for the body. In them, Athena wears an unusual, cross-slung aegis decorated with the Gorgon's head . She
231-471: The display of the collection in the Department of Egyptology. Furtwängler published a study on Greek engraved gems and their inscriptions Die Antiken Gemmen (1900). With Karl W. Reichhold he initiated the corpus of Greek vases, Griechische Vasenmalerei in 1904, issued in fascicles. After Furtwängler's death, Friedrich Hauser assumed editorship; a third volume of Furtwängler's Griechische Vasenmalerei
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#1732855486302252-527: The most recent scholarship in the field has moved away from assigning sculptors' names to masterpieces. His 1891 reconstructions of the Lemnian Athena by Phidias were celebrated but have subsequently occasioned dispute; they may be found in the Dresden Albertinum . In 1894, he left Berlin to succeed his early mentor, Heinrich von Brunn , as professor of classical archaeology in Munich, where he
273-408: The next generation of classical art historians and archaeologists, and his published research was of even wider influence. Attribution: Furtwängler, Adolf (1914). Greek and Roman sculpture . London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd.; New York, E.P. Dutton & Company. Peter Alexandrovich Saburov Peter Alexandrovich Saburov (22 March O.S./3 April 1835 – 28 March O.S./10 April 1918)
294-481: The painting styles represented on pottery sherds , which previously had been discarded as spoil. By noting the recurrence of similar vases within a variety of strata Furtwangler was able to use these sherds as a tool for dating sites. On the strength of this, Furtwängler received double appointments the following year (1880) as assistant director at the Royal Museums of Berlin ( Königliche Museen zu Berlin ) and as
315-539: Was a German archaeologist , teacher, art historian and museum director. He was the father of the conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler and grandfather of the German archaeologist Andreas Furtwängler . Furtwängler was born at Freiburg im Breisgau , where his father was a classical scholar and schoolteacher; he was educated there, at Leipzig and at Munich , where he was a pupil of Heinrich Brunn , whose comparative method in art criticism he much developed. After studying at
336-583: Was a Russian diplomat, collector of ancient Greek sculpture and antiquities, and a strong amateur chess player and patron of chess tournaments, as an honorary President of the St Petersburg Chess Club. As the Tsarist Russian envoy to Greece, he assembled a collection of Ancient Greek sculpture , Tanagra figurines , painted vases and other Greek antiquities, which, at the end of his subsequent embassy to Berlin from 1879 to 1884, he then sold to
357-615: Was a prolific writer, with a prodigious knowledge and memory, and a most ingenious and confident critic; and his work not only dominated the field of archaeological criticism but also raised its standing both at home and abroad. Among his numerous publications the most important were a volume on the bronzes found at Olympia, vast works on ancient gems and Greek vases, and the invaluable Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik ( Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture ) (1893 and 1908; English translations by Eugenie Strong and Taylor, London, 1914). Furtwängler's students formed an outstanding group among
378-519: Was also Director of the Munich Glyptothek . In 1896 in his book Beschreibung der geschnittenen Steine im Antiquarium , Furtwängler excluded from his own catalogues of engraved stones in Berlin those engraved gems that were associated with magic, as their artistic value was considered by him not important. For this reason, he was convinced that these types of engraved stones should also be removed from
399-579: Was appointed Russian Ambassador, although he never entered upon the official duties. Then he was posted to Berlin from 1880 to 1884, which involved him at the center of the secret negotiations that led to the unpublished pact, the League of the Three Emperors . In 1884 he left the diplomatic service and returned to Saint Petersburg. During the last decade of the century he became a financial and economic advisor. He listed his pastimes as pomiculture, architecture,
420-577: Was published in 1932. In the field, he renewed the excavations at the temple of Aphaia in Aegina , southwest of Athens; the work resulted in a monograph of the site (1906), but the following year resulted in the dysentery contracted at the site from which he died (October 10, 1907), in the full maturity of his career. He was buried in Athens. His grave is located at the First Cemetery of Athens . Furtwängler
441-449: Was published. His book on Greek sculpture, Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik (1893) made his name familiar to a wider audience; an English translation Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture , translated by Eugénie Sellers Strong, appeared in 1895. Through connoisseurship he refined identifications of the Greek sculptors responsible for the originals of many works known only through Roman copies; many of his attributions still stand, though
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