61-759: Athavanad is a village and Gram Panchayath in the Tirur Taluk , in the Malappuram District of the state of Kerala , India. The town lies on the National Highway 66 , between Puthanathani and Valanchery . Puthanathani is the main town of the Athavanad village and the village office is located in Athavanad Para & Kurumbathoor . Nearby towns include Valanchery , Tavanur , Tirunavaya , Kuttippuram , Irimbiliyam , and Edayur . In Malayalam , "Athavanad"
122-671: A formal war was broke out between the Portuguese and the Kozhikode rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the port of Ponnani. As per some historians, the ancestral home of the Kunhali Marakkar family was at Ponnani. In course of time they spread to Tanur and other settlements of the west coast. It seems that the Kunhalis shifted their base to Putupattanam when Fransico de Almedia attacked Ponnani (1507). There
183-687: A fort of wood. Rui Gomes de Gram, the first Captain of the Fort, is known to have strengthened the defenses on the Ponnani. He pulled down the wooded structures and erected one of stone of considerable strength. Gasper Fagundes, who was in the Ponnani Fort in 1586, was asked by the Portuguese Governor to offer his services to the Samutiri of the Kozhikode against the Kunhali Marakkar. By an agreement (1597) between
244-467: A fort on the north bank of the Vaikkal river mouth at Ponnani. This piece of land belonged to the chief of Bettem. The ships coming from Cochin with materials for construction - like stones and mortars - reached near Vaikkal. But all the vessels except one "mast vessel" were destroyed by being dashed to the shore in a storm. Some Portuguese men were drowned and some were captured. The cannons recovered came under
305-530: A handful of Cochin Nairs. Ponnani at the time was defended by a strong battery of artillery (forty guns), and a number of well-armed ships under Kutti Ali. Kutti Ali of Ponnani was a powerful captain of the Samutiri Fleet having with him more than 7,000 armed men. The harbor was protected by fortifications on either side of the entrances. The Portuguese writers later recorded that "the men were rather frightened by
366-573: A major exporting centre in Malabar. Ponnani Canal was constructed for the transportation of goods from Ponnani to Tirur railway station . Here is a description about the Ponnani Canal by Basel Mission employees at Codacal. ...nowadays a steamship travels between Ponani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although
427-606: A script used to write Malayalam , was originated at Ponnani. The script was also known as "the Ponnani Script". Bharathappuzha , also known as the Ponnani River, has contributed much to the Malayalam literature . Ponnani is described by different authors, all the way from Europe to Arabia to China, in different names. Some of the names are given below. It is believed the word Ponnani comes from Pon Nanayam ( Gold Coin ) after
488-499: A thousand soldiers from one of these ships were killed either by the sword or drowning. Kutti Pokkar was later in killed off the coast of Mangalore , while returning from a successful raid on the Portuguese fort there. A Portuguese fleet of 40 vessels under the command of Diogo de Meneses is known to have pillaged Ponnani, sometime before 1570 AD. It is also known that Gil Eanes Mascarenhas opened fire from his ships to Ponnani port and killed large number of natives in 1582. Mascarenhas
549-472: A token of gratitude. A meeting between Father Carre and M. Coche took place off Ponnani on 10 November 1674. According to this narrative, young Coche was "almost metamorphosed into an Indian" by his stay at Ponnani. Carre also met Aubert, a French merchant in the English Company's service. The ship carrying Father Abbe was detained at Ponnani over a dispute over delivery of goods - mainly pepper. Carre took
610-729: A version of the Malayalam language written in the Arabic script . Tirur Taluk Tirur Taluk comes under Tirur revenue division in Malappuram district in the Indian state of Kerala . Its headquarters is the town of Tirur . Tirur Taluk contains four municipalities - Tanur , Tirur , Kottakkal , and Valanchery . Most of the administrative offices are located in the Mini-Civil Stations at Tirur , Kuttippuram , and Tanur . Most of
671-399: A view to retrieve the Portuguese prestige lost on account of the some incidents at Angediva and Dabul . Almeida himself commandeered the fleet of 12 vessels consisting of four naus , six caravels and two gales. The fleet had about 6,000 European soldiers, led by a collection of noblemen such as Pero Barreti, Diogo Pires, Lourenco de Almeida, and Nuno da Cunha , son of Tristao da Cunha and
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#1732859000015732-552: A wide variety of indigenous dishes. The centuries of maritime trade has given the Ponnani a cosmopolitan cuisine. The cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala , Persian , Yemenese and Arab food culture. One of the main elements of this cuisine is Pathiri , a pancake made of rice flour. Variants of Pathiri include Neypathiri (made with ghee), Poricha Pathiri (fried rather than baked), Meen Pathiri (stuffed with fish), and Irachi Pathiri (stuffed with beef). Spices like Black pepper , Cardamom , and Clove are widely used in
793-495: Is a traditional event. It was banned in 2014 by a court ruling, as it was deemed to violate a 1960 law pertaining to preventing animal cruelty. Athavanad is a major educational hub. It has several educational institutions ranging from primary to post-secondary. It also has several libraries and a literacy rate of over 90%. The majority of books are written Malayalam, English , and Sanskrit . Some are written in Arabi-Malayalam ,
854-549: Is an abbreviation of " A zhvanchery Tha mbrakkal Va zhunna Nadu ". The region was under the rule of the Azhvanchery Thamprakkal feudal lords in ancient times. Azhvanchery Thamprakkal were usually present at the Ariyittu Vazhcha of a new Zamorin of Calicut . The original headquarters of Palakkad Raja s were also at Athavanad. Athavanad has some industries. Athavanad is home to several public enterprises in
915-423: Is another important road. The River Tirur joins River Ponnani at its mouth at Patinjarekkara Beach from the north bank, opposite to Ponnani. The Colonial-era Cannoly Canal ("the Ponnani Canal") bisects Ponnani town. Ponnani is located 68 km south to Kozhikode city, 48 km southwest to Malappuram city, 91 km northwest to Palakkad city, and 50 km northwest to Thrissur city. Ponnani
976-470: Is another view about the origin of Kunhali Marakkars. As per this tradition, they were descended from a Muslim merchant by name Muhammad who traded in Cochin . Muhammad and his brother were forced to leave Cochin and settle at Ponnani in the wake of the Portuguese occupation of the place which had resulted in the destruction of his ships and warehouses. The Marakkars later moved his base to Kozhikode and when Ponnani
1037-463: Is known that students from as far as Sumatra , Java and Sri Lanka traveled to Ponnani for their spiritual education. The town was described in many sources as "the Land of 23½ Mosques". It currently has around 50 mosques, spread around the town. During the months of February and March, large number of migratory birds flock at Ponnani (both Ponnani and Patinjarekkara Beaches). Arabi Malayalam script ,
1098-643: Is known that the river mouth - situated opposite to the plains of Coimbatore across the Ghat mountains - was accessed by the rulers of central Tamil Nadu through the Palghat Gap. It is generally assumed that the archaic Tamil chiefs came into contact with Greco-Roman navigators at the mouth of the Bharatappuzha. Even in the latter times, Ponnani served as the major rice supplier to the Portuguese outposts in India. Throughout
1159-639: Is located right in the middle of the Kerala coast. In the Middle Ages, under the ambitious Hindu chiefs of Kozhikode (the Samutiris/Zamorins), Ponnani developed as one of the most important centers of Muslim trade - both overseas and domestic - on the Arabian Sea. The port also served as the military headquarters of the Kozhikode rulers. With the arrival of the Portuguese explorers in the late - 15th century,
1220-543: Is widely written that the Muslims were ready to defend their bastion of Ponnani with their life ("to die as martyrs"). It is known that large number of men and vessels from Ponnani took part in a battle against the Portuguese off the coast of Kannur on 16 March 1506. In addition to the native Muslims, the Kozhikode Fleet of around two hundred large vessels carried large number of "red-coated" Turkish soldiers. Lorenzo Almeida
1281-607: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis . However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike ' s starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari ; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast . The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces . Pliny
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#17328590000151342-638: The Kingdom of Cochin . The city of Ponnani also provided ideological support for the battles against the Estado da Índia. It was the home of the revered Makhdum family. Prominent members of this Yemeni family of Islamic theologians included Zain-ud-Din Makhdum I (1467 - 1521) and his grandson Zain-ud-Din Makhdum II (1530 - 1581). Makhdum II is known for his formidable historical chronicle Tuhfat al-Mujahidin ("Glory to
1403-573: The 15th century, we know that Ponnani served as the military capital of the Samutiris of Kozhikode. The city also hosted the largest arsenal of the Kozhikotu rulers. The port at Ponnani was defended by fortifications on either bank of the river. In the 16th century, Ponnani witnessed several battles between Kozhikode naval chiefs, known as the Kunhali Marakkars, and the Portuguese colonizers. Whenever
1464-600: The Colonial rule, the Ponnani rice cargoes were shipped across the West Coast. Tobacco was the other major commodity exported from Ponnani to Goa . Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos ( Chera dynasty ). The North Malabar region, which lies north of the port at Tyndis , was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period . According to
1525-554: The Dutch had inaugurated negotiations with the Samutiri of Kozhikode at Ponnani. English ships captained by James Keeling, sailing from Surat , is known to have visited Ponnani around 1615 AD. On 12 February, a friendly reception was given by the Samutiri of Kozhikode to French Viceroy de la Haye and M. Caron (French Company) at Ponnani. M. Coche, a young Parisian clerk in the French Company's service, took up his residence at Ponnani as
1586-468: The Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates. The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers. An inscription which dates back to 932 CE, found from Triprangode , mentions Goda Ravi of Chera dynasty and Thavanur . Several inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to the 10th century CE, have found from Sukapuram near Ponnani, which
1647-672: The Old Ponnani taluk while the Revenue blocks of Tirurangadi and Vengara were taken out of the Old Eranad Taluk. At that time, Tirur Taluk was the largest coastal Taluk in Kerala which had contained the entire coastal belt wedged between Beypore port and Ponnani port (having nearly 65 km seacoast). Later on 16 June 1969, three villages, namely Feroke , Ramanattukara , and Kadalundi , were transferred from Tirur Taluk to Kozhikode Taluk, and Parudur village from Kuttippuram block
1708-656: The Portuguese Passes (the infamous " cartazes ") for the navigation of Arab vessels and gave assurances of non-intervention in the wars of the Portuguese with other native powers [such as Cochin]. Terms of the Treaty (1540) In 1552, the Samutiri of Kozhikode received assistance in heavy guns landed at Ponnani, brought by certain Yoosuf, a Turk, who had sailed against the monsoon winds. In 1566 and again in 1568, Kutti Pokkar of Ponnani and his men captured two Portuguese ships. Around
1769-486: The Portuguese. The Ponnani town was looted, burnt and destroyed. The defenses of the Ponnani Port were repaired and strengthened after this event. It seems that Kunhali Marakkar I, assisted by Kutti Ali and Pacchi Marakkar, subsequently constructed a naval base at Ponnani. Kutti Ali sent harassing raids from Ponnani to Cochin and reinforcement fleets to Kozhikode. Portuguese Viceroy Henrique de Meneses appeared off
1830-570: The Samutiri of Kozhikode and the Portuguese, the former agreed to give site to the latter to erect a church at Ponnani. By a treaty signed between the Dutch Admiral Steven Van der Hagen and the Samutiri of Kozhikode (11 November 1604), the Dutch were permitted to open a factory at Ponnani in return for their help against the Portuguese. The factory served as a military outpost of the Dutch East India Company. A Dutch Resident
1891-531: The Victory of Mujahidun", c. 1583), first printed and published in Lisbon . A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of Al-Azhar University , Cairo . The Ponnani Jum'ah Masjid , also known as Valiya Jum'ah Palli/Makhdum Mosque , was built in the 16th century AD. Ponnani, once known as the "Little Mecca of Malabar" and the " Jami'at al-Azhar of Malabar", was a prominent center of Islamic learning. It
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1952-421: The bank of the river Bharathappuzha . Ali Musaliyar (1854 - 1921), one of principle leaders of the 1921 Mappila Rebellion, had studied at the Ponnani madrasa. Sayyid S. Makti Tangal (d. 1912), an influential Mappila theological reformer, was a native of Ponnani. K. V. Raman Menon (1900–1974), known as Ponnani Gandhi, was a reputed Indian National Congress leader of the time who had actively participated in
2013-562: The circulation of Arab gold coins introduced here by the Arabs and the Persians . The name of the place traces back to the maritime trade tradition of the port city. Bharathappuzha River (River Ponnani), which is also the second-longest river in Kerala flows into Arabian Sea at Ponnani port. The Palakkad Gap on the bank of River Bharathappuzha was the principal trade route between Malabar Coast and Coromandel Coast in ancient times. Anyway
2074-522: The city witnessed several battles between the Admirals of Kozhikode and the Portuguese for the monopoly in the Spice Trade. Whenever a formal war was broke out between the Portuguese and the Kozhikode rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the port of Ponnani. The relentless battles lead to the eventual decline of the settlement, with the exodus of Middle Eastern merchants, and
2135-423: The coast of Ponnani on 25 February 1525 with a fleet of 50 ships, including 19 grabs supplied by the chief of Purakkad . After an unsuccessful mission in Cochin , the Samutiri army was camping at Ponnani. Meneses sent initially some soldiers to the shore for water and provisions. But they were set upon and driven back. Next morning (26 February), the Portuguese landed in forces, and a fierce engagement took place
2196-402: The cuisine of Ponnani. Muttappathiri is another popular breakfast snacks. The main item used in the festivals is the Malabar style of Biryani . Sadhya is also seen in marriage and festival occasions. Snacks such as Arikadukka , Chattipathiri , Muttamala , Pazham Nirachathu , and Unnakkaya have their own style in Ponnani. Besides these, other common food items of Kerala are also seen in
2257-431: The cuisine of Ponnani. The Malabar version of Biryani , popularly known as Kuzhi Mandi in Malayalam is another popular item, which has an influence from Yemen . As of 2011 India census, Ponnani Municipality had a population of 90,491. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Ponnani has an average literacy rate of 90.00%. Male literacy is 93.36%, and female literacy is 87.07%. At Ponnani, 13.17% of
2318-712: The distance is 10 km... Ponnani was a major hub of Indian nationalist movement in Malabar District during the British Raj. Ponnani region was the working platform of K. Kelappan , popularly known as Kerala Gandhi ,Vakeel Raman Menon,known as Ponnani Gandhi, A. V. Kuttimalu Amma, and Mohammed Abdur Rahiman , and several other freedom fighters. Other independence activists from Ponnani taluk included Lakshmi Sehgal , V. T. Bhattathiripad , and Ammu Swaminathan . The ashes of Mahatma Gandhi , Jawaharlal Nehru , and Lal Bahadur Shastri , were deposited in Kerala at Tirunavaya , on
2379-573: The following 30 villages . Ponnani Ponnani ( Malayalam: [ponːaːni] ) is a municipality in Ponnani Taluk , Malappuram District , in the state of Kerala , India . It serves as the administrative center of the Taluk and Block Panchayat of the same name. It is situated at the estuary of Bharatappuzha (River Ponnani) , on its southern bank, and is bounded by the Arabian Sea on
2440-413: The former was obliged to protect the interests of the latter against the neighboring chiefs of Valluvanatu (South Malabar) and Perumpatappu ( Cochin ). As Kozhikode's political authority extended to South Malabar and Cochin , the Samutiri came to reside more and more at Ponnani (Trikkavil Palace, south of the present-day temple). The port town gradually became the second home of the Kozhikotu chiefs. By
2501-645: The freedom movement against the British in Malabar District. He was a social reformer and was a leading lawyer of the Court of Ponnani. Presently, Ponnani is one of the major fishing centers in Malappuram . It is known that the Makhdum family sailed from Yemen to South India to propagate Islam. The family initially settled in Tamil Nadu (the Ma'bar region), before moving to Cochin (15th century) and later to Ponnani. Ponnani has
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2562-449: The inhabitants. In 1528, a strong Portuguese fleet cornered Kutti Ali off the coast of Bankur and he was taken prisoner. The Portuguese Viceroy Garcia de Noronha signed a peace treaty with the Samutiri of Kozhikode on board the ship St. Mattheus at Ponnani on 1 January 1540. As per the agreement, called the Treaty of Ponnani, the Samutiri granted the Portuguese the virtual monopoly, of trade in pepper and ginger at Kozhikode, accepted
2623-518: The land of Payencherry Nair, a Dutch ally, was also exposed by the Ponnani Residency. A meeting between Commandeur van Rheede and the Samutiri of Kozhikode, over the cession of Chetwai, took place at Ponnani in 1678 AD. Haidar 'Ali , Sultan of Mysore conquered northern Kerala in 1766 and established an outpost at Ponnani. His successor Tippu Sultan developed the port at Ponnani for trade, and for strategic reasons. Tipu considered Ponnani as
2684-577: The name Ponnani is connected with the maritime trade that occurred here for centuries. Pre-historical and Early Historical (2nd century BC – 3rd century AD) nature of this settlement is shrouded in mystery. It is one of the oldest ports in South India and can be identified with the port of Tyndis , which was a satellite feeding port to Muziris , according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea . Tyndis
2745-526: The newly developed base at Ponnani. Thirty-eight ships belonging to Chinna Kutti Ali were burnt; a large number of Mappilas were killed, the coconut trees on either bank of the River Ponnani were cut by the Cochin Nairs, and houses, shops and mosques were all destroyed. The Ponnani town was partially burnt in the assault. The cutting of the coconut trees in a region was considered as a method of punishment to
2806-582: The opportunity to travel by land, with the escort of four Nairs, to Tellicherry Factory. On 8 March 1747, it was the Dutch Resident at Ponnani who reported to the Malabar Council the plan of the Samutiri of Kozhikode to occupy by surprise the Fort Chetwai under the pretext of going to Cochin. The alertness of the Ponnani deterred the Samutiri from making the attack. In 1755, the Samutiri's plan to attack
2867-413: The possession of the Samutiri of Kozhikode. As per an agreement (1584) between the Samutiri and the Portuguese, the Kozhikode allowed the Portuguese to have a factory, instead of a fort, at Ponnani, obtaining in return the right of navigation for the Muslims to the ports of Gujarat , Persia and Arabia . Dom Jeronimo Mascaranhas, who was instrumental in signing the contract with the ruler of Kozhikode,
2928-478: The prayers and shouts of the enemy" as approached the port. Tristao da Cunha defeated the Muslim forces (24 November 1507) in the subsequent engagement. Eighteen Portuguese were killed in the assault. Lorenzo was wounded by the Muslims and the fight was stubborn. Muslim ships were burnt, and the Portuguese seized their arms and ammunitions. The commodities that were made ready for despatch to Red Sea were also taken over by
2989-762: The rulers who protected it. Presently, Ponnani is one of the major fishing centers in Kerala . The original headquarters of the Perumbadappu Swaroopam , who later became the Kingdom of Cochin , was at Chithrakoodam in Vanneri, Perumpadappu , which is located 10 km south to Puthuponnani , in Ponnani taluk . When Perumpadappu came under the kingdom of the Zamorin of Calicut , the rulers of Perumpadappu fled to Kodungallur , and later they moved to Kochi , where they established
3050-512: The textile industry. As of the 2011 Census of India , Athavanad had a population of 18,283. 8,612 (47%) are men, and around 9671(53%) are women. The population density is approximately 1,524 people per square kilometer. Children under the age of six make up 14% of Athavanad's population. Malayalam is the most spoken language. Athavanad is predominantly Hindu and Muslim; Duff Muttu , Kolkali , and Aravanamuttu are local traditions. The Kerala Cattle Race (known as Kalappoottu and Maramadi)
3111-402: The view of selecting a suitable site. The Kozhikode chief kept Goncalves waiting for some time on the plea that his Brahmins were unable to fix upon an auspicious date whereupon Goncalves sent the Brahmins some presents, and they then speedily named a favorable hour for the purpose. The construction of a Portuguese fort at Ponnani began in 1585. Gonsalves, being in a hurry to depart, erected only
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#17328590000153172-428: The villages in present-day Tirur Taluk were parts of the medieval Kingdom of Tanur ( Vettathunadu ). The port of Tanur was an important port town in the southwestern coast of India during medieval period. Tirur Taluk was formed on 1 November 1957 by carving 43 villages out of the Old Ponnani taluk and 30 villages out of the Old Eranad Taluk . Tirur , Tanur , and Kuttippuram Revenue blocks were taken from
3233-603: The west and a series of brackish lagoons in the south. It is the seventh-most populated municipality in the state, the second-most populated municipality in the district, and the most densely populated municipality in Malappuram district , having about 3,646 residents per square kilometre as of the year 2011. As of the 2011 Census , the municipality forms a part of Malappuram metropolitan area . National Highway 66 , from to Panvel to Kanyakumari , passes through Ponnani Municipality. The Palakkad -Ponnani State Highway which connects National Highway 66 with National Highway 544
3294-462: Was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire . The River Bharathappuzha (River Ponnani) had importance since Sangam period (1st-4th century CE), due to the presence of Palakkad Gap which connected the Malabar coast with Coromandel coast through inland. Ponnani's location at estuary of the Bharatappuzha amidst the fertile plains suitable for rice cultivation might have attracted early settlers. It
3355-412: Was able to defeat this combined forces, and near 3,000 Muslims were killed the battle. The Portuguese loss was very trifling. Towards the end of year 1507, Viceroy Francisco de Almeida was informed that a column of 13 Muslim ships had taken cargo - mainly spices - from Ponnani and were about to leave for the Red Sea . The Viceroy immediately decided corner the fleet. The decision was perhaps made with
3416-450: Was appointed the Captain of the Factory at Ponnani. The decision was deeply resented by the Kunhali Marakkar III. Sooner rather than later, Duarte de Menezes entrusted Ruy Goncalves de Carmara command of an expedition determined to erect a fort proper at Ponnani. Goncalves proceeded to Ponnani, from where he dispatched a message to the Samutiri of Kozhikode, informing him of the object of his visit, and requesting that he would meet him with
3477-490: Was in charge of the settlement. The aim of the residency was to keep "peace" with the Samutiri of Kozhikode and to watch the activities of the other European powers and the native enemies of the Dutch Company. Stein van Gollenesse wanted to cover the residency building with tiles. But the Samutiri never consented to the proposal, fearing that it would increase the Dutch influence. The chief directed Gollenesse's successor to re-thatch it every year with new coconut leaves. In 1607,
3538-424: Was later captured, and executed by the forces of Kunhali Marakkar. Muslims from Ponnani is known to have actively participated in the Siege of Fort Chaliyam in 1571. The Samutiri of Kozhikode sent against the Fort Chaliyam certain of his ministers in command over the Muslims of Ponnani, who were assisted by bodies of people from Chaliyam. The Portuguese had earlier (around 1528, under da Cunha) tried to construct
3599-408: Was one of the 64 old Nambudiri villages of Kerala. Ponnani used to be under the control of the Brahmins of "Tirumanasseri Natu", with protection from the Vellattiri (Valluvanatu/ Angatippuram ) chief, in medieval times. Later the Tirumanasseri Namputiri handed over the port Ponnani to the Samutiri of Kozhikode . An arrangement was reached between the Brahmin and the Samutiri, as a result of which,
3660-420: Was sacked by de Menezes (1525), he offered help to the Samutiri in his fight against the Portuguese. Kutti Pokkar, a Captain in the fleet of Pattu Marakkar (Kunhali Marakkar the Third), was a native of Ponnani. Ponnani is usually considered as the military capital of the Samutiris of Kozhikode. For an assault on Cochin in 1500 AD, the Samutiri seems to have assembled a huge army of 50,000 Nairs at Ponnani. It
3721-402: Was transferred to the Ottapalam Taluk. Later in the 1990s, the Revenue blocks of Tirurangadi and Vengara were separated from Tirur Taluk to form Tirurangadi Taluk , and the revenue villages of Kottakkal and Ponmala were added newly to Tirur Taluk from Eranad Taluk. Currently, Tirur Taluk, having 30 villages, is the most populous Taluk of Malappuram District. Tirur taluk contains
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