Presidency
104-472: Family Portrayals Legacy [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Mohamed Atef Anwar Sadat ( Arabic : محمد عاطف أنور السادات ; 13 March 1948 – 6 October 1973) was an Egyptian fighter pilot. In the first hour of the 1973 Arab–Israeli War , he was killed in action while conducting an aerial raid on an airport in the Israeli-occupied Sinai Peninsula . He was the younger half-brother of
208-628: A 48-hour ultimatum which aired on television that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet their demands. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then. On 3 July 2013, the Egyptian Armed Forces initiated a coup d'état. The army then installed the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour as the interim head of state in his place until
312-621: A backlash like the Bread Riots of 1977 . Sisi, who had previously accepted only half of his own pay, called on Egyptians to make sacrifices, vowing to repair an economy growing at the slowest pace in two decades. Sisi warned Egyptians of more pain over the next two years from economic problems that he said had accumulated over the last four decades and needed to be fixed. Egypt also paid more than $ 6 billion it owed to foreign oil companies within two months. By March 2015 after 8 months of Sisi's rule, Egypt's external debt fell to $ 39.9 billion,
416-494: A blockade for 46 days against the people in al-Nahda and Rabaa al-Adawiya squares under the name of sit-in where tens of protesters took to the street daily hindered the lives of the Egyptians, causing unrest and the death or injury of many victims as well as damage to public and private properties". On 3 August 2013, Sisi gave his first interview since the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi. Speaking to The Washington Post , he criticised
520-466: A ceremony at Heliopolis Palace, Sisi gave a speech to the attendees. He and the previous president, Adly Mansour, also signed a document officially transferring power to Sisi, which was the first time in Egyptian history that power had been transferred in this way. Sisi then went on to Koubbeh Palace , where the final ceremony was held. There, he gave the final speech of the day to 1,200 attendees representing
624-588: A drop of 13.5 percent. As a result of the economic reforms, Moody's raised Egypt's credit ratings outlook to stable from negative and Fitch Ratings upgraded Egypt's credit rating one step to "B" from "B−". Standard & Poor's rated Egypt B-minus with a stable outlook and upgraded Egypt's credit rating in November 2013. On 7 April 2015, Moody's upgraded Egypt's outlook from Caa1 to B3 with stable outlook expecting real GDP growth in Egypt to recover to 4.5% year-on-year for
728-595: A group of Egypt's top politicians. Sisi later moved to the Heliopolis Palace , where a 21-gun salute welcomed the new president, before the ex-president received Sisi near the palace's stairway. Sisi then presided over a reception for the foreign presidents, emirs, kings, and official delegations who had been invited. No representatives of Turkey , Tunisia or Qatar were invited, reportedly because of their governments' critical stances regarding then-recent coup in Egypt; representatives of Israel were also not invited. In
832-523: A landslide victory with 97% of the vote. Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014. Sisi leads a government in Egypt which has been described as authoritarian by observers, and some elements of his rule have been described as even more draconian than that of prior authoritarian leader Mubarak. In the 2018 presidential election , Sisi faced minimal opposition from rival Moussa Mostafa Moussa , who had supported Sisi's 2014 bid, after
936-569: A larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Square. Human Rights Watch describes the resulting Rabaa massacre as a crime against humanity and estimates that over a 1,000 civilians were killed by Egyptian security services. On 26 March 2014, with the support of the Egyptian military, Sisi announced that he would run as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election . The election, held between 26 and 28 May, featured one opponent, Hamdeen Sabahi , saw 47% participation by eligible voters, and resulted in Sisi winning in
1040-453: A maximum period of sixty days from the date of the vacancy of the office. Although, the constitution does not directly stipulate any role for the vice president in the process of presidential succession, it had become a tradition for the People's Assembly to nominate a vice president for the vacant office of the president. Both Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak served as vice-presidents at the time
1144-453: A national goal of eliminating all unsafe slums in two years. The first stage of the project was inaugurated on 30 May 2016 containing 11,000 housing units built at a cost of £E1.56 billion (US$ 177.8 Million). Funding was provided by the "Long Live Egypt" economic development fund in collaboration with civilian charitable organizations. The ultimate goal is the construction of 850,000 housing units with additional stages in processes funded in
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#17328484286841248-601: A new president could be elected, and ordered the arrest of many members of the Muslim Brotherhood on charges of "inciting violence and disturbing general security and peace." Sisi announced on television that the president had "failed to meet the demands of the Egyptian people" and declared that the constitution would be temporarily suspended, which was met by acceptance from anti-Morsi protesters and condemnation from pro-Morsi supporters in Rabaa al-Adawiya. On 24 July 2013, during
1352-417: A police station in 2013, an act described by Amnesty International as "the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we've seen in recent years […] anywhere in the world". The BBC reported that by May 2016, approximately 40,000 people, mostly Brotherhood members or loyalists, had been imprisoned since Morsi's overthrow. The anti-Morsi demonstrators on the streets welcomed Sisi's announcement of
1456-409: A quarter of the state budget. The Egyptian government has traditionally provided these subsidies as a crucial aid to millions of people who live in poverty, fearing people's anger in five years time. Egypt had spent $ 96 billion on energy subsidies in a decade, which made gasoline in Egypt among the world's cheapest. Cutting the energy subsidies will save EGP51 billion. The government hopes
1560-630: A relationship with his maternal cousin, Entissar Amer . They were married upon Sisi's graduation from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1977. He attended the following courses: Sisi received his commission as a military officer in 1977, serving in the mechanised infantry and specialising in anti-tank warfare and mortar warfare. He became Commander of the Northern Military Region-Alexandria in 2008 and then Director of Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance. Sisi
1664-591: A revolution is imminent. Sisi was born in Old Cairo on 19 November 1954 to Said Hussein Khalil al-Sisi and Soad Ibrahim Mohamed, both from Monufia Governorate . He grew up in Gamaleya, near al-Azhar Mosque , in a quarter where Muslims , Jews and Christians resided and in which he later recalled how, during his childhood, he had heard church bells and watched Jews flock to synagogue unhindered. He later enrolled in
1768-432: A spectrum of the Egyptian people—from various walks of life and from each of the provinces of Egypt. He described the problems that he said Egypt was facing, and his plan for addressing them, and declared, "In its next phase, Egypt will witness a total rise on both internal and external fronts, to compensate for what we have missed and correct the mistakes of the past". Sisi then issued his first presidential decree, conferring
1872-626: A speech at a military parade, Sisi called for mass demonstrations to grant the Egyptian military and police a "mandate" to crack down on pro-democracy protestors. While supporters interpreted this to mean that Sisi felt the need of the people to prove to the world that it was not a coup but the popular will, the statement was seen by opponents as contradicting the military's pledges to hand over power to civilians after removing Morsi and as indicating an imminent crackdown against Islamists . The reactions to Sisi's announcement ranged from open support from
1976-411: A state of instability." Sisi stated that public opinion in Egypt would not accept political Islam to return to government, referring to the protests against Morsi in 2013 and Morsi's subsequent overthrow. Sisi, who is reportedly facing a severe economic ordeal in Egypt, has decided to raise fuel prices by 78 percent as an introduction to cut the subsidies on basic food stuffs and energy, which use nearly
2080-529: A state of readiness was launched at Bilbeis Airport, and every pilot ran a fighter inside the fortified aircraft complex, and the planes were armed with bombs and ready, but the mission was cancelled as this was a training exercise on assembling pilots. During the First Egyptian Air Strike , Atef Sadat was part of Sukhoi Su-7 formation that attacked the Israeli Meliz airfield . In the course of
2184-664: A surplus in power generating capacity estimated at 2.9 gigawatts. In the long-term, Egypt paid more than $ 6 billion it owed to foreign oil companies between January and March. Energy contracts were placed as a top priority in the Egypt Economic Development Conference in March 2015, resulting in a $ 9 billion contract with Siemens to supply gas and wind power plants to boost the country's electricity generation by 50 percent, in addition to an energy deal worth $ 12 billion ( £E 91.5 billion) with BP to provide
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#17328484286842288-542: A time, the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court shall take over the presidency on condition that neither shall nominate themselves for the presidency. Both are also limited in power as in they cannot dissolve the parliament, remove the cabinet, or propose constitutional amendments. The People's Assembly shall then proclaim the vacancy of the office of president, and a new president shall be chosen within
2392-466: Is Field Marshal Abdel Farrah el-Sisi , who has been in office since 8 June 2014. The first president of Egypt was Mohamed Naguib , who, along with Gamal Abdel Nasser , led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 that overthrew King Farouk and marked the end of British colonial rule. Though Farouk's infant son was formally declared by the revolutionaries as King Fuad II , all effective executive power
2496-402: Is an Egyptian politician , dictator, and retired military officer who has been serving as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014. Before retiring as a general in the Egyptian military in 2014, Sisi served as Egypt's deputy prime minister from 2013 to 2014, minister of defense from 2012 to 2013, and director of military intelligence from 2010 to 2012. He was promoted to
2600-693: Is confirmed in office by popular plebiscite of all eligible voters in the country. Egypt maintained this system even after it was abandoned by France in 1962 in Favour of direct presidential elections, eliminating the role of the legislature in the election of the French president. In the Egyptian Constitution of 1971 , the name of the National Assembly was changed to the People's Assembly. In 2005 and 2007, constitutional amendments were made . Principles in
2704-588: Is expected to increase the Suez Canal 's revenues by 259% from current annual revenues of $ 5 billion. The project cost around 60 billion Egyptian-pounds ($ 8.4 billion) and was fast-tracked over a year. Sisi insisted funding come from Egyptian sources only. The new canal was inaugurated on schedule on 6 August 2015. Sisi also introduced the Suez Canal Area Development Project which would involve development of five new seaports in
2808-439: Is the second eldest of eight siblings. His father, a conservative Muslim, who later had six additional children with a second wife, owned an antiques shop for tourists in the historic bazaar of Khan el-Khalili . Sisi and his siblings studied at the nearby library at al-Azhar University . Unlike his brothers—one of whom is a senior judge, another a civil servant—Sisi went to a local army-run secondary school, where he developed
2912-565: The 2023 presidential election for a third term in office. He was inaugurated in April 2024. The Egyptian Constitution has had various forms since the establishment of the republic in 1953. In all iterations of the republican constitution until 2005, the method of electing the president is based on that of the French Fifth Republic . Both the pre-revolution Egyptian Civil Code , and the semi-presidential system of government adopted after
3016-519: The Cairo Metro , took television stations off the air, and ground much of the country to a halt for several hours because of the sudden loss of 50 percent of the country's power generation. Sisi, on his part, said that the idler would be held accountable and promised to partially solve the economic crisis by August 2015, and that, beginning with December that year, the crisis will be dealt with entirely. Both long-term and short-term plans were introduced. In
3120-523: The Egyptian Armed Forces in 2014 and then went on to win the 2014 presidential election , being sworn in as president on 8 June 2014. He was later re-elected to a second term in 2018 after winning the 2018 presidential election . In April 2019, Egypt's parliament extended presidential terms from four to six years. President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi was also allowed to run for third term in next election in 2024. In December 2023, President al-Sisi won
3224-528: The Egyptian Armed Forces , with then little-known Sisi. He also promoted him to the rank of colonel general . Sisi was then described by the official website of the ruling Muslim Brotherhood -aligned Freedom and Justice Party as a "defense minister with revolutionary taste". Sisi also took the post of Minister of Defense and Military Production in the Qandil Cabinet . Sisi was appointed as Minister of Defense on 12 August 2012. He remained in office under
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3328-784: The Egyptian Military Academy , and upon graduating he held various command positions in the Egyptian Armed Forces and served as Egypt's military attaché in Riyadh . In 1987, he attended the Egyptian Command and Staff College. In 1992, he continued his military career by enrolling in the British Command and Staff College , and, in 2006, enrolled in the United States Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Sisi
3432-478: The EuroAfrica Interconnector , interconnector between Greek, Cypriot, and Egypt power grids via submarine power cable of length around 1,619-kilometre (1,006 mi). In August 2014, President Sisi initiated a new Suez Canal , a parallel channel running about one-third the length of the existing waterway, which would double capacity of the existing canal from 49 to 97 ships a day. The new canal
3536-757: The Nobel Peace Prize with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin in 1978 for initiating peace talks between the two countries. He was succeeded by his vice president, Hosni Mubarak , who was elected president by plebiscite and remained so for nearly 30 years. In the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , Mubarak , who held office from 14 October 1981 until 11 February 2011, was forced to resign following mass nationwide protests demanding his removal from office. On 10 February 2011 Mubarak transferred presidential powers to his recently appointed vice president, Omar Suleiman . Suleiman's wielding of presidential powers
3640-575: The Order of the Nile upon the previous interim-president, Adly Mansour. According to the American organization Freedom House , President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi has governed Egypt in an authoritarian manner. Freedom House claims that meaningful political opposition is virtually nonexistent in the country, and that security forces engage in human rights abuses with impunity. Sisi has expressed his personal concerns about
3744-472: The Prime Minister under the 2012 and 2014 Constitutions. Egypt had been under martial law since 1981. After the Egyptian revolution in 2011 that ousted the 30-year regime of then President Hosni Mubarak , the martial law was temporarily suspended. The 2012 Constitution provided for a semi-presidential form of government in which the president shares executive powers with the prime minister, until it
3848-542: The Rabaa Massacre . Human Rights Watch described the sit-in dispersals as crimes against humanity and called them "one of the world's largest killings of demonstrators in a single day in recent history." In 2023, Amnesty International released stated that, "The 10-year anniversary of the Rabaa massacre is a stark reminder of how impunity for the mass killing of over 900 people has enabled an all-out assault on peaceful dissent, an erosion of any fair trial safeguards in
3952-594: The dispersal in August 2013 of pro-Morsi sit-ins by Egyptian security forces which resulted in the killing of thousands of civilians. On 14 August 2013, police carried out the August 2013 Rabaa massacre , killing hundreds of civilians and wounding thousands, leading to international criticism. The Egyptian police, under the command of Sisi, used lethal force to violently disperse two camps of protesters in Cairo: one at al-Nahda Square and
4056-479: The " unification of Arabs ". He also thanked "Egypt's Arab brothers, who stood by its side". Sisi commented on the relationship between the Egyptian army and Egyptian people, saying that it is hard to break. Sisi said: “We would die before you [the Egyptian people] would feel pain". He also compared the Egyptian army to the Pyramid , saying that "it cannot be broken". After Sisi had removed Morsi from office and disbanded
4160-505: The "CC" initials were created, restaurants in Egypt named sandwiches after him, blogs shared his pictures, and columns, op-eds, television shows and interviews discussed the "new idol of the Nile valley" in the Egyptian mainstream media. On 6 December 2013, Sisi was named " Time Person of the Year " in Time magazine's annual reader poll. The accompanying article noted that "Sisi's success reflected
4264-651: The African Union [REDACTED] Member State of the Arab League The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt ( Egyptian Arabic : رئيس جمهورية مصر ) is the executive head of state of Egypt and the de facto appointer of the official head of government under the Egyptian Constitution of 2014 . Under the various iterations of the Constitution of Egypt following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 ,
Atef Sadat - Misplaced Pages Continue
4368-640: The Christians a merry Christmas. The U.S.-based organization Human Rights Watch has accused Sisi's government of using torture and enforced disappearances against political opponents and criminal suspects. HRW has claimed that extrajudicial killings were committed by the military during its campaign against Wilayah Sayna , an ISIS affiliate in North Sinai. HRW has also accused Sisi's government of using prosecutions, travel bans and asset freezes against human rights defenders, and legislations that HRW says threatens
4472-499: The Egyptian constitution concerning candidates for the president's office. Candidates must have the recommendation of 20 members of the House of Representatives or the endorsement of 25,000 people across 15 governorates, with at least 1,000 signatures from each. The amendment to Article 76 of the constitution provides for the establishment of a "Presidential Election Commission" that would have complete independence and would be charged with
4576-588: The Egyptian government. He was buried the same day in his hometown of Mit Abu El Kom . Order of the Sinai Star: When the celebration was held to honor the heroes of October in the People's Assembly, Anwar Sadat received the Order of the Sinai Star in honor of his stepbrother's name, and the Minister of War, Ahmad Ismail Ali , handed him the medal. President of Egypt [REDACTED] Member State of
4680-411: The Egyptian people for him to run. Sisi later confirmed on 26 March 2014 that he would run for president in the presidential election , contradicting his. Shortly after his announcement, popular hashtags were started for and against Sisi's presidential bid. The presidential election, which took place between 26 and 28 May 2014, saw Sisi win 96 percent of votes counted; it was notably held without
4784-570: The Shura Council, in September 2013 interim president Adly Mansour temporarily decreed that ministers could award contracts without a request for tender . In the next month, the government awarded building contracts worth approximately one billion dollars to the Egyptian Army. In April 2014, the interim government's Investment Law banned appeals against government contracts. Also in September 2013,
4888-607: The US response, and accused the Obama administration of disregarding the Egyptian popular will and of providing insufficient support amid threats of a civil war, saying, "You left the Egyptians. You turned your back on the Egyptians and they won't forget that." On the 40-year anniversary of the Yom Kippur War (also known as the October War) in 2013, Sisi announced that the army was committed to
4992-426: The absence of the needed periodic maintenance of the power plants, the energy blackout rates in Egypt rose to unprecedented levels, with some parts of the country facing around six power cuts a day for up to two hours each. In August 2014, daily electricity consumption hit a record high of 27.7 gigawatts, 20% more power than stations could provide. The next month Egypt suffered a massive power outage that halted parts of
5096-473: The actual head of government at the time, interim president Adly Mansour , but to Sisi. In a file published by the State Information Services, the government explained the raids by stating that "police went on to use force dispersing the sit-in on 14 August 2013 with the least possible damage, causing hundreds of civilians and police to fall as victims, while Muslim Brotherhood supporters imposed
5200-517: The amended constitution include: The following provisions regarding the election process are stipulated in Article 76 as amended: Under the system created by the 1980, 2003 and 2007 constitutional amendments to the 1971 Constitution , the President is the pre-eminent executive figure, who names the Prime Minister of Egypt as well as appoints the Cabinet per the latter's recommendation, while in reality, he
5304-525: The attack, Atef's plane was shot down and he was killed. To avoid distracting her husband, Jehan Sadat waited until the eighth day of the war before breaking the news of his brother's death to him. He was first reported dead on 5 January 1974 by Egyptian newspapers. On 31 March 1974, a spokesman of the Israel Defense Forces disclosed that a search party had found his body in the sands of the western Sinai Peninsula and that it had handed him over to
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#17328484286845408-462: The commission is made up from five independent and neutral public figures: three to be selected by the People's Assembly and two to be selected by the Shoura Council. Decisions of this Committee shall be passed by a majority of seven votes. This commission has a term of five years and is exclusively competent to supervise the presidential election process, including accepting nominations, announcing
5512-484: The country with an extra quarter of local energy production. Sisi also stated that Egypt is not just solving its energy crisis, but rather seeking to become a "global hub for energy trading". In Nicosia on 21 November 2017 he met President of Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades and the Prime Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras . They encouraged and welcomed private sector initiatives of energy infrastructure projects, important for energy security of all three countries such as
5616-791: The country's civil society. HRW has also accused the government of conducting arbitrary arrests and torture against children as young as twelve. International human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International estimated that there were about 60,000 political prisoners in Egypt as of January 2020. Protests against Sisi's government broke out on 20 September 2019, after videos published by Spain-based Egyptian contractor Mohamed Ali alleged that public funds had been mismanaged under Sisi's presidency. The protests were quickly dispersed by police shortly afterward. Sisi blamed political Islam for protests and instability. According to him, "As long as we have political Islam movements that aspire for power, our region will remain in
5720-475: The criminal justice system, and unspeakable cruelty in prisons over the past decade, Amnesty International said today." Writing for British newspaper The Independent in August 2013, Robert Fisk described then-General Sisi as being at a loss, but that a massacre—as Fisk called the sit-in dispersal—would go down in history as an infamy. Writing for the American magazine Time , Lee Smith concluded that "Egypt's new leader [was] unfit to rule", referring not to
5824-486: The decision will benefit services such as health and education. Sisi also raised taxes on alcohol and cigarettes, applying a flat tax on local and imported cigarettes to between 25 and 40 cents per pack, as well as new property taxes, and plans to introduce a new scheme for value-added taxes. Chicken prices would reportedly rise by 25 percent days after the decision because of added transportation costs. Mini-bus and taxi fares were raised by about 13 percent. Slashing subsidies
5928-423: The duration of presidential terms from four years to six years, and allow incumbent president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to extend his current term to the 6 year length, as well as serve a third and final term, exempting him from the two-term limit that otherwise applies to the office of president. These amendments were subsequently ratified in the 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum . During their tenure in office,
6032-420: The end of the incumbent president's term. Article 141 of the Egyptian Constitution establishes the requirements one must meet in order to become president. They must be an Egyptian citizen , be born to Egyptian parents (never having dual nationality), have participated in the military or been exempted from it, and cannot be less than forty years old. Additional requirements were provisioned in Article 142 of
6136-725: The event of his running for president, including the National Salvation Front , Tamarod , Amr Moussa , a previous candidate for the presidency, Abdel-Hakim Abdel-Nasser, son of late President Gamal Abdel Nasser , unsuccessful presidential candidate Ahmed Shafik , Prime Minister Hazem Al Beblawi , Naguib Sawiris , the Free Egyptians Party , the Revolutionary Forces Bloc, and the Russian president Vladimir Putin . However, Hamdeen Sabahi ran against him in
6240-530: The fiscal year 2015, which ends in June, and then to rise to around 5%–6% over the coming four years compared to 2.5% in 2014. In May 2015, Egypt chose the banks to handle its return to the international bond market after a gap of five years marking a return of economic and political stability in the country after the revolution of 2011. However, in early 2016 the Egyptian pound suffered from devaluation: in February when
6344-526: The genuine popularity of a man who led what was essentially a military coup in July against the democratically elected government of then President Mohammed Morsi". The "Kamel Gemilak" (Finish Your Favor) and "Sisi for President" campaigns were started to gather signatures to press Sisi, who at the time stated that he had no desire to govern, to run for presidency. Many politicians and parties including Egyptians and non-Egyptians had announced their support for Sisi in
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#17328484286846448-528: The goals of the revolution. Kamel Gemilak claimed to have collected 26 million signatures asking Sisi to run for president. On 21 January 2014, Kamel Gemilak organised a mass conference call in Cairo International Stadium to call on Sisi to run for president. On 6 February 2014, the Kuwaiti newspaper al-Seyassah claimed that Sisi would run for president, saying that he had to meet the wishes of
6552-500: The interests of the people, and to maintain the independence and territorial integrity of the Homeland." Under the previous Constitution, the president served for a term of four years. The president is limited to two terms, whether the terms are successive or separated. On 14 February 2019, the Egyptian parliament voted overwhelmingly to approve draft amendments to the country's 2014 constitution; among other things, these amendments extend
6656-810: The interim Egyptian presidency and the Tamarod movement to rejection by much of civil society, the Muslim Brotherhood , the Salafi Nour Party , the Strong Egypt Party , the liberal April 6 Youth Movement and human rights groups. During the dispersal process of anti-coup protestors, the Egyptian military under Sisi’s command was involved in assisting the national police in dispersing two sit-ins held by anti-coup protestors in Rabaa el-Adaweya and Nahda squares. This action resulted in led to murder of over 900 protestors by Egyptian security forces in
6760-456: The interim government removed pre-trial detention limits for certain crimes, allowing certain individuals remain in detention indefinitely . In November 2013, the interim government temporarily banned protests in an attempt to combat the growing pro-Brotherhood unrest; the police arrested thousands of Egyptians using the new law. On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death , following an attack on
6864-489: The issue of sexual assault in the country. He was photographed during a hospital visit to a woman receiving treatment after an assault during celebrations in Cairo 's Tahrir Square , ordering the army , the police , and the media to counter the issue. Sisi has called for the reform and modernisation of Islam; to that end, he has taken measures within Egypt such as regulating mosque sermons and changing school textbooks (including
6968-580: The judiciary, to monitor the various phases of the election process, under its supervision. The election process shall be completed in one day. In accordance with Article 79 of the constitution, the president must take the following oath or affirmation before exercising his functions: "I swear by Allah the Almighty to sincerely maintain the Republican system, to respect the Constitution and law, to fully care about
7072-425: The military arrest of Lieutenant General Sami Anan who was barred from running for president due to still actively serving in the military at the time, threats made to Ahmed Shafik with corruption charges and an alleged sex tape , and the withdrawal of Khaled Ali and Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat due to the overwhelming obstacles presented, and alleged violations committed, by the elections committee. Sisi
7176-427: The names of accepted candidates, supervision of election procedures, vote counting and announcement of the results. It also has final judicial competence to rule on any contesting or challenge submitted in relation to the presidential elections, and its decisions are final and subject to no appeal. The committee may issue its own regulations and shall be competent to establish general sub-committees from among members of
7280-457: The new government formed after the deposition of Morsi, and led by Hazem al-Beblawi . He was also appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt. On 27 January 2014, he was promoted to the rank of field marshal . Mass demonstrations occurred on 30 June 2013 as Egyptians took to the streets to protest policies of the democratically-elected Morsi government. Soon afterwards, the Egyptian Army issued
7384-509: The office of president remained vacant until January 1956, when Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected as president via a plebiscite . Nasser would remain as president of Egypt , as well as president of the United Arab Republic , which lasted from 1958 to 1971, until his sudden death in September 1970 at the age of 52. Nasser was succeeded by his vice president, Anwar Sadat , who was elected by plebiscite in October 1970. Sadat served as president until his assassination in October 1981, and shared
7488-462: The overthrow of Morsi with celebrations and carried posters of Sisi, chanting "The Army and the People are one hand" and supporting General Sisi. On social networks, thousands of Egyptians changed their profile pictures to pictures of Sisi, while others started campaigns requesting that Sisi be promoted to the rank of field marshal , and others hoped that he would be nominated in the next presidential elections. Cupcakes, chocolate and necklaces bearing
7592-596: The overwhelming Egyptian defeat in the Six-Day War , before retracting it following mass demonstrations from the Egyptian public. President Mubarak also resigned on 11 February 2011 during mass protests against his regime. The presidency in Egypt operates eight presidential residences in addition to other presidential guest houses. The official residence and office of the president is Heliopolis Palace in Cairo . Other presidential palaces include: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Abd el-Fattah Sisi (born 19 November 1954)
7696-481: The participation of the Muslim Brotherhood 's Freedom & Justice Party , which had won every prior post-Mubarak electoral contest, and continues to remain absent from subsequent elections. President Sisi was sworn into office on 8 June 2014. The event was marked by an impromptu public holiday in Egypt in conjunction with festivals held nationwide. Tahrir Square was prepared to receive millions of Egyptians celebrating Sisi's presidency; police and soldiers shut down
7800-450: The person who takes office is limited in power as the new president cannot dissolve the parliament, propose constitutional amendments or remove the cabinet from office. In case of the vacancy of the presidential office or the permanent incapacitation of the President, the Speaker of the People's Assembly shall temporarily assume the presidency. In case the People's Assembly is dissolved at such
7904-585: The popular mandate of 26 July 2013: "We are committed, in front of God , to the Egyptian and Arab people that we will protect Egypt, the Egyptians and their free will." During the anniversary celebration that year, General Sisi invited the Emirati , Iraqi, Bahraini, Moroccan and Jordanian defense ministers to celebrate with him. During his speech he said in a warning way that the Egyptian people "will never forget who stood with them or against them". Sisi described 6 October as "a day to celebrate for all Arabs", hoping for
8008-524: The pound was allowed to float briefly, its value reduced rapidly from £E7.83 per US dollar to £E8.95 per dollar, resulting in increased prices for everyday goods. Considered its worst in decades, Egypt's energy crisis that helped inflame the protests against former president Mohamed Morsi continued to grow in Sisi's first months in office, challenging the new government. Due to shortage in energy production, growing consumption, terrorist attacks on Egypt's energy infrastructure, debts to foreign oil companies and
8112-487: The power to ratify treaties, can issue decrees having the force of law when the House of Representatives is in recess, and such decrees are subject to approval by the House after resuming its sessions at the end of the recess, and acts as the supreme commander of the armed forces. The president also has the power of pardon and can exercise necessary powers in times of emergency. Election procedures are taken within sixty days before
8216-547: The president is also the supreme commander of the Armed Forces , and head of the executive branch of the Egyptian government . Six presidents took over the presidency of Egypt after the abolition of the monarchy in 1953, in periods that included short transitional periods. They began with President Mohamed Naguib , then President Gamal Abdel Nasser , then President Anwar Sadat . He was followed by President Hosni Mubarak , then President Mohamed Morsi . The current president
8320-416: The president is not allowed to be a formal member of a political party. If the president-elect is announced before the end of the incumbent president's term, the incumbent president continues in office until the end of their term. In the case of temporary incapacitation of the president, the constitution provides the president to relinquish his powers to the vice president or the prime minister . However,
8424-428: The presidential office became vacant; however, on Mubarak's succession in 1981 as president, he did not appoint a vice-president until 29 January 2011, when during substantial protests demanding reforms, he appointed Omar Suleiman to the role. The president may resign by delivering their resignation to the People's Assembly under the 2012 and 2014 Constitutions. Gamal Abdel Nasser submitted his resignation after
8528-402: The presidential race. Subsequently, Sabahi issued criticisms of Sisi and his candidacy by expressing doubt about Sisi's commitment to democracy, arguing that the general bears a measure of direct and indirect responsibility for the human rights violations carried out during the period of the interim government. He also denounced what he deemed to be the transitional government's hostility toward
8632-604: The rank of Field Marshal in January 2014. Sisi was born in Cairo in 1954. As a young man, he joined the Egyptian Army and held a post in Saudi Arabia before enrolling in the Egyptian Army's Command and Staff College. He never saw active combat throughout his military service. After the 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2012 election of Mohamed Morsi to the Egyptian presidency, the first democratic election in Egypt’s history, Sisi
8736-633: The removal of some content on Saladin and Uqba ibn Nafi inciting or glorifying hatred and violence). He has also called for an end to the Islamic verbal divorce ; however, this was rejected by a council of scholars from Al-Azhar University . Sisi also became the first Egyptian president in the country's history to attend Christmas Mass and gave a speech at the Coptic Orthodox Christmas service in Cairo in January 2015 calling for unity and wishing
8840-458: The revolution were strongly influenced by the legal and political tradition of France . In this two-stage system, the Egyptian legislature, the National Assembly (a name also inspired by its French counterpart), nominates one of a number of candidates for the presidency. A candidate needs at least a two-thirds majority in the Assembly in order to win the nomination. In the second stage, the candidate
8944-529: The same manner. An agricultural plan, under the name "New Delta Project", aims to expand the Egyptian Delta and construct housing and farmlands westwards to increase Egypt's food sufficiency and general agricultural production. In August 2014, Egypt's Baseera, the Centre for Public Opinion Research, said in a poll result that only eight percent of the sample were unhappy with Sisi's performance and ten percent of
9048-580: The sample said they could not identify their position. The poll showed that 78 percent of the sample said they would vote for Sisi should the presidential elections be held again the next day while 11 percent said they would not. Eighty-nine percent said that there was improvement in the security situation after Sisi's taking office. Seventy-three percent said that fuel has become regularly available since Sisi's election. Meanwhile, 35 percent of respondents believed price controls had improved, while 32 percent believed that they have become worse. Twenty-nine percent of
9152-422: The short-term, Egypt signed a contract with General Electric (GE) to provide the country with 2.6 gigawatts by the summer of 2015. The first phase entered service in June and the final phase was expected to be completed by the end of August, making it one of the fastest energy transferring operations in the world according to GE. In June, Sisi's administration stated that for the first time in years, Egypt achieved
9256-557: The soldiers and officers from rape accusations". He was the first member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to admit that the invasive tests had been carried out. Also reported is commander of the 23rd Mechanized Division, Third Field Army. On 12 August 2012, Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi made a decision to replace the Mubarak-era Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi , the head of
9360-448: The square outlets with barbed wires and barricades, as well as electronic portals for detecting any explosives that could spoil the festivities. Sisi's oath of office was administered in the morning in Egypt's Supreme constitutional court in front of the deputy head of the constitutional court, Maher Sami, who described Sisi as a "rebel soldier" and a "revolutionary hero"; ex-president Adly Mansour ; other constitutional court members; and
9464-659: The supervision of the presidential election process. The commission is composed of ten members, presided by the chief justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court and four other ex officio members of the judiciary who are the most senior serving deputy president of each of the Supreme Constitutional, the Court of Cassation, and the High Administrative Court, and the president of the Cairo Court of Appeal. The rest of
9568-665: The then-incumbent Egyptian president Anwar Sadat , who was assassinated on the same day eight years later . Atef Sadat was born on 13 March 1948 in the village of Mit Abu El Kom , Tala District, in Monufia Governorate . He graduated from the Egyptian Air Academy in 1966, and spent two years in the Soviet Union , attending a training program on jet fighters and then fighter bombers (the Sukhoi Su-7 ). On 5 October 1973,
9672-677: The three provinces surrounding the canal, a new industrial zone west of the Gulf of Suez , economic zones around the waterway, seven new tunnels between Sinai and the Egyptian home land, building a new Ismailia city, huge fish farms, and a technology valley within Ismailia . Sisi also started the National Roads Project , which involves building a road network of more than 4,400 kilometres and uses 104 acres of land, promising that there are many development and reconstruction campaigns for Egypt to reduce
9776-455: The unemployment rate and increase the poor's income. An ambitious plan to build a new city near Cairo to serve as the country's new capital was announced during the Egypt Economic Development Conference . Located east of Cairo approximately midway between Cairo and Suez , this proposed new capital of Egypt is yet to be formally named and is intended to relieve population pressures from the greater Cairo area. In 2016, President Sisi set
9880-514: Was a momentary formality, as the position of president of Egypt was then officially vacated, and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces , led by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi , assumed executive control of the state. On 30 June 2012, the Muslim Brotherhood -affiliated Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as President of Egypt, having won the 2012 Egyptian presidential election on 24 June; he
9984-478: Was appointed Minister of Defense by President Morsi on 12 August 2012, replacing the Hosni Mubarak - era Hussein Tantawi . As minister of defense, and ultimately commander in chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces , Sisi led the 2013 Egyptian coup d’état , overthrowing of the democratically-elected Morsi on 3 July 2013. Demonstrations and sit-ins organized by supporters of Egyptian democracy followed, culminating in
10088-425: Was recommended by international financial institutions, but no prior Egyptian leader had managed to broach the issue, fearing unrest in a country where nearly 30 percent of the population lives in poverty and rely on government aid. President Sisi defended the decision to raise fuel prices, saying it was "bitter medicine" that should have been taken before and was "50 years late" but was not taken, as governments feared
10192-501: Was suspended following Morsi's removal from office. This structure was retained by the 2014 Constitution, which was drafted following Morsi's ousting and came into effect after a referendum in 2014. Under the present 2014 Constitution, the president is the head of state as well as that of the executive. The president lays down, along with the prime minister and the cabinet, the state's general policy and oversees its implementation. The president represents Egypt in foreign relations and has
10296-529: Was sworn into office for a third term on 2 April 2024, after winning the 2023 presidential election . Since then, Egyptian citizens and activists have lunched an online “Dignity Revolution,” resulting in widespread anti-regime protests. Sisi has heavily cracked down on dissent in response, arbitrarily detaining hundreds. Analysts have described Sisi as “The Sick Man of the Middle East” due to his fragile rule and Egypt’s economic turbulence, and many predict that
10400-417: Was the first president to gain power solely through an election via popular vote. However, Morsi's presidency was short-lived, and slightly more than a year later on 3 July 2013 he was removed from office following mass protests against his rule . Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , who served as Defense Minister under Morsi's presidency and retained his post after Morsi's removal from office, permanently retired from
10504-443: Was the head of both the state and of the government, as well as being the top foreign policy maker and holding supreme command over the military. During martial law , the President also appoints deans of faculties and majors, and can also enlist or oust people in the private sector. The President then also has the power to issue regulations for the enforcement of laws, ensuring proper public services, etc., which have been transferred to
10608-421: Was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , serving as the director of military intelligence and reconnaissance department. He was later chosen to replace Mohamed Hussein Tantawi and serve as the commander-in-chief and Minister of Defense and Military Production on 12 August 2012. Sisi's family origins were in the Monufia Governorate . He
10712-425: Was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt . While a member of the Supreme Council, he made controversial statements regarding allegations that Egyptian soldiers had subjected detained female demonstrators to forced virginity tests . He is reported to have told Egypt's state-owned newspaper that "the virginity-test procedure was done to protect the girls from rape, as well as to protect
10816-595: Was vested in Naguib and the Revolutionary Command Council . On 18 June 1953, just under a year after the coup d'état , the Council abolished the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan , and declared Egypt a republic , with Mohamed Naguib as its president. Naguib resigned as president in November 1954, following a severe rift with the younger military officers who had participated with him in the revolution. Thereafter,
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