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26-538: The town was founded by one nobleman from Rome, Arrone, in the 9th century, first as wooden castle, which was later rebuilt in stone. The Arroni family was ousted by the commune of Spoleto in the 13th century. In 1799, the town was sacked and set on fire by the French troops . The church of Santa Maria Assunta has canvases by Giuseppe Bastiani , Francesco Cozza , Vincenzo Tamagni , Giovanni di Pietro da Spoleto, and Jacopo Siculo . This Umbria location article

52-503: A council might be called at Aquileia with reference to the affairs of Athanasius of Alexandria , but his messenger Vincentius of Capua was compelled by the emperor at a conciliabulum held in Arles to subscribe against his will to a condemnation of the orthodox patriarch of Alexandria . Constantius was sympathetic to the Arians , and when he could not persuade Liberius to his point of view sent

78-588: A letter to the bishop Caecilianus , from Pope Liberius in 354 constitutes its first historical mention. Owing to its elevated position, Spoleto was an important stronghold during the Vandal and Gothic wars; its walls were dismantled by Totila . Under the Lombards , Spoleto became the capital of an independent duchy, the Duchy of Spoleto (from 570), and its dukes ruled a considerable part of central Italy. On 29 April 801, it

104-709: A third parallel festival was also held in Melbourne, Australia. In 1992, the Spoleto Arts Symposium was initiated with the purpose of bringing talented people from all around the world to study in Spoleto. The program apparently ceased in 2009, to be replaced by a similar program, started by the College-Conservatory of Music (CCM) of the University of Cincinnati in 2010. Spoleto gained its main results in sport with

130-663: A unsuccessful defence, Spoleto was taken by the troops fighting for the unification of Italy. Giovanni Pontano , founder of the Accademia Pontaniana of Naples, was born in the town; as was Francis Possenti, who was educated in the Jesuit school and whose father was the Papal assessor. Francis later entered the Passionists and became Saint Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows . The Festival dei Due Mondi ( lit.   ' Festival of

156-436: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Spoleto 42°45′23″N 12°41′08″E  /  42.7564791°N 12.68547°E  / 42.7564791; 12.68547 Spoleto ( / s p ə ˈ l eɪ t oʊ / , also US : / s p oʊ ˈ l eɪ t oʊ , s p oʊ ˈ l iː t oʊ / , UK : / s p oʊ ˈ l ɛ t oʊ / , Italian: [spoˈleːto] ; Latin : Spoletium )

182-499: Is an ancient city in the Italian province of Perugia in east-central Umbria on a foothill of the Apennines . It is 20 km (12 mi) south of Trevi , 29 km (18 mi) north of Terni , 63 km (39 mi) southeast of Perugia ; 212 km (132 mi) southeast of Florence ; and 126 km (78 mi) north of Rome . Spoleto was situated on the eastern branch of

208-463: Is not often mentioned in history. Martial speaks of its wine. Aemilianus , who had been proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Moesia , was slain by them here on his way from Rome (AD 253), after a reign of three or four months. Rescripts of Constantine (326) and Julian (362) are dated from Spoleto. The foundation of the episcopal see dates from the 4th century: early martyrs of Spoleto are legends, but

234-496: The Via Flaminia , which forked into two roads at Narni and rejoined at Forum Flaminii , near Foligno . An ancient road also ran hence to Nursia . The Ponte Sanguinario of the 1st century BC still exists. The forum lies under today's marketplace. Located at the head of a large, broad valley, surrounded by mountains, Spoleto has long occupied a strategic geographical position. It appears to have been an important town to

260-544: The absence of the papal court in Avignon , it was prey to the struggles between Guelphs and Ghibellines , until in 1354 Cardinal Albornoz brought it once more under the authority of the Papal States . In 1809, following Napoleon 's conquest of Italy, Spoleto became capital of the short-lived French department of Trasimène . It returned to Papal States control within five years of Napoleon's subsequent defeat. In 1860, after

286-1327: The Lega Italiana Rugby Football League) played against the British-Asian Rugby League Association (BARA). BARA won the match. Various suburbs and small villages surrounding the city of Spoleto (collectively referred to as Frazioni ) include: Acquaiola, Acquacastagna, Ancaiano, Azzano , Baiano, Bazzano Inferiore, Bazzano Superiore, Beroide, Camporoppolo, Campo Salese, Cerqueto, Cese, Collerisana, Collicelli, Cortaccione, Crocemaroggia, Eggi, Fogliano, Forca di Cerro, Madonna di Baiano, Maiano, Messenano, Milano, Montebiblico, Monteluco , Monte Martano, Morgnano, Morro, Ocenelli, Palazzaccio, Perchia, Petrognano, Pompagnano, Pontebari, Poreta, Protte, Rubbiano, San Brizio, San Giacomo, San Giovanni di Baiano, San Martino in Trignano, San Nicolò, San Silvestro, Santa Croce, Sant'Anastasio, Sant'Angelo in Mercole, San Venanzo, Silvignano, Somma, Strettura, Terraia, Terzo la Pieve, Terzo San Severo, Testaccio, Uncinano, Valdarena, Valle San Martino, Vallocchia, Aloha. Pope Liberius Pope Liberius (310 – 24 September 366)

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312-612: The Menotti family and the Spoleto Festival USA board, in the early 1990s a separation was consummated. However, following Menotti's death in February 2007, the city administrations of Spoleto and Charleston started talks to re-unite the two festivals which would climax in Spoleto mayor Massimo Brunini's attending the opening ceremony of Spoleto Festival USA in May 2008. For a short period of time,

338-658: The Roman See was "officially" occupied by Felix, a year passed before Liberius was sent to Rome. It was the emperor's intention that Liberius should govern the Church jointly with Felix, but on the arrival of Liberius, Felix was expelled by the Roman people. Neither Liberius nor Felix took part in the Council of Rimini (359). The return of the Pope from exile was met with joy from the Roman people but it

364-551: The Two Worlds ' ) was founded in 1958. Because Spoleto was a small town, where real estate and other goods and services were at the time relatively inexpensive, and also because there are two indoor theatres, a Roman theatre and many other spaces, it was chosen by Gian Carlo Menotti as the venue for an arts festival. It is also fairly close to Rome, with good rail connections. It is an important cultural event, held annually in late June-early July. The festival has developed into one of

390-561: The bishops who had signed and then withdrew their adherence. In 366, Liberius gave a favourable reception to a deputation of the Eastern episcopate, and admitted into his communion the more moderate of the old Arian party. He died on 24 September 366. Some historians have postulated that Liberius resigned the papacy in 365, in order to make sense of the pontificate of Felix II, who has since been regarded as an antipope . Pope Pius IX noted in his 1863 encyclical Quartus supra that Liberius

416-541: The first 500 years of church history. Liberius is mentioned in the Greek Menology, the Eastern equivalent to the martyrologies of the Western Church and a measure of sainthood prior to the institution of the formal Western processes of canonization . The first recorded act of Liberius was, after a synod had been held at Rome , to write to Emperor Constantius II , then in quarters at Arles (353–354), asking that

442-565: The forged letters and testimonies of Arians, Semi-arians and Luciferians, concede Pope Liberius repented later for having signed the Arian Creed at Sirmium, but that he ever signed is highly doubtful on the basis of a critical examination of the original sources. After the death of the Emperor Constantius in 361, Liberius annulled the decrees of that assembly but, with the concurrence of bishops Athanasius and Hilary of Poitiers , retained

468-583: The local volleyball team, Olio Venturi Spoleto, who classified in the quarter finals of the Italian championship in sport . The town's football team, A.D. Voluntas Calcio Spoleto , play in Serie D. ASD Spoleto Rugby, is the Rugby Union club of the town. They affiliated with FIR in 2014 and they play at Serie C2. The Stadio Communale hosted an international Rugby League match, in 2018. The Italy national team (of

494-673: The most important cultural manifestations in Italy, with a three-week schedule of music, theater and dance performances. For some time it became a reference point for modern sculpture exhibits, and works of art left to the city by Alexander Calder and others are a testimony to this. In the United States, a parallel festival — Spoleto Festival USA — held in Charleston, South Carolina was founded in 1977 with Menotti's involvement. The twinning only lasted some 15 years and, after growing disputes between

520-459: The original Umbri tribes, who built walls around their settlement in the 5th century BC, some of which are visible today. The first historical mention of Spoletium is the notice of the foundation of a colony there in 241 BC; and it was still, according to Cicero " colonia latina in primis firma et illustris ": a Latin colony in 95 BC. After the Battle of Lake Trasimene (217 BC), Spoletium

546-506: The pope to a prison in Beroea. At the end of an exile of more than two years in Thrace , after which it seems he may have temporarily relented, or been set up to appear to have relented – partially evidenced by three letters, quite possibly forgeries, ascribed to Liberius, the emperor recalled him under extreme pressure from the Roman population who refused to recognize his puppet, Felix II . As

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572-424: Was struck by a severe earthquake . Several of its dukes, mainly during the late 9th century, rose to wear the crown of that empire. Together with other fiefs, it was bequeathed to Pope Gregory VII by the powerful countess Matilda of Tuscany , but for some time struggled to maintain its independence. In 1155 it was destroyed by Frederick Barbarossa . In 1213 it was definitively occupied by Pope Gregory IX . During

598-533: Was also met with criticism. The writer Philostorgius says that the Pope Liberius was restored to papacy only after he signed the Second Creed of Sirmium, and although Sozomen claimed that this story was a lie, Hilary of Poitiers reacted by writing concerning the pope: "I know not whether it was with greater impiety that you exiled him than that you restored him" (Contra Const., II). Some of those writers who accept

624-465: Was attacked by Hannibal , who was repulsed by the inhabitants. During the Second Punic War the city was a useful ally to Rome. It suffered greatly during the civil wars of Gaius Marius and Sulla . The latter, after his victory over Marius, confiscated the territory of Spoletium (82 BC). From this time forth it was a municipium . Under the empire it seems to have flourished once again, but

650-599: Was falsely accused by the Arians and he had refused to condemn Athanasius of Alexandria . However, Athanasius said that Pope Liberius condemned him after the Emperor Constantius II threatened to kill the Pope. In his 1920 encyclical Principi Apostolorum Petro , Pope Benedict XV noted that Pope Liberius went fearlessly into exile in defence of the orthodox faith. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Liberius

676-586: Was the bishop of Rome from 17 May 352 until his death. According to the Catalogus Liberianus , he was consecrated on 22 May as the successor to Julius I . He is not mentioned as a saint in the Roman Martyrology . That makes him the earliest pontiff not to be venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church and, along with Anastasius II , one of only two popes to be omitted from Catholic sainthood in

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