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73-486: (Redirected from Armenian Studies ) Field of research [REDACTED] You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian . (September 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate ,

146-447: A collection of translations from American poets including N. P. Willis, Andrews Norton, William Cullen Bryant, and J. G. Whittier under the title Knar amerikean (American lyre). Alishan planned to complete 20–22 large volumes on the provinces and districts of historical Armenia, but published only four: Shirak (1881), Sisuan (1885), Ayrarat (1890) and Sisakan (1893). These long works contain information about

219-520: A consistent Proto-Indo-European pattern distinct from Iranian, and that the inflectional morphology was different from that of Iranian languages. The hypothesis that Greek is Armenian's closest living relative originates with Holger Pedersen (1924), who noted that the number of Greek-Armenian lexical cognates is greater than that of agreements between Armenian and any other Indo-European language. Antoine Meillet (1925, 1927) further investigated morphological and phonological agreement and postulated that

292-468: A loan from Armenian (compare to Armenian եւ yev , ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi ). Other loans from Armenian into Urartian includes personal names, toponyms, and names of deities. Loan words from Iranian languages , along with the other ancient accounts such as that of Xenophon above, initially led some linguists to erroneously classify Armenian as an Iranian language. Scholars such as Paul de Lagarde and F. Müller believed that

365-425: A network of schools where modern Armenian was taught, dramatically increased the rate of literacy (in spite of the obstacles by the colonial administrators), even in remote rural areas. The emergence of literary works entirely written in the modern versions increasingly legitimized the language's existence. By the turn of the 20th century both varieties of the one modern Armenian language prevailed over Grabar and opened

438-516: A number of long works on the historical provinces of Armenia and prepared for publication many old Armenian texts. Most of his works are in Armenian, but he also wrote in, and was translated into, French, English and Italian. Alishan, born Kerovpe Alishanian, was born on July 18 [ O.S. July 6], 1820, in Constantinople , to numismatist and archaeologist Bedros-Markar Alishanian. His family

511-420: A passive patriotism," one which nonetheless had a major impact on the Armenian reading public and its growing national consciousness. He suggests that the "boisterous tone" in some of Alishan's poems may "replace, or cover up, rebellious sentiments unutterable by a monk." Alishan's literary and scholarly work was highly regarded by many of his contemporaries and later intellectuals. Since most of Alishan's poetry

584-724: A second language Ashkharbek Kalantar (1884–1942), archaeologist Toros Toramanian (1864–1934), architectural historian Vahan Kurkjian (1863–1961), historian Sirarpie Der-Nersessian (1896–1989), art historian Joseph Orbeli (1887–1961), Orientalist Josef Markwart (1864–1930), historian, orientalist Alexey Jivelegov (1875–1952), historian Nikolai Marr (1865–1935), Russian historian, archaeologist, and linguist Antoine Meillet (1866–1936), French linguist Stepan Malkhasyants (1857–1947), philologist, linguist, and lexicographer Sen Arevshatyan (1928–2014), historian Mary Kilbourne Matossian (1930-2023) Stephan Astourian, Professor of History and Director of

657-704: Is a field of humanities covering Armenian history , language and culture . The emergence of modern Armenian studies is associated with the foundation of the Catholic Mechitarist order in the early 18th century. Until the early 20th century, Armenian studies were largely conducted by individual scholars in the Armenian communities of the Russian Empire (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, New Nakhichevan , Tiflis ), Europe ( Venice , Vienna, Paris, London, Berlin, Leipzig), Constantinople and Vagharshapat in Armenia. After

730-483: Is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Misplaced Pages. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in

803-545: Is an independent branch of the Indo-European languages . It is of interest to linguists for its distinctive phonological changes within that family. Armenian exhibits more satemization than centumization , although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups. Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, Greek (and Phrygian ), Albanian and Indo-Iranian were dialectally close to each other; within this hypothetical dialect group, Proto-Armenian

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876-545: Is clearly the dialect to be most closely related to Armenian. Eric P. Hamp (1976, 91) supports the Graeco-Armenian thesis and even anticipates a time "when we should speak of Helleno-Armenian" (meaning the postulate of a Graeco-Armenian proto-language). Armenian shares the augment and a negator derived from the set phrase in the Proto-Indo-European language * ne h₂oyu kʷid ("never anything" or "always nothing"),

949-411: Is dedicated to the history of Armenian history-writing, while the second part presents 400 excerpts from the works of Armenian historians regarding Armenian history up until the 17th century. Alishan prepared many old Armenian texts for publication. In the series Soperk haykakank , he brought to light a number of short, simpler texts of pre-modern Armenian literature, which contributed to the study of

1022-469: Is derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵipyós , with cognates in Sanskrit (ऋजिप्य, ṛjipyá ), Avestan ( ərəzifiia ), and Greek (αἰγίπιος, aigípios ). Hrach Martirosyan and Armen Petrosyan propose additional borrowed words of Armenian origin loaned into Urartian and vice versa, including grammatical words and parts of speech, such as Urartian eue ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts and likely

1095-415: Is not considered conclusive evidence of a period of common isolated development. There are words used in Armenian that are generally believed to have been borrowed from Anatolian languages, particularly from Luwian , although some researchers have identified possible Hittite loanwords as well. One notable loanword from Anatolian is Armenian xalam , "skull", cognate to Hittite ḫalanta , "head". In 1985,

1168-566: Is the working language. Armenian (without reference to a specific variety) is officially recognized as a minority language in Cyprus , Hungary , Iraq , Poland , Romania , and Ukraine . It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . Ghevont Alishan Ghevont Alishan ( Armenian : Ղեւոնդ Ալիշան ; July 18 [ O.S. July 6], 1820 – November 22 [ O.S. November 9], 1901)

1241-530: Is written in Classical Armenian, it has remained largely inaccessible to much of the Armenian reading public. According to Bardakjian, it was Alishan's Romantic poetry in Modern Armenian that secured him a lasting place in Armenian literary history. Alishan had some influence in the stylistic and thematic choices of later authors. In 1885 Alishan created the first modern Armenian flag . His first design

1314-458: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (11–14th centuries) resulted in the addition of two more characters to the alphabet (" օ " and " ֆ "), bringing the total number to 38. The Book of Lamentations by Gregory of Narek (951–1003) is an example of the development of a literature and writing style of Old Armenian by the 10th century. In addition to elevating the literary style and vocabulary of

1387-553: The Armenian genocide , mostly in the diaspora ). The differences between them are considerable but they are mutually intelligible after significant exposure. Some subdialects such as Homshetsi are not mutually intelligible with other varieties. Although Armenians were known to history much earlier (for example, they were mentioned in the 6th-century BC Behistun Inscription and in Xenophon 's 4th century BC history, The Anabasis ),

1460-631: The Greek language , the Armenian language, and the Indo-Iranian languages . Graeco-Aryan unity would have become divided into Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian by the mid-3rd millennium BC. Conceivably, Proto-Armenian would have been located between Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian, consistent with the fact that Armenian shares certain features only with Indo-Iranian (the satem change) but others only with Greek ( s > h ). Graeco-Aryan has comparatively wide support among Indo-Europeanists who believe

1533-2464: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ronald Grigor Suny (born 1940), historian Jean-Michel Thierry (1916–2011) Giusto Traina (born 1959) Robert W. Thomson (1934–2018) Cyril Toumanoff (1913–1997) Bagrat Ulubabyan (1925–2001), writer and historian Armen Hakhnazarian (1941–2009), expert on architecture Samvel Karapetian (1961–2020), historian and expert on medieval architecture Bert Vaux (born 1968), linguist at University of Cambridge, expert on Armenian dialects, phonology Claude Mutafian (born 1942), historian Levon Zekiyan , scholar Artsvi Bakhchinyan (born 1971), philologist, film researcher Suren Yeremian (1908–1992), historian, cartographer Karen Yuzbashyan (1927–2009), historian, orientalist Ara Sanjian, historian Sebouh Aslanian , historian at UCLA, Richard Hovannisian Endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History Razmik Panossian (born 1964), political studies and history Armenian studies programs [ edit ] Worldwide and online [ edit ] The Armenian Virtual College - AGBU Armenology Research National Center - ARNC Armenian Institute - AI Austria [ edit ] University of Salzburg – Armenian Studies Brazil [ edit ] University of São Paulo / Faculty of Armenian Language and Literature Belgium [ edit ] Université Catholique de Louvain / Institut Orientaliste Bulgaria [ edit ] Sofia University / Armenian and Caucasus Studies Cyprus [ edit ] University of Cyprus France [ edit ] Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales Iran [ edit ] University of Isfahan / Department of Armenian Studies Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch / Armenian Language Department Israel [ edit ] Hebrew University of Jerusalem – Armenian Studies Program Germany [ edit ] Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg – Oriental Institute / Department of Oriental Christian and Byzantine Studies, University of Jena – Caucasian Studies Ruhr University of Bochum – Foundation for Armenian Studies Leibniz Institute for

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1606-631: The Indo-European homeland to be located in the Armenian Highlands , the " Armenian hypothesis ". Early and strong evidence was given by Euler's 1979 examination on shared features in Greek and Sanskrit nominal flection. Used in tandem with the Graeco-Armenian hypothesis, the Armenian language would also be included under the label Aryano-Greco-Armenic , splitting into Proto-Greek/Phrygian and "Armeno-Aryan" (ancestor of Armenian and Indo-Iranian ). Classical Armenian (Arm: grabar ), attested from

1679-528: The Mekhitarists . The first Armenian periodical, Azdarar , was published in grabar in 1794. The classical form borrowed numerous words from Middle Iranian languages , primarily Parthian , and contains smaller inventories of loanwords from Greek, Syriac, Aramaic, Arabic, Mongol, Persian, and indigenous languages such as Urartian . An effort to modernize the language in Bagratid Armenia and

1752-862: The University of Oxford Christina Maranci , art and architectural historian, Tufts University Louise Nalbandian (1926-1974), historian Vrej Nersessian (born 1948), priest, curator Christopher J. Walker (1942-2017), historian Dennis Papazian (1931-2023), Professor Emeritus and founding director of the Armenian Research Center at the University of Michigan, Dearborn Simon Payaslian , Professor of History at Boston University James R. Russell (born 1953) Alexander Sahinian (1910–1982), architectural historian Gagik Sarkisyan (1926–1998), historian John A. C. Greppin (1937–2016) Michael E. Stone (born 1938), professor emeritus of Armenian Studies and of Comparative Religion at

1825-554: The edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Misplaced Pages article at [[:ru:Арменистика]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Арменистика}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Misplaced Pages:Translation . Armenian studies or Armenology ( Armenian : հայագիտություն , pronounced [hɑjɑɡituˈtʰjun] )

1898-408: The 5th century to the 19th century as the literary standard (up to the 11th century also as a spoken language with different varieties), was partially superseded by Middle Armenian , attested from the 12th century to the 18th century. Specialized literature prefers "Old Armenian" for grabar as a whole, and designates as "Classical" the language used in the 5th century literature, "Post-Classical" from

1971-1631: The Armenian Studies Program at the University of California, Berkeley Armen Ayvazyan (born 1964), historian, political scientist Walter Bachmann, architectural historian, traveller Vahan Baibourtian (born 1933), historian Peter Balakian (born 1951), poet, writer and academic Rouben Paul Adalian Hagop Barsoumian (1936–1986), historian Hrach Bartikyan (1927–2011), academician George Bournoutian (1943–2021), historian at Iona College Peter Charanis (1908–1985) S. Peter Cowe , Narekatsi Professor of Armenian Studies, UCLA Vahakn Dadrian (1926–2019), sociologist, historian, genocide scholar Charles Dowsett (1924–1998) Paul Essabal, linguist Rouben Galichian (born 1938), cartographer, map researcher Vartan Matiossian (born 1964), historian Aram Ter-Ghevondyan (1928–1988), historian Vartan Gregorian , (1934–2021), historian Edmund Herzig, historian Robert H. Hewsen (1934–2018), Professor Emeritus of History at Rowan College Tessa Hofmann (born 1949), historian Richard G. Hovannisian (1932-2023), Professor Emeritus of Armenian and Near Eastern History, UCLA Edward Jrbashian (1923–1999), literary critic Raymond Kévorkian (born 1953), historian Hranush Kharatyan (born 1952), ethnographer Dickran Kouymjian (born 1934), writer, publisher, editor, historian David Marshall Lang (1924–1991) Gerard Libaridian (born 1945), historian Theo Maarten van Lint (born 1957), Calouste Gulbenkian Professor of Armenian Studies at

2044-411: The Armenian genocide, it became a sort of anthem for the Armenian diaspora . Mekhitarist authors and some other critics have rated Alishan's Classical Armenian poems, with their Classical style and subject matter, most highly while valuing the more vernacular " Ergk Nahapeti " less. Alishan himself considered Classical Armenian to be superior to the vernacular language. Most Soviet Armenian authors, on

2117-559: The Armenian homeland), a collection of episodes from Armenian history in vernacular prose. He also translated a number of works by European authors into Armenian. Alishan wrote poems mainly in Classical Armenian on both patriotic and religious themes. Many of his poems were published in a five-volume series titled Nvagk (1857–58). The first volume, Mankuni , contains prayers and religious poems for children. The third volume, Hayruni , consists of patriotic poems, including

2190-481: The Armenian language by adding well above a thousand new words, through his other hymns and poems Gregory paved the way for his successors to include secular themes and vernacular language in their writings. The thematic shift from mainly religious texts to writings with secular outlooks further enhanced and enriched the vocabulary. "A Word of Wisdom", a poem by Hovhannes Sargavak devoted to a starling, legitimizes poetry devoted to nature, love, or female beauty. Gradually,

2263-4808: The History and Culture of Eastern Europe (GWZO) - Publication series "Armenier im östlichen Europa – Armenians in Eastern Europe" Hungary [ edit ] Pázmány Péter Catholic University - Department of Armenian Studies Lebanon [ edit ] Haigazian University / Faculty of Humanities Netherlands [ edit ] Universiteit Leiden – Department of Near Eastern Studies / Armenian Studies Program Romania [ edit ] Babeș-Bolyai University – Institute of Armenology Switzerland [ edit ] University of Geneva – Department of Mediterranean, Slavic, and Oriental Languages and Literatures (MESLO), Armenian Studies Programme United Kingdom [ edit ] Oxford University / Faculty of Oriental Studies Programme of Armenian Studies , independent body based in London United States [ edit ] Arizona State University / Russian and East European Studies Consortium Boston University California State University Fresno / Armenian Studies Program California State University Northridge / Department of Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures Clark University / Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Columbia University / Department of Middle Eastern and Asian Languages and Cultures Harvard University / Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Iona University / History and Political Science Rutgers University St. Nersess Armeanian Seminary Tufts University / Armenian Art and Architectural History University of California at Berkeley / Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies University of California at Los Angeles / Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations / Armenian Studies Program University of Chicago / Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations University of Michigan at Ann Arbor / Armenian Studies Program University of Michigan–Dearborn / Armenian Research Center University of Southern California / Institute of Armenian Studies University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Wesleyan University Worcester State College Research centers and associations [ edit ] Name Location Date Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute Yerevan, Armenia 1995— Armenology Research National Center (ARNC) Yerevan, Armenia 2008— Armenian Institute (AI) London 2001— Armenian International Policy Research Group (AIPRG) Washington, DC and Yerevan 2006— Armenian Library and Museum of America Watertown, MA 1985— Armenian National Institute Washington, DC 1998— Department of Armenian Studies Haigazian University (Beirut, Lebanon) Division of Armenology and Social Sciences Armenian National Academy of Sciences (Yerevan) Gomidas Institute London and Princeton, NJ 1992— International Association for Armenian Studies (IAAS) 1983— Society for Armenian Studies California State University, Fresno 1974— National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR) Belmont, MA 1955— Nubarian Library (La Bibliothèque Nubarian) Armenian General Benevolent Union (Paris) 1928— MESROP - interdisciplinary workgroup for Armenian Studies Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany 1998— Société des Études Arméniennes (SEA) Paris 1993— Zoryan Institute Cambridge, Massachusetts and Toronto 1982— Periodicals [ edit ] Title Date Publisher Location Azgagrakan Handes 1895—1916 Yervand Lalayan Tiflis, Shusha Banber Yerevani Hamalsarani 1967— Yerevan State University Yerevan, Armenia Bazmavep 1843— Mekhitarist Congregation Venice, Italy Etchmiadzin (est. as Ararat ) 1868/1944— Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin Vagharshapat , Armenia Haigazian Armenological Review 1970— Haigazian University Beirut, Lebanon Handes Amsorya 1887— Mekhitarist Congregation Vienna, Austria Hask Armenological Review — Holy See of Cilicia Antelias, Lebanon Journal of Armenian Studies 1975— National Association for Armenian Studies & Research Belmont, Massachusetts Journal of

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2336-460: The Hurro-Urartian and Northeast Caucasian origins for these words and instead suggest native Armenian etymologies, leaving the possibility that these words may have been loaned into Hurro-Urartian and Caucasian languages from Armenian, and not vice versa. A notable example is arciv , meaning "eagle", believed to have been the origin of Urartian Arṣibi and Northeast Caucasian arzu . This word

2409-3701: The NAS A digital library on Armenian literature, language and history The National Association for Armenian Studies and Research UCLA: Armenian Studies Armenian Studies Program, California State University, Fresno Armenian Studies: Harvard University Armenian Studies: Hebrew University Armenian Studies: University of Michigan Armenian Studies: University of São Paulo Armenology Research National Center https://web.archive.org/web/20070629100518/http://aiea.fltr.ucl.ac.be/centres/pays.htm http://www.commercemarketplace.com/home/naasr/Academic_Links.html v t e Regional cultural studies Local African Albanology American Asian American Black Latino Arab Aramaic Armenian Aromanian Asian Assyriology Australian Balkan Belarusian Bengal Canadian Celtic Central European Chicano Czech Chinese Circumpolar Coptology Croatian East Asian Egyptology English Eskimology Ethiopian European Filipinology German Germanic languages Hawaiian Hebraic Hellenic Hungarian Hispanism Indology Iranian Irish Italian Japanese Jewish Kartvelian Korean Kremlinology Latin American Macedonian Mandaean Middle Eastern Mongolian Native American New Zealand Oriental Pacific Polish Romance Romani Russian Scandinavian Scottish Semitic Serbian Sinology Slavic Somali Southeast Asian Syriac Taiwan Turkology Ukrainian Welsh Yugoslav Zhuang Related Anthropology Area studies Cultural studies Culture by location Ethnic studies Ethnology Official culture Philology Political culture Super culture Vernacular culture Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_studies&oldid=1254926809 " Categories : Armenian studies Indo-European studies Culture of Armenia Society of Armenia Christianity in Armenia European studies Hidden categories: CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list CS1 maint: others Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Culture articles needing translation from Russian Misplaced Pages Articles containing Armenian-language text Pages with Armenian IPA Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy) Armenian language Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Armenian

2482-656: The Russian Empire), removed almost all of their Turkish lexical influences in the 20th century, primarily following the Armenian genocide . In addition to Armenia and Turkey, where it is indigenous , Armenian is spoken among the diaspora . According to Ethnologue , globally there are 1.6 million Western Armenian speakers and 3.7 million Eastern Armenian speakers, totalling 5.3 million Armenian speakers. In Georgia, Armenian speakers are concentrated in Ninotsminda and Akhalkalaki districts where they represent over 90% of

2555-404: The Russian and Ottoman empires led to creation of two separate and different environments under which Armenians lived. Halfway through the 19th century, two important concentrations of Armenian communities were further consolidated. Because of persecutions or the search for better economic opportunities, many Armenians living under Ottoman rule gradually moved to Istanbul , whereas Tbilisi became

2628-1080: The Society of Armenian Studies 1984— California State University, Fresno Fresno, California Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri 1940— Armenian National Academy of Sciences Yerevan, Armenia Patma-Banasirakan Handes 1958— Armenian National Academy of Sciences Yerevan, Armenia Revue des Études Arméniennes 1920— University of Paris Paris, France St. Nersess Theological Review 1996— St. Nersess Armenian Seminary Armonk, New York See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Education portal [REDACTED] History portal History of Armenia International relations#Area Studies Education in Armenia Further reading [ edit ] (in Armenian) Harutyunyan, Shmavon Ṛ. Պատմագիտության զարգացումը Սովետական Հայաստանում, 1920–1963 [The development of

2701-755: The Soviet linguist Igor M. Diakonoff noted the presence in Classical Armenian of what he calls a "Caucasian substratum" identified by earlier scholars, consisting of loans from the Kartvelian and Northeast Caucasian languages . Noting that Hurro-Urartian-speaking peoples inhabited the Armenian homeland in the second millennium BC, Diakonoff identifies in Armenian a Hurro-Urartian substratum of social, cultural, and animal and plant terms such as ałaxin "slave girl" ( ← Hurr. al(l)a(e)ḫḫenne ), cov "sea" ( ← Urart. ṣûǝ "(inland) sea"), ułt "camel" ( ← Hurr. uḷtu ), and xnjor "apple (tree)" ( ← Hurr. ḫinzuri ). Some of

2774-561: The admiration of several European academics; later in his life, he received several honors from European academic institutions ( see above ). In 1895, Alishan published Hay-Busak , a dictionary of the flora of Armenia, and Hin Havatk kam hetanosakan kronk hayots (The old faith or the pagan religion of the Armenians), a study of pre-Christian Armenian religion . In 1901, he published Hayapatum (Armenian history). The first part of this work

2847-434: The center of Armenians living under Russian rule. These two cosmopolitan cities very soon became the primary poles of Armenian intellectual and cultural life. The introduction of new literary forms and styles, as well as many new ideas sweeping Europe, reached Armenians living in both regions. This created an ever-growing need to elevate the vernacular, Ashkharhabar, to the dignity of a modern literary language, in contrast to

2920-457: The cycle of poems in vernacular Armenian subtitled " Ergk Nahapeti " ('Songs of the patriarch', after the pen name he signed these poems with, Nahapet ), which is traditionally regarded as Alishan's greatest poetic achievement. The fourth volume, Teruni , consists of religious poems. The fifth volume, Tkhruni , contains poems on human suffering, death, and exile. Alishan gave up poetry in his early thirties, announcing his departure from

2993-640: The early history of Armenian learning and the Armenian Church. Alishan’s religious worldview greatly influenced his scholarly and literary work. According to Bardakjian, "Any search [in Alishan's work] for dissension from Christian tenets on the Creator, the Creation, and human behavior would be a futile attempt." Alishan rooted his understanding of Armenian history in the biblical narrative of Genesis and tried to prove

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3066-897: The establishment of Soviet rule, Armenian studies, and sciences in general, were institutionalized in Armenia and put under direct control of the Academy of Sciences . Today, numerous research centers in many parts of the world specialize in Armenian studies. Notable scholars who have worked in the field of Armenian studies [ edit ] Early scholars [ edit ] Maturin Veyssière La Croze (1661–1739), historian and orientalist Lord Byron (1788–1824), English poet Marie-Félicité Brosset (1802–1880), French orientalist Johann Heinrich Hübschmann (1848–1908), German philologist Victor Langlois (1829–1869), French historian Arthur Leist (1852–1927), German writer, journalist and translator Mkhitar Sebastatsi (1676–1749),

3139-565: The existence of the two modern versions of the same language was sanctioned even more clearly. The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990) used Eastern Armenian as its official language, whereas the diaspora created after the Armenian genocide preserved the Western Armenian dialect. The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in

3212-835: The founder of Mechitarist Congregation Mikayel Chamchian (1738–1823), Mechitarist monk and historian Ghevont Alishan (1820–1901), Mechitarist historian Modern scholars [ edit ] Manouk Abeghian (1865–1944), scholar of literature and folklore Hrachia Adjarian (1876–1953), linguist, etymologist, philologist Nicholas Adontz (1871–1942), historian Arakel Babakhanian (pen-name Leo) (1860–1932), historian Karapet Basmadjian (1864–1942) historian Robert Pierpont Blake (1886–1950) Grigor Ghapantsyan (1887–1957) Yaroslav Dashkevych (1926–2010), archaeographer, archivist, historian, studied Kipchak-Armenian documents, doctor of historical sciences Anaïd Donabédian-Demopoulos linguist, INaLCO Paris, specialist in syntax, corpus linguistics, teaching of Armenian as

3285-537: The genre with the poem " Husk ban ar Vogin nvagahann " (A final word to the singing Spirit). Alishan was one of the first Armenian poets to write in the Romantic style. His patriotic poems emphasize the concept of homeland, its natural beauty, and heroic episodes in Armenian history. One of his poems was later set to music by the Venetian violinist Pietro Bianchini and given the title " Bam porotan " (Boom, they roar). After

3358-464: The history, geography, topography, customs and plant life of those regions. Some of his uncompleted geographical studies have remained in manuscript form. In 1988–91, Bazmavep published Alishan's hitherto unpublished studies of the provinces of Artsakh and Utik ; the former was also published as a separate book in Yerevan in 1993. Most of Alishan's works are in Armenian, but he also wrote in, and

3431-425: The hypothetical Mushki language may have been a (now extinct) Armenic language. W. M. Austin (1942) concluded that there was early contact between Armenian and Anatolian languages , based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine gender and the absence of inherited long vowels. Unlike shared innovations (or synapomorphies ), the common retention of archaisms (or symplesiomorphy )

3504-464: The interests of the population at large were reflected in other literary works as well. Konsdantin Yerzinkatsi and several others took the unusual step of criticizing the ecclesiastic establishment and addressing the social issues of the Armenian homeland. These changes represented the nature of the literary style and syntax, but they did not constitute immense changes to the fundamentals of the grammar or

3577-434: The late 5th to 8th centuries, and "Late Grabar" that of the period covering the 8th to 11th centuries. Later, it was used mainly in religious and specialized literature, with the exception of a revival during the early modern period, when attempts were made to establish it as the language of a literary renaissance, with neoclassical inclinations, through the creation and dissemination of literature in varied genres, especially by

3650-560: The morphology of the language. Often, when writers codify a spoken dialect, other language users are then encouraged to imitate that structure through the literary device known as parallelism . In the 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland was once again divided. This time Eastern Armenia was conquered from Qajar Iran by the Russian Empire , while Western Armenia , containing two thirds of historical Armenia, remained under Ottoman control. The antagonistic relationship between

3723-403: The now-anachronistic Grabar. Numerous dialects existed in the traditional Armenian regions, which, different as they were, had certain morphological and phonetic features in common. On the basis of these features two major standards emerged: Both centers vigorously pursued the promotion of Ashkharhabar. The proliferation of newspapers in both versions (Eastern & Western) and the development of

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3796-526: The official status of the Armenian language. Eastern Armenian is the official variant used, making it the prestige variety while other variants have been excluded from national institutions. Indeed, Western Armenian is perceived by some as a mere dialect. Armenian was also official in the Republic of Artsakh . It is recognized as an official language of the Eurasian Economic Union although Russian

3869-619: The oldest surviving Armenian-language writing is etched in stone on Armenian temples and is called Mehenagir . The Armenian alphabet was created by Mesrop Mashtots in 405, at which time it had 36 letters. He is also credited by some with the creation of the Georgian alphabet and the Caucasian Albanian alphabet . While Armenian constitutes the sole member of the Armenian branch of the Indo-European family, Aram Kossian has suggested that

3942-487: The order in 1840. Between 1840 and 1872, he held a number of teaching and administrative positions in his order's educational institutions in Venice and Paris. During this period, he gained renown as a poet, writing mainly in Classical Armenian on both patriotic and religious themes. He is regarded as one of the first Armenian Romantic poets. After 1872, Alishan devoted himself completely to his scholarly work. He notably wrote

4015-1985: The original on 2020-02-07 . Retrieved 2020-02-07 . ^ "Stiftung für Armenische Studien" . Deutsches Stiftungszentrum (in German). 2016-03-30 . Retrieved 2020-02-07 . ^ "Armenier im östlichen Europa - Armenians in Eastern Europe" . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlage (in German) . Retrieved 2021-09-03 . ^ "Unité d'Arménien, DÉPARTEMENT DES LANGUES ET DES LITTÉRATURES MÉDITERRANÉENNES, SLAVES ET ORIENTALES" . 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 2021-08-06 . ^ "Armenian Studies at Columbia" . MESAAS . 2023-03-13 . Retrieved 2023-07-13 . ^ "Unpacking Armenian Studies: Unpacking Armenian Studies with Dr. George Bournoutian" . armenianstudies.libsyn.com . Retrieved 2023-07-13 . ^ "Home" . armenianstudies.rutgers.edu . Retrieved 2020-01-28 . ^ "MESROP Arbeitsstelle für Armenische Studien" . mesrop.uni-halle.de . Retrieved 2020-02-07 . ^ Holst, Jan Henrik. (2009). Armenische Studien . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN   978-3-447-06117-9 . OCLC   466656897 . ^ Gazer, Hac̣ik Rafi, 1963- (2012). Studien zum kirchlichen Schulwesen der Armenier im Kaukasus. Teil 1. 19. Jahrhundert . Berlin: Lit. ISBN   978-3-643-11532-4 . OCLC   796089544 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) ^ Armenologie in Deutschland ;: Beiträge zum Ersten Deutschen Armenologen-Tag . Drost-Abgarjan, Armenuhi., Goltz, Hermann., Deutscher Armenologen-Tag (1st : 2000 : Berlin, Germany). Münster: Lit. 2005. ISBN   978-3-8258-8610-3 . OCLC   74269583 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: others ( link ) External links [ edit ] Fundamental Scientific Library of

4088-419: The other hand, celebrated the " Ergk Nahapeti " over the rest of Alishan's poems. Alishan translated works in prose and verse from English, French, Persian and Italian into Armenian. His translations include Canto IV of Lord Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage , Friedrich Schiller's "Die Glocke," and works by François de Malherbe, Alphonse de Lamartine, and François-René de Chateaubriand. He also published

4161-474: The parent languages of Greek and Armenian were dialects in immediate geographical proximity during the Proto-Indo-European period. Meillet's hypothesis became popular in the wake of his book Esquisse d'une histoire de la langue latine (1936). Georg Renatus Solta (1960) does not go as far as postulating a Proto-Graeco-Armenian stage, but he concludes that considering both the lexicon and morphology, Greek

4234-407: The path to a new and simplified grammatical structure of the language in the two different cultural spheres. Apart from several morphological, phonetic, and grammatical differences, the largely common vocabulary and generally analogous rules of grammatical fundamentals allows users of one variant to understand the other as long as they are fluent in one of the literary standards. After World War I ,

4307-552: The population. The short-lived First Republic of Armenia declared Armenian its official language. Eastern Armenian was then dominating in institutions and among the population. When Armenia was incorporated into the USSR, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic made Eastern Armenian the language of the courts, government institutions and schools. Armenia was also russified . The current Republic of Armenia upholds

4380-436: The representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels, and other phonological and morphological peculiarities with Greek. Nevertheless, as Fortson (2004) comments, "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces". Graeco-(Armeno)-Aryan is a hypothetical clade within the Indo-European family , ancestral to

4453-463: The similarities between the two languages meant that Armenian belonged to the Iranian language family . The distinctness of Armenian was recognized when philologist Heinrich Hübschmann (1875) used the comparative method to distinguish two layers of Iranian words from the older Armenian vocabulary . He showed that Armenian often had two morphemes for one concept, that the non-Iranian components yielded

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4526-1327: The study of history in Soviet Armenia, 1920-1963]. Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1967. Mamigonian, Marc A. "From Idea to Reality: The Development of Armenian Studies in the U.S. from the 1890s to 1969," Journal of Armenian Studies 10/1-2 (2012–2013), pp. 153–84. "Special Issue: Rethinking Armenian Studies: Past Present and Future," Journal of Armenian Studies 7/2 (Fall 2003). A. Simavoryan, T. Ghanalanyan, V. Hovyan, CENTERS FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES ABROAD: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL, Yerevan,2014 (in Armenian), online Jan Henrik Holst, Armenische Studien (2009) Hac̣ik Rafi Gazer, Studien zum kirchlichen Schulwesen der Armenier im Kaukasus (2012) Armenuhi Drost-Abgarjan, Hermann Goltz, Armenologie in Deutschland: Beiträge zum Ersten Deutschen Armenologen-Tag (2005) References [ edit ] ^ "Հայագիտություն". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 6 (in Armenian). 1980. pp.  130–133 . ^ "Armenische Studien 2016–2019 – Universität Salzburg" . www.uni-salzburg.at (in German) . Retrieved 2020-02-07 . ^ "Caucasian Studies" . www.uni-jena.de . Archived from

4599-512: The terms he gives admittedly have an Akkadian or Sumerian provenance, but he suggests they were borrowed through Hurrian or Urartian. Given that these borrowings do not undergo sound changes characteristic of the development of Armenian from Proto-Indo-European , he dates their borrowing to a time before the written record but after the Proto-Armenian language stage. Contemporary linguists, such as Hrach Martirosyan , have rejected many of

4672-465: The traditional view that the Garden of Eden was located in Armenia using data from modern science. He saw patriotism and faith as inseparable, writing at the end of his Hushikk hayreneats hayots : "One who is true to God and himself is true to his homeland. He who is untrue to his homeland is true neither to his soul nor to heaven." Bardakjian describes Alishan's patriotism as "a cultural and in many ways

4745-663: Was Armenian Catholic . After receiving his primary education at the local Chalikhian School (1830–1832), he continued his studies at the Mekhitarist school in Venice (1832–1841). He became a member of the order in 1838 or 1840 and was ordained as a priest. From 1841 to 1850, he worked as a teacher and, from 1848, principal at the Raphael College (the Mekhitarist-run Armenian boarding school) in Venice. From 1849 to 1851, he

4818-526: Was a horizontal tricolor, but with a set of colors different from those used on the Armenian flag of today. The top band would be red to symbolize the first Sunday of Easter (called "Red" Sunday), the green to represent the "Green" Sunday of Easter, and finally an arbitrary color, white, was chosen to complete the combination. While in France, Alishan also designed a second flag inspired by the national flag of France . Its colors were red, green, and blue, representing

4891-587: Was an Armenian Catholic priest, historian, educator and poet. He was a prolific author throughout his long career and gained recognition from Armenians and European academic circles for his contributions to Armenian literature and scholarship. Born to an Armenian Catholic family in Constantinople, he received his education at the academy of the Armenian Catholic Mekhitarist Congregation on Saint Lazarus Island in Venice and joined

4964-533: Was buried on Saint Lazarus Island in Venice. Alishan was a prolific author who wrote across different genres over the course of his more than sixty-year-long career․ He began his literary career in 1843, publishing works in prose and verse and scholarly articles in Bazmavep . He initially gained renown for his poems, first published in Bazmavep and later compiled in a series of volumes titled Nvagk (Songs), and for his Hushikk hayreneats hayots (Memories of

5037-797: Was honored by a number of European academic institutions. He was a laureate of the Legion of Honor of the French Academy (1886), an honorary member and doctor of the Philosophical Academy of Jena , an honorary member of the Asian Society of Italy , the Archeological Society of Moscow  [ ru ] , the Venice Academy and the Archeological Society of Saint-Petersburg . He died on November 22 [ O.S. November 9], 1901, and

5110-405: Was situated between Proto-Greek ( centum subgroup) and Proto-Indo-Iranian ( satem subgroup). Ronald I. Kim has noted unique morphological developments connecting Armenian to Balto-Slavic languages . The Armenian language has a long literary history, with a 5th-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. Another text translated into Armenian early on, and also in the 5th-century,

5183-666: Was the Armenian Alexander Romance . The vocabulary of the language has historically been influenced by Western Middle Iranian languages , particularly Parthian ; its derivational morphology and syntax were also affected by language contact with Parthian, but to a lesser extent. Contact with Greek, Persian , and Syriac also resulted in a number of loanwords. There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian (spoken mainly in Armenia) and Western Armenian (spoken originally mainly in modern-day Turkey and, since

5256-799: Was the editor of the Mekhitarists' scholarly journal Bazmavep . From 1852 to 1853, he toured Europe, traveling to England, Austria, Germany, France, Belgium and Italy. From 1859 to 1861, he was a teacher and principal at another Mekhitarist-run school, the Samuel-Moorat school in Paris. He again worked at the Raphael College in 1866–1872. In 1870, he became the acting head of the Mekhitarist Congregation. After 1872, he completely devoted himself to his scholarly activities. In his later years, Alishan

5329-697: Was translated into, French, English and Italian. These include a collection of Armenian folk songs translated into English (1852), a collection of primary sources in Italian regarding Armeno-Venetian relations in the medieval period ( L'Armeno-Veneto , 1893), and several French adaptations of his Armenian studies, such as Étude de la patrie: Physiographie de l’Armenie (1861), Schirac, canton d’Ararat (1881), and Sissouan, ou l’Arméno-Cilicie: description géographique et historique (1899). Publishing in European languages made Alishan's work more accessible and earned him

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