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67-627: The park covers 760 km (290 sq mi) with a wide variety of habitats, ranging from the gallery forests of the Arli and Pendjari rivers to savanna woodland and sandstone hills of the Gobnangou chain. It is home to around 200 African elephants , 200 hippos and 100 lions . There are also buffaloes , baboons , red and green monkeys , warthogs , and various antelopes , such as the western hartebeest and roan antelope . There are also bushbucks , duikers and waterbuck . The park can be accessed via

134-641: A 60% loss. In 2012, a large upsurge in ivory poaching was reported, with about 70% of the product flowing to China. China was the biggest market for poached ivory but announced that it would phase out the legal domestic manufacture and sale of ivory products in May 2015. Conflicts between elephants and a growing human population are a major issue in elephant conservation. Human encroachment into natural areas where bush elephants occur or their increasing presence in adjacent areas has spurred research into methods of safely driving groups of elephants away from humans. Playback of

201-494: A distinct species and called it the 'forest elephant'; later authors considered it to be a subspecies . Morphological and genetic analyses have since provided evidence for species-level differences between the African bush elephant and the African forest elephant. In 1907, Richard Lydekker proposed six African elephant subspecies based on the different sizes and shapes of their ears. They are all considered synonymous with

268-433: A female and her herd for about a month before moving on in search of another mate. Less than a third of the population of female elephants will be in estrus at any given time and the gestation period of an elephant is long, so it makes more evolutionary sense for a male to search for as many females as possible rather than stay with one group. Both species are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and poaching for

335-418: A highly intelligent species that is thought to be equal to cetaceans and primates . The African elephant’s cognitive complexity includes behaviors indicative of empathy, problem-solving, and cooperative group behaviors. These traits underscore the evolutionary convergence of intelligence across species, similar to that seen in primates and cetaceans. African elephants are at their most fertile between

402-686: A homonymy usually produces the same problems as if there were no rules: conflicts between entirely independent and unconnected groups of taxonomists working in different animal groups. Very often the Commission must be asked to take a decision. Examples: For names above the superfamily level, the principle of homonymy does not apply. Examples: Family-rank names and genus-rank names cannot be homonyms of one another, even if identical. Example: Animal, plant, and fungi nomenclature are entirely independent from each other. The most evident shortcoming of this situation (for their use in biodiversity informatics )

469-500: A loud, low way to attract males from far away. Male elephants can also smell the hormones of a female ready for breeding. This leads males to compete with each other to mate, which results in the females mating with older, healthier males. Females choose to a point who they mate with, since they are the ones who try to get males to compete to guard them. However, females are not guarded in the early and late stages of estrus, which may permit mating by younger males not in musth. Males over

536-474: A name composed of two names. Examples: In botanical nomenclature, the equivalent for "binominal nomenclature" is "binary nomenclature" (or sometimes " binomial nomenclature "). This is the principle that the correct formal scientific name for an animal taxon , the valid name , correct to use, is the oldest available name that applies to it. It is the most important principle—the fundamental guiding precept that preserves zoological nomenclature stability. It

603-453: A physical and behavioral condition that is characterized by elevated testosterone, aggression and more sexual activity. Musth also serves a purpose of calling attention to the females that they are of good quality, and it cannot be mimicked as certain calls or noises may be. Males sire few offspring in periods when they are not in musth. During the middle of estrus, female elephants look for males in musth to guard them. The females will yell, in

670-676: A result of the trade ban, African elephant populations recovered in Southern African range countries. The African Elephant Specialist Group has set up a Human-Elephant Conflict Task Force with the aim to develop conflict mitigation strategies. In 2005, the West African Elephant Memorandum of Understanding was signed by 12 West African countries. The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals provided financial support for four years to implement

737-437: A species, and not of a taxon at any other rank, is a combination of two names; the use of a trinomen for the name of a subspecies and of uninominal names for taxa above the species group is in accord with this principle. This means that in the system of nomenclature for animals, the name of a species is composed of a combination of a generic name and a specific name ; together they make a " binomen ". No other rank can have

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804-468: A specific time; however, they are less likely to reproduce in times of drought than when water is plentiful. The gestation period of an elephant is 22 months and fertile females usually give birth every 3–6 years, so if they live to around 50 years of age, they may produce 7 offspring. Females are a scarce and mobile resource for the males so there is intense competition to gain access to estrous females. Post sexual maturity, males begin to experience musth ,

871-476: A taxon at any rank in the group is simultaneously established with the same author and date for taxa based on the same name-bearing type at other ranks in the corresponding group. In other words, publishing a new zoological name automatically and simultaneously establishes all corresponding names in the relevant other ranks with the same type. In the species-group, publishing a species name (the binomen ) Giraffa camelopardalis Linnaeus, 1758 also establishes

938-508: Is Loxodonta cookei , with remains of the species known from around 7–5 million years ago, from remains found in Chad, Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa. Analysis of nuclear DNA sequences indicates that the genetic divergence between African bush and forest elephants dates 2.6 – 5.6 million years ago. The African forest elephant was found to have a high degree of genetic diversity , likely reflecting periodic fragmentation of their habitat during

1005-508: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Burkina Faso location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . African elephant African elephants are members of the genus Loxodonta comprising two living elephant species , the African bush elephant ( L. africana ) and the smaller African forest elephant ( L. cyclotis ). Both are social herbivores with grey skin . However, they differ in

1072-582: Is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals . It is also informally known as the ICZN Code , for its publisher, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (which shares the acronym "ICZN"). The rules principally regulate: Zoological nomenclature is independent of other systems of nomenclature, for example botanical nomenclature . This implies that animals can have

1139-456: Is covered with sparse, bristled dark-brown to black hair. Short tactile hair grows on the trunk, which has two finger-like processes at the tip, whereas Asian elephants only have one. Their large ears help to reduce body heat. Flapping them creates air currents and exposes the ears' inner sides where large blood vessels increase heat loss during hot weather. The trunk is a prehensile elongation of its upper lip and nose. This highly sensitive organ

1206-677: Is innervated primarily by the trigeminal nerve , and is thought to be manipulated by about 40,000–60,000 muscles. Because of this muscular structure, the trunk is so strong that elephants can use it to lift about 3% of their own body weight. They use it for smelling, touching, feeding, drinking, dusting, producing sounds, loading, defending and attacking. Elephants sometimes swim underwater and use their trunks as snorkels . Both male and female African elephants have tusks that grow from deciduous teeth called tushes, which are replaced by tusks when calves are about one year old. Tusks are composed of dentin , which forms small diamond-shaped structures in

1273-542: Is larger than that of any other terrestrial animal. The elephant's brain is similar to a human brain in terms of structure and complexity; the elephant's cortex has as many neurons as that of a human brain, suggesting convergent evolution . Elephants exhibit a wide variety of behaviours, including those associated with grief , learning , mimicry , art , play , a sense of humor , altruism , use of tools , compassion , cooperation , self-awareness , memory and possibly language . All of these behaviors point to

1340-620: Is led by an older cow known as the matriarch . African forest elephant groups are less cohesive than African bush elephant groups, probably because of the lack of predators. When separate family units bond, they form kinship or bond groups. After puberty , male elephants tend to form close alliances with other males. While females are the most active members of African elephant groups, both male and female elephants are capable of distinguishing between hundreds of different low-frequency infrasonic calls to communicate with and identify each other. Elephants use some vocalisations that are beyond

1407-572: Is one of two extant genera in the family Elephantidae . The name refers to the lozenge-shaped enamel of their molar teeth. Fossil remains of Loxodonta species have been found in Africa , spanning from the Late Miocene (from around 7–6 million years ago) onwards. The name Loxodonta comes from the Ancient Greek words λοξός ( loxós, "slanting", "crosswise") and ὀδούς ( odoús , "tooth"), referring to

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1474-431: Is that the same generic name can be used simultaneously for animals and plants. For this kind of homonym the expression "hemihomonym" is sometimes used. Far more than 1000 such names are known. Examples: This is the principle that each nominal taxon in the family group, genus group, or species group has—actually or potentially—a name-bearing type fixed that provides the objective standard of reference that determines what

1541-421: Is the largest terrestrial animal . Cows are 2.2–2.6 m (7.2–8.5 ft) tall at the shoulder and weigh 2,160–3,232 kg (4,762–7,125 lb), while bulls are 3.2–4 m (10–13 ft) tall and weigh 4,700–6,048 kg (10,362–13,334 lb). Its back is concave-shaped, while the back of the African forest elephant is nearly straight. The largest recorded individual stood 3.96 metres (13.0 ft) at

1608-715: Is the third largest terrestrial animal. African elephants are distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa , where they inhabit Sahelian scrubland and arid regions, tropical rainforests , mopane and miombo woodlands . African forest elephant populations occur only in Central and West Africa. Elephants are the animals with the lowest sleep times, especially African elephants. Research has found their average sleep to be only 2 hours in 24-hour cycles. Both African elephant species live in family units comprising several adult cows, their daughters and their subadult sons. Each family unit

1675-530: Is usually the first-published name; any later name with the same spelling (a homonym ) is barred from being used. The principles of priority and first reviser apply here. For family-group names the termination (which is rank-bound) is not taken into account. Genera are homonyms only if exactly the same — a one-letter difference is enough to distinguish them. Examples: The following are not homonyms of Argus : The following names are not homonyms of each other: Some spelling variants are explicitly defined by

1742-471: The Code as being homonyms. Otherwise the one-letter difference rule applies. In species, primary homonyms are those with the same genus and same species in their original combination. The difference between a junior primary homonym and a subsequent use of a name is undefined, but it is commonly accepted that if the name referred to another species or form, gave a description, and if there is in addition no evidence

1809-814: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora listed the African elephant on CITES Appendix I . This listing banned international trade of African elephants and their body parts by countries that signed the CITES agreement. Hunting elephants is banned in the Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, and Senegal. After the ban came into force in 1990, retail sales of ivory carvings in South Africa have plummeted by more than 95% within 10 years. As

1876-689: The Sahel in the north to the Highveld in the south. Decrease of suitable habitat was the major cause for the decline of elephant populations until the 1950s. Hunting African elephants for the ivory trade accelerated the decline from the 1970s onwards. The carrying capacity of remaining suitable habitats was estimated at 8,985,000 elephants at most by 1987. In the 1970s and 1980s, the price of ivory rose, and poaching for ivory increased, particularly in Central African range countries where access to elephant habitats

1943-516: The changes in the Pleistocene . Gene flow between the two African elephant species was examined at 21 locations. The analysis revealed that several African bush elephants carried mitochondrial DNA of African forest elephants, indicating they hybridised in the savanna-forest transition zone in ancient times. However, despite the hybridisation at the contact zone between the two species, there appears to have been little effective gene flow between

2010-437: The family group, genus group, and species group. It has additional (but more limited) provisions on names in higher ranks . The code recognizes no case law . Any dispute is decided first by applying the code directly, and not by reference to precedent. The code is also retroactive or retrospective , which means that previous editions of the code, or previous other rules and conventions have no force any more today, and

2077-490: The lozenge -shaped enamel of the molar teeth , which differs significantly from the rounded shape of the Asian elephant 's molar enamel. The first scientific description of the African elephant was written in 1797 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach , who proposed the scientific name Elephas africanus . Loxodonte was proposed as a generic name for the African elephant by Frédéric Cuvier in 1825. An anonymous author used

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2144-470: The 1980s, it was difficult to carry out systematic surveys in several East African range countries due to civil wars . In 1987, it was estimated that the African elephant population had declined to 760,000 individuals. In 1989, only 608,000 African elephants were estimated to have survived. In 1989, the Kenyan Wildlife Service burned a stockpile of tusks in protest against the ivory trade. When

2211-757: The African bush elephant. A third species, the West African elephant, has also been proposed but needs confirmation. It is thought that this lineage has been isolated from the others for 2.4 million years. Between the late 18th and 21st centuries, the following extinct African elephants were described on the basis of fossil remains: Relationships of living and extinct elephants based on DNA, after Palkopoulou et al. 2018. Loxodonta (African elephants) [REDACTED] † Palaeoloxodon (straight-tusked elephants) [REDACTED] Elephas (Asian elephants) [REDACTED] † Mammuthus (mammoths) [REDACTED] The oldest species of Loxodonta known

2278-410: The African elephant also allows for the digestion of various plant parts, including fibrous stems, bark and roots. African elephants are highly intelligent. They have a very large and highly convoluted neocortex , a trait they share with humans , apes and some dolphin species. They are among the world's most intelligent species. With a mass of just over 5 kg (11 lb), the elephant brain

2345-621: The Latinized spelling Loxodonta in 1827. This author was recognized as authority by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1999. Elephas ( Loxodonta ) cyclotis was proposed by Paul Matschie in 1900, who described three African elephant zoological specimens from Cameroon whose skulls differed in shape from those of elephant skulls collected elsewhere in Africa. In 1936, Glover Morrill Allen considered this elephant to be

2412-596: The N19 highway via Diapaga (in the dry season also via Pama ). Arli National Park has several pools, such as Tounga where there is a waterhole and two pools which are often visited by up to twenty hippos . The park was earlier a habitat for the West African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus manguensis ), although this canid is likely extirpated from the local area due to an expanding human population , and lack of national protection. This Africa protected areas related article

2479-874: The West African Elephant Conservation Strategy, which forms the central component of this intergovernmental treaty. In 2019, the export of wild African elephants to zoos around the world was banned, with an exception added by the EU to allow export in "exceptional cases where … it is considered that a transfer to ex-situ locations will provide demonstrable in-situ conservation benefits for African elephants". Previously, export had been allowed in Southern Africa with Zimbabwe capturing and exporting more than 100 baby elephants to Chinese zoos since 2012. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN )

2546-412: The age of 25 compete strongly for females in estrus, and are more successful the larger and more aggressive they are. Bigger males tend to sire bigger offspring. Wild males begin breeding in their thirties when they are at a size and weight that is competitive with other adult males. Male reproductive success is maximal in mid-adulthood and then begins to decline. However, this can depend on the ranking of

2613-589: The ages of 25 and 45. Calves are born after a gestation period of up to nearly two years. The calves are cared for by their mother and other young females in the group, known as allomothering . African elephants show sexual dimorphism in weight and shoulder height by age 20, due to the rapid early growth of males. By age 25, males are double the weight of females; however, both sexes continue to grow throughout their lives. Female African elephants are able to start reproducing at around 10 to 12 years of age, and are in estrus for about 2 to 7 days. They do not mate at

2680-424: The author knew that the name was previously used, it is considered as a junior homonym. Example: Typically, junior primary homonyms are permanently invalid, but some are treated as valid if the junior and senior homonyms have been in separate genera after 1899 (Art. 57.2.1, Art. 23.9). Examples: Secondary homonyms occur when taxa with the same specific name but different original genera are later classified in

2747-526: The automatically established name applies; if ever such a taxon is recognised, there is a name available for it. This is the principle that in cases of conflicts between simultaneously published divergent acts, the first subsequent author can decide which has precedence. It supplements the principle of priority , which states that the first published name takes precedence. The principle of the first reviser deals with situations that cannot be resolved by priority. These items may be two or more different names for

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2814-501: The definition of species) are arbitrary to some degree, the rules for names are not. The code applies only to names. A new animal name published without adherence to the code may be deemed simply "unavailable" if it fails to meet certain criteria, or fall entirely out of the province of science (e.g., the "scientific name" for the Loch Ness Monster ). The rules in the code determine which available names are valid for any taxon in

2881-615: The elephant loses the last of its molars and will likely die of starvation which is a common cause of death. African elephants have 24 teeth in total, six on each quadrant of the jaw. The enamel plates of the molars are fewer in number than in Asian elephants. The enamel of the molar teeth wears into a distinctive lozenge/loxodont ( <> ) shape characteristic to all members of the genus Loxodonta . While some extinct species of Loxodonta retained permanent premolar teeth, these have been lost in both living species. The African bush elephant

2948-452: The elephant's lifetime. The dental formula of elephants is 1.0.3.3 0.0.3.3  × 2 = 26 . Elephants have four molars ; each weighs about 5 kg (11 lb) and measures about 30 cm (12 in) long. As the front pair wears down and drops out in pieces, the back pair moves forward, and two new molars emerge in the back of the mouth. Elephants replace their teeth four to six times in their lifetimes. At around 40 to 60 years of age,

3015-424: The family-group, publication of the name of a family, subfamily, superfamily (or any other such rank) also establishes the names in all the other ranks in the family group (family Giraffidae, superfamily Giraffoidea, subfamily Giraffinae). Author citations for such names (for example a subgenus) are the same as for the name actually published (for example a genus). It is immaterial if there is an actual taxon to which

3082-440: The hearing range of humans, to communicate across large distances. Elephant mating rituals include the gentle entwining of trunks. Bulls were believed to be solitary animals, becoming independent once reaching maturity. New research suggests that bulls maintain ecological knowledge for the herd, facilitating survival when searching for food and water, which also benefits the young bulls who associate with them. Bulls only return to

3149-423: The herd to breed or to socialize; they do not provide prenatal care to their offspring, but rather play a fatherly role to younger bulls to show dominance. While feeding, the African elephant uses its trunk to pluck leaves and its tusks to tear at branches, which can cause enormous damage to foliage. Fermentation of the food takes place in the hindgut , enabling large food intakes. The large size and hindgut of

3216-422: The illegal ivory trade is a threat in several range countries as well. The African bush elephant is listed as Endangered and the African forest elephant as Critically Endangered on the respective IUCN Red Lists . Based on vegetation types that provide suitable habitat for African elephants, it was estimated that in the early 19th century a maximum of 26,913,000 African elephants might have been present from

3283-594: The international ivory trade reopened in 2006, the demand and price for ivory increased in Asia. In Chad's Zakouma National Park , more than 3,200 elephants were killed between 2005 and 2010. The park did not have sufficient guards to combat poaching and their weapons were outdated. Well organized networks facilitated smuggling the ivory through Sudan. The government of Tanzania estimated that more than 85,000 elephants were lost to poaching in Tanzania between 2009 and 2014, representing

3350-438: The male within their group, as higher-ranking males maintain a higher rate of reproduction. Most observed matings are by males in musth over 35 years of age. Twenty-two long observations showed that age and musth are extremely important factors; "… older males had markedly elevated paternity success compared with younger males, suggesting the possibility of sexual selection for longevity in this species." Males usually stay with

3417-418: The nomenclatural acts published earlier must be evaluated only under the present edition of the code. In cases of disputes a case can be brought to the commission who has the right to publish a final decision. In regulating the names of animals it holds by six central principles, which were first set out (as principles) in the third edition of the code (1985): This is the principle that the scientific name of

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3484-408: The nuclear genome of P. antiquus deriving from L. cyclotis. This ancestry is closer to modern west African populations than to central African populations of forest elephants. Analysis of Chinese Palaeoloxodon mitogenomes suggests that this forest elephant ancestry was widely shared among Palaeoloxodon species. African elephants have grey folded skin up to 30 mm (1.2 in) thick that

3551-412: The rare cases where a single zoological species can have two entirely different names at the same time, depending upon whose classification is followed. Example: Article 59.3 states that junior secondary homonyms replaced before 1961 by substitute names are permanently invalid unless the substitute name is itself not in use. Example: Double homonymy (genus and species) may or may not be homonymy in

3618-597: The recorded sounds of angry Western honey bees has been found to be remarkably effective at prompting elephants to flee an area. Farmers have tried scaring elephants away by more aggressive means such as fire or the use of chili peppers along fences to protect their crops. In 1986, the African Elephant Database was initiated with the aim to monitor the status of African elephant populations. This database includes results from aerial surveys, dung counts, interviews with local people and data on poaching. In 1989,

3685-461: The same generic names as plants (e.g. there is a genus Abronia in both animals and plants). The rules and recommendations have one fundamental aim: to provide the maximum universality and continuity in the naming of all animals, except where taxonomic judgment dictates otherwise. The code is meant to guide only the nomenclature of animals, while leaving zoologists freedom in classifying new taxa . In other words, while species concepts (and thus

3752-401: The same genus (Art. 57.3, 59). A secondary homonym may only be a temporary state, as it only applies so long as two species are congeneric. Under a different classification, the two species may no longer be in the same genus, and the junior name can potentially be used again (Art. 59.1), as long as it was not replaced before 1961, in which case it is permanently invalid (Art. 59.3). This is one of

3819-453: The same genus-group or species-group name was published in the same year by the same author. In these cases it is useful to cite the page where the name was established. There are cases where two homonyms were established by the same author in the same year on the same page: Homonyms occur relatively rarely in families (only if generic names are identical or very similar and adding an ending "-idae" produces identical results). Discovering such

3886-456: The same species, the snowy owl . The two names are subjective synonyms. Lönnberg 1931 acted as first reviser, cited both names and selected Strix scandiaca to have precedence. This is the principle that the name of each taxon must be unique. Consequently, a name that is a junior homonym of another name must not be used as a valid name. It means that any one animal name, in one particular spelling, may be used only once (within its group). This

3953-518: The same taxon, two or more names with the same spelling used for different taxa, two or more different spellings of a particular name, etc. In such cases, the first subsequent author who deals with the matter and chooses and publishes the decision in the required manner is the first reviser, and is to be followed. Example: Linnaeus 1758 established Strix scandiaca and Strix noctua (Aves), for which he gave different descriptions and referred to different types, but both taxa later turned out to refer to

4020-484: The shoulder, and is estimated to have weighed 10,400 kg (22,900 lb). The tallest recorded individual stood 4.21 m (13.8 ft) at the shoulder and weighed 8,000 kg (18,000 lb). The African forest elephant is smaller with a weight of up to 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) and a shoulder height of 1.8–2.4 m (5 ft 11 in – 7 ft 10 in) in females and 2.4–3 m (7 ft 10 in – 9 ft 10 in) in males. It

4087-510: The size and colour of their tusks as well as the shape and size of their ears and skulls . Both species are at a pertinent risk of extinction according to the IUCN Red List ; as of 2021, the bush elephant is considered endangered while the forest elephant is considered critically endangered . They are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, along with poaching for the illegal ivory trade in several range countries. Loxodonta

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4154-414: The strict sense: if the genera are homonyms but not the same genus, the same specific names can be used in both groups, because the species are subsequently placed in different genera when the generic homonymy is removed. Example: For disambiguating one genus-group name from its homonym, it is important to cite author and year. Citing the author alone is often not sufficient. Examples: In some cases,

4221-423: The subspecies name (the trinomen ) Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis Linnaeus, 1758 . The same applies to the name of a subspecies; this establishes the corresponding species name. In the genus-group, similarly, publishing the name of a genus also establishes the corresponding name of a subgenus (or vice versa): genus Giraffa Linnaeus, 1758 and subgenus Giraffa ( Giraffa ) Linnaeus, 1758 . In

4288-410: The tusk's center that become larger at its periphery. Tusks are primarily used to dig for roots and strip the bark from trees for food, for fighting each other during the mating season, and for defending themselves against predators. The tusks weigh from 23 to 45 kg (51–99 lb) and can be from 1.5 to 2.4 m (5–8 ft) long. They are curved forward and continue to grow throughout

4355-485: The two species since their initial split. DNA from the European straight-tusked elephant ( Palaeoloxodon antiquus ) indicates that the extinct elephant genus Palaeoloxodon is more closely related to African elephants than to Asian elephants or mammoths. Analysis of the genome of P. antiquus also shows that Palaeloxodon extensively hybridised with African forest elephants, with the mitochondrial genome and over 30% of

4422-438: Was facilitated by logging and petroleum mining industries. Between 1976 and 1980, about 830 t (820 long tons; 910 short tons) raw ivory was exported from Africa to Hong Kong and Japan , equivalent to tusks of about 222,000 African elephants. The first continental elephant census was carried out in 1976. At the time, 1.34 million elephants were estimated to range over 7,300,000 km (2,800,000 sq mi). In

4489-529: Was first formulated in 1842 by a committee appointed by the British Association to consider the rules of zoological nomenclature. Hugh Edwin Strickland wrote the committee's report. Examples: There are over 2 million junior synonyms recorded in zoology, primarily at the species level. The principle of coordination is that within the family group, genus group and species group, a name established for

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