Arcadia ( Greek : Αρκαδία ) refers to a vision of pastoralism and harmony with nature . The term is derived from the Greek province of the same name which dates to antiquity ; the province's mountainous topography and sparse population of pastoralists later caused the word Arcadia to develop into a poetic byword for an idyllic vision of unspoiled wilderness. Arcadia is a poetic term associated with bountiful natural splendor and harmony. The 'Garden' is often inhabited by shepherds . The concept also figures in Renaissance mythology . Although commonly thought of as being in line with Utopian ideals, Arcadia differs from that tradition in that it is more often specifically regarded as unattainable. Furthermore, it is seen as a lost, Edenic form of life, contrasting to the progressive nature of Utopian desires.
35-526: Arcadia often refers to a utopian vision of pastoralism and harmony with nature . Other uses include: Arcadia (utopia) The inhabitants were often regarded as having continued to live after the manner of the Golden Age , without the pride and avarice that corrupted other regions. It is also sometimes referred to in English poetry as Arcady . The inhabitants of this region bear an obvious connection to
70-615: A moratorium of cod fishing in 1992. This affected the region significantly and caused the loss of between 30,000 and 50,000 jobs in the region which was the largest single layoff in Canadian history. Additionally the region is host to parts of Canada's eastern boreal forests which were historically used for timber production and boat production. Labrador hosts the second largest hydroelectric system in Canada at Churchill Falls where it produces 35,000 GWh of power each year. Elsewhere in
105-967: A physical Atlantic coast on the Gulf of St. Lawrence , it is generally not considered an Atlantic Province; instead, it is classified as part of Central Canada , along with Ontario . Atlantic and Central Canada together are also known as Eastern Canada . Atlantic Canada includes a section of the Appalachian Mountains known as the Appalachian Uplands . In each Atlantic province, Upland regions have been divided into three highland areas. The mountain range results in coastal regions being fjorded . Some areas contain glaciofluvial deposits . Atlantic Canada's primary industries are natural resource extraction and power generation including fishing , hydroelectricity , wind power, forestry , oil, and mining . The Atlantic provinces contribute
140-501: A popular artistic subject since antiquity, both in visual arts and literature. As Renaissance artists turned to classical antiquity for inspiration, artistic references to Arcadia underwent a revival. [1] Images of beautiful nymphs frolicking in lush forests have been a frequent source of inspiration for painters and sculptors. Because of the influence of Virgil in medieval European literature, e. g. in Divine Comedy , Arcadia became
175-549: A significant part of Canada's fish production, with many coastal communities primarily dependent on fisheries. Over half of all ocean related jobs in Canada are found in Atlantic Canada with 75% of the ocean economy centered in its provinces. The access point for many of such fisheries being the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic continental shelf . Due to the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery Canada imposed
210-626: A symbol of pastoral simplicity. European Renaissance writers (for instance, the Spanish poet Garcilaso de la Vega ) often revisited the theme, and the name came to apply to any idyllic location or paradise. Of particular note is Et in Arcadia Ego by Nicolas Poussin . In 1502 Jacopo Sannazaro published his long poem Arcadia that fixed the Early Modern perception of Arcadia as a lost world of idyllic bliss, remembered in regretful dirges. In
245-427: Is The Arcadians (1909). Pastoral science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction which uses bucolic, rural settings, like other forms of pastoral literature . Since it is a subgenre of science fiction, authors may set stories either on Earth or another habitable planet or moon, sometimes including a terraformed planet or moon. Unlike most genres of science fiction, pastoral science fiction works downplay
280-588: Is often contrasted with the negative aspects of noisy, dirty, fast-paced cities. Some works take a Luddite tone, criticizing mechanization and industrialization and showing the ills of urbanization and over-reliance on advanced technologies. Atlantic Canada Atlantic Canada , also called the Atlantic provinces ( French : provinces de l'Atlantique ), is the region of Eastern Canada comprising four provinces: New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island . As of 2021,
315-460: Is uncertain, but an archaeological site on the northern tip of Newfoundland at L'Anse aux Meadows has been identified as a good candidate. It was a modest Viking settlement and is the oldest confirmed presence of Europeans in North America. The Vikings would make brief excursions to North America for the next 200 years, though further attempts at colonization were thwarted. The site produced
350-693: The Great Expulsion or Le Grand Dérangement. Following the Seven Years War and the Treaty of Paris of 1763, Newfoundland's governor, Admiral Hugh Palliser , consolidated British control by carrying out the first systematic hydrographic charting of the island, including the Bay of Islands and Humber Arm , much of it by the Royal Naval officer James Cook . After the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1764 some of
385-470: The Wabanaki Confederacy , important allies to New France. Competition for control of the island of Newfoundland and its waters contributed to major ongoing conflicts and occasional wars between France and Britain. The first major agreement between the two powers over access to this coastline came with the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, giving Britain governance over the entire island and establishing
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#1732845203180420-583: The epidemic typhus outbreak. The first premier of Newfoundland , Joey Smallwood , coined the term "Atlantic Canada" when the Dominion of Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949. He believed that it would have been presumptuous for Newfoundland to assume that it could include itself within the existing term " Maritime provinces ," which was used to describe the cultural similarities shared by New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . The other provinces of Atlantic Canada entered Confederation during
455-492: The 1580s Sir Philip Sidney circulated copies of his influential heroic romance poem The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia , which established Arcadia as an icon of the Renaissance ; although the story is plentifully supplied with shepherds and other pastoral characters, the primary characters are all royal visitors of the countryside. In 1598 the Spanish playwright and poet Lope de Vega published Arcadia: Prose and Verse , which
490-536: The 17th century Champlain fixed its present orthography, with the 'r' omitted, and Ganong has shown its gradual progress northwards, in a succession of maps, to its resting place in the Atlantic Provinces ". Revival of Mi'kmaq language has provided strong reason to believe that Verrazzano was informed by the name the Mi'kmaq gave to this place. The name Acadie may be derived from the Mi'kmaq, because in their language
525-467: The 1880's: His painting "In Arcadia", which was an "unusual venture into mythology, tackled using the most modern of methods: the camera" and a relief with nearly 20 sculptures, paintings and photographs connected with it. The atmosphere of the relief has been described as "vespertinal mixture of sadness and tranquility", a "sylvan realm far removed from the realities in 1883 Philadelphia". New York magazine critic Mark Stevens wrote "His [Eakins] joy in
560-523: The 19th century with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia being founding members of the Dominion of Canada in 1867, and later Prince Edward Island joined in 1873. Atlantic Canada is characterized by its rugged coastlines, gravel beaches, rugged mountains , and dense forests. Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, and Quebec to the west. The region shares two international borders one with
595-560: The 3rd century BCE the Greek poet Theocritus wrote idealised views of the lives of peasants in Arcadia for his fellow educated inhabitants of the squalid and disease-ridden city of Alexandria . Greek mythology and the poetry of Theocritus inspired the Roman poet Virgil to write his Eclogues , a series of poems with references to Arcadia as the home of Pan, pipes and singing. Arcadia has remained
630-516: The Acadians returned and settled in the area that would become New Brunswick. The effect of this migration can still be seen today as the province of New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province in Canada with over a quarter of residents speaking French at home. After the conclusion of the American Revolution with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 many loyalists from
665-605: The British war effort against the United States. In the last half of the 19th century the region's population grew due to the immigration from Ireland due to the great potato famine . Saint John and Halifax , both port cities, particularly received a significant influx of Irish immigrants within the region, with Saint John's quarantine station on Partridge Island being the second-busiest in British North America during
700-620: The German painter Wilhelm von Kaulbach produced an etching, named "Faust und Helena in Arkadien". Faust and Helena are shown in the Arcadian grove, at the place of cheerful poetry, where they produced a son, Euphorion. He represent the spirit of antiquity married to the Nordic-German spirit, as an allegory of German-Greek poetry. The American painter Thomas Eakins produced a series of Arcadian works in
735-426: The United States and its State of Maine and another off the coast of Newfoundland with France and its overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon . The region's maritime environment has profoundly influenced the region's climate, culture, and economy. The area encompasses a mix of urban centers like Halifax and St. John's and rural communities that rely on fishing, and tourism. Although Quebec has
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#1732845203180770-430: The United States settled in the region. This influx of immigrants caused the partition of Nova Scotia creating New Brunswick. Additionally these immigrants changed the culture and character of the region which had historically been French towards more British styled communities. It also marked one of the first large waves of migration to the area that established a predominantly Anglo-Canadian population. Some of
805-471: The figure of the noble savage , both being regarded as living close to nature, uncorrupted by civilization, and virtuous. According to Greek mythology, Arcadia of Peloponnesus was the domain of Pan , a virgin wilderness home to the god of the forest and his court of dryads , nymphs and other spirits of nature. It was one version of paradise , though only in the sense of being the abode of supernatural entities, not an afterlife for deceased mortals. In
840-529: The first French Shore , giving France and its migratory fishery almost exclusive access to a substantial stretch of the island's coastline. Despite reoccurring wars and conflicts the Britain acquiesced to France's demands for continuing access to this fishery. Between 1755 and 1764 during the Seven Years' War the British forcibly removed thousands of Acadians from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in an event known as
875-481: The first evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact of Europeans with the Americas outside of Greenland . Acadia , a colony of New France , was established in areas of present-day Atlantic Canada in 1604, under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons . The French would form alliances with many indigenous groups within Atlantic Canada, including the Mi'kmaq of Acadia, who joined
910-637: The historical territories of the Mi'kmaq , Naskapi , Beothuk and Nunatsiavut peoples. The people of Nunatsiavut are the Labrador Inuit (Labradormiut), who are descended from the Thule people . Leif Erikson and other members of his family began exploring the North American coast in 986 CE. Leif landed in three places, and in the third established a small settlement called Vinland. The location of Vinland
945-499: The landmass of the four Atlantic provinces was approximately 488,000 km (188,000 sq mi), and had a population of over 2.4 million people. The term Atlantic Canada was popularized following the admission of Newfoundland as a Canadian province in 1949. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is not included in the Maritimes , another significant regional term, but is included in Atlantic Canada. The Atlantic Provinces are
980-407: The name "Arcadia" to the entire North American Atlantic coast north of Virginia . In time, this mutated to Acadia . The Dictionary of Canadian Biography says: "Arcadia, the name Verrazzano gave to Maryland or Virginia 'on account of the beauty of the trees', made its first cartographical appearance in the 1548 Gastaldo map and is the only name on that map to survive in Canadian usage. . . . In
1015-405: The natural body rarely made its way into his major paintings, perhaps because the subject was so personally complex for him. Only in his great " Swimming ", which shows naked young men at a swimming hole, did he create an American Arcadia." Eakins' student Thomas Pollock Anshutz (1851-1912) had a long preoccupation painting "Arcadian subjects". One of the most popular Edwardian musical comedies
1050-578: The new settlers brought with them Black slaves. Also 3,000 Black loyalists who were slaves during the war and who sided with the British were given freedom and evacuated with other Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia. Most of the free Blacks settled at Birchtown , the most prominent Black township in North America at the time. The War of 1812 significantly impacted the provinces of Atlantic Canada where they played crucial roles in naval operations, privateering, and as strategic support bases for
1085-439: The region wind power and hydrogen generation have begun to make a large impact on the energy landscape including exporting energy to Canada and hydrogen overseas. The Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency is the official agency responsible for creating economic opportunities within Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia has historically been an exporter of gypsum and now produces over 60% of the gypsum in Canada. Salt and iron
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1120-399: The role of futuristic technologies. The pioneer is author Clifford Simak (1904–1988), a science fiction Grand Master whose output included stories written in the 1950s and 1960s about rural people who have contact with extraterrestrial beings who hide their alien identity. Pastoral science fiction stories typically show a reverence for the land, its life-giving food harvests, the cycle of
1155-406: The seasons, and the role of the community. While fertile agrarian environments on Earth or Earth-like planets are common settings, some works may be set in ocean or desert planets or habitable moons. The rural dwellers, such as farmers and small-townspeople, are depicted sympathetically, albeit with the tendency to portray them as conservative and suspicious of change. The simple, peaceful rural life
1190-524: The word "cadie" means "place of abundance" and can be found in names such as "Tracadie" and "Shubenacadie". In 1848, Judge Samuel Treat, of St. Louis described life of the early settlers in the Midwest with the sentence "Each family produced whatever was necessary for its own consumption, and lived in almost Arcadian simplicity." Composer W. S. Gilbert used the concept of Arcadia in his musicals Happy Arcadia (1872) and Iolanthe (1882). Around 1880,
1225-472: Was a bestseller at the time. Though depicted as contemporary, this pastoral form is often connected with the Golden Age . It may be suggested that its inhabitants have merely continued to live as persons did in the Golden Age, and all other nations have less pleasant lives because they have allowed themselves to depart from original simplicity. The 16th-century Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano applied
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