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54-423: Arctowski may refer to: Henryk Arctowski (1871–1958), Polish scientist and explorer Arctowski Medal Arctowski Dome Arctowski Cove Arctowski Peninsula Arctowski Nunatak Arctowski Peak Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

108-757: A South Pole expedition . He left Norway in June 1910 on the ship Fram and reached Antarctica in January 1911. His party established a camp at the Bay of Whales and a series of supply depots on the Barrier (now known as the Ross Ice Shelf ) before setting out for the pole in October. The party of five, led by Amundsen, became the first to reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911. Following

162-736: A medal of the National Academy of Sciences are named in his honor. The ashes of Arctowski and his wife were later brought to Poland, as he had asked in his will. Henryk Arctowski was born in Warsaw on 15 July 1871 to the Artzt family, whose ancestors came to Poland in the 17th century from Württemberg , Germany. As a pupil in the German-occupied part of Poland, he was prosecuted for speaking Polish in school, so his parents sent him to Liège . In 1888 he started studying mathematics, physics and astronomy at

216-499: A doctor, a promise that Amundsen kept until his mother died when he was aged 21. He promptly quit university for a life at sea. Amundsen was in the Uranienborg neighbourhood an occasional childhood playmate of the pioneering Antarctica explorer Carsten Borchgrevink . When he was fifteen years old, Amundsen was enthralled by reading Sir John Franklin 's narratives of his overland Arctic expeditions. Amundsen wrote "I read them with

270-566: A failed attempt in 1918 to reach the North Pole by traversing the Northeast Passage on the ship Maud , Amundsen began planning for an aerial expedition instead. On 12 May 1926, Amundsen and 15 other men in the airship Norge became the first explorers verified to have reached the North Pole. Amundsen disappeared in June 1928 while flying on a rescue mission for the airship Italia in

324-591: A fervid fascination which has shaped the whole course of my life". Amundsen joined the Belgian Antarctic Expedition as first mate at the age of 25 in 1897. This expedition, led by Adrien de Gerlache using the ship the RV Belgica , became the first expedition to overwinter in Antarctica. The Belgica , whether by mistake or design, became locked in the sea ice at 70°30′S off Alexander Island , west of

378-645: A large part of his life, Arctowski was educated in Belgium and France. He was one of the first humans to winter in Antarctica , as part of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition , and became an internationally renowned meteorologist , also working for over 10 years in the United States. Arctowski was instrumental in restoring Polish independence after the First World War , after which he returned to Poland, where he continued

432-414: A new ship, Maud , lasted until 1925. Maud was carefully navigated through the ice west to east through the Northeast Passage . With him on this expedition were Oscar Wisting and Helmer Hanssen, both of whom had been part of the team to reach the South Pole. In addition, Henrik Lindstrøm was included as a cook. He suffered a stroke and was so physically reduced that he could not participate. The goal of

486-507: A position as a research associate at the Smithsonian and continued doing research until his death, even when he was obliged to resign in 1950 due to an illness. He died in Bethesda, Maryland . His name has been given to a phenomenon in which a halo resembling a rainbow , with two other partial arcs symmetrical to the main one, forms around the sun as light is refracted through ice crystals in

540-564: A prolific academic career, having even declined an offer to become Minister of Education. At the time World War II broke out, Arctowski and his wife were in America, and they were unable to return; he spent the final part of his career working as a researcher at the Smithsonian until his retirement, and died in 1958 in Bethesda, Maryland . Several geographical features, the Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station and

594-402: A quarrel within the group, and Amundsen sent Johansen and the other two men to explore King Edward VII Land . A second attempt, with a team of five made up of Olav Bjaaland , Helmer Hanssen , Sverre Hassel , Oscar Wisting and Amundsen, departed base camp on 19 October. They took four sledges and 52 dogs. Using a route along the previously unknown Axel Heiberg Glacier , they arrived at

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648-564: Is little evidence, it was said that Amundsen had a brief affair with his landlady in Antwerp —until he came home and found her dead after an apparent suicide. His biographer Tor Bomann-Larsen also suggests a romantic relationship between Amundsen and Sigrid Castberg, wife of the lawyer Leif Castberg from Gjøvik , in the years before the South Pole expedition, a relationship Amundsen broke off after that expedition in favour of Kiss Bennett. Author Julian Sancton noted that in his younger years, Amundsen

702-571: The Antarctic Peninsula . The crew endured a winter for which they were poorly prepared. By Amundsen's own estimation, the doctor for the expedition, the American Frederick Cook , probably saved the crew from scurvy by hunting for animals and feeding the crew fresh meat. In cases where citrus fruits are lacking, raw meat – particularly offal – from animals often contains enough vitamin C to prevent scurvy. In 1903, Amundsen led

756-624: The National Academy of Sciences for "studies in solar physics and solar-terrestrial relationships." The Polish Navy named its survey ship ORP Arctowski after him. In 2024, the first biography of the scientist “Henryk Arctowski. In a World of Thoughts” written by Dagmara Bożek and Katarzyna Dąbkowska was published. Roald Amundsen This is an accepted version of this page Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen ( UK : / ˈ ɑː m ʊ n d s ən / , US : /- m ə n s -/ ; Norwegian: [ˈrùːɑɫ ˈɑ̂mʉnsən] ; 16 July 1872 – c.  18 June 1928 )

810-489: The Parry Channel and then south through Peel Sound , James Ross Strait , Simpson Strait and Rae Strait . They spent two winters at King William Island , in the harbor of what is today Gjoa Haven . During this time, Amundsen and the crew learned from the local Netsilik Inuit about Arctic survival skills, which he found invaluable in his later expedition to the South Pole. For example, he learned to use sled dogs for

864-512: The Royal Norwegian Navy , tried to fly from Wainwright, Alaska , to Spitsbergen across the North Pole. When their aircraft was damaged, they abandoned the journey. To raise additional funds, Amundsen traveled around the United States in 1924 on a lecture tour. In 1925, accompanied by Lincoln Ellsworth , pilot Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen , flight mechanic Karl Feucht and two other team members, Amundsen took two Dornier Do J flying boats ,

918-560: The University of Liège , and chemistry and geology at the Sorbonne . Upon completion in 1893, he returned to Liège where he worked in the laboratory of professor Spring in the chemistry department until 1869. In 1893, to emphasize his Polishness, Artzt asked the Belgian government for permission to change his name to Arctowski. In 1895 he applied to participate in the Belgian Antarctic Expedition ,

972-685: The Amundsen flight. Amundsen was a lifelong bachelor, but he had a long-time relationship with the Norwegian-born Kristine Elisabeth ('Kiss') Bennett, the wife of an Englishman, Charles Peto Bennett . He met her in London in 1907 and they remained close for many years; Amundsen kept the relationship a secret from everyone outside his intimate circle. Later, he became engaged to Bess Magids, an American divorcée whom he had met in Alaska. Though there

1026-655: The Arctic in the airship Norge , designed by Nobile. They left Spitsbergen on 11 May 1926, flew over the North Pole on 12 May, and landed in Alaska the following day. The three previous claims to have arrived at the North Pole, by the Americans Frederick Cook in 1908; Robert Peary in 1909; and Richard E. Byrd in 1926 (just a few days before the Norge ) are disputed by some, as being either of dubious accuracy or outrightly fraudulent. If these other claims are false,

1080-454: The Arctic. The search for his remains, which have not been found, was called off that September. Amundsen was born into a family of Norwegian shipowners and captains in Borge , between the towns Fredrikstad and Sarpsborg . His parents were Jens Amundsen and Hanna Sahlqvist. Roald was the fourth son in the family. His mother wanted him to avoid the family maritime trade and encouraged him to become

1134-509: The Barrier, along a line directly south to the Pole. Amundsen also planned to kill most of his dogs on the way and use them as a source for fresh meat. As he went he butchered some of the dogs and fed them to the remaining dogs, as well as eating some himself. A small group, including Hjalmar Johansen , Kristian Prestrud and Jørgen Stubberud , set out on 8 September, but had to abandon their trek due to extreme temperatures. The painful retreat caused

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1188-603: The Moon was named after him; the rim of the crater is being considered by NASA as a potential landing location for their Artemis III lunar lander. Built in 1929 and opened in 1930, Amundsen High School opened its doors in Chicago's Ravenswood neighborhood. The 1969 film The Red Tent tells the story of the Nobile expedition and Amundsen's disappearance. Sean Connery plays Amundsen. A book Scott and Amundsen , by Roland Huntford ,

1242-480: The N-24 and N-25, to 87° 44′ north. It was the northernmost latitude reached by plane up to that time. The aircraft landed a few miles apart without radio contact, yet the crews managed to reunite. The N-24 was damaged. Amundsen and his crew worked for more than three weeks to clean up an airstrip to take off from ice. They shovelled 600 tons of ice while consuming only one pound (450 g) of daily food rations. In

1296-504: The North Pole. Amundsen's French Latham 47 flying boat never returned . Later, a wing-float and bottom gasoline tank from the plane, which had been adapted as a replacement wing-float, were found near the Tromsø coast. It is assumed that the plane crashed in the Barents Sea , and that Amundsen and his crew were killed in the wreck, or died shortly afterward. The search for Amundsen and team

1350-650: The Northwest Passage "was a great achievement for Norway". He said he hoped to do more and signed it "Your loyal subject, Roald Amundsen". The crew returned to Oslo in November 1906, after almost three and a half years abroad. Gjøa was returned to Norway in 1972. After a 45-day trip from San Francisco on a bulk carrier, she was placed on land outside the Fram Museum in Oslo, where she is now situated inside her own building at

1404-467: The Norwegian supporters felt misled. Scott was planning his own expedition to the South Pole that year. Using the ship Fram , earlier used by Fridtjof Nansen , Amundsen left Oslo for the south on 3 June 1910. At Madeira , Amundsen alerted his men that they would be heading to Antarctica, and sent a telegram to Scott: "Beg to inform you Fram proceeding Antarctic – Amundsen." Nearly six months later,

1458-532: The atmosphere. In recognition of his work and his contribution to science, his name has been given to a number of geographical features: In Antarctica : In Spitsbergen : The Polish research station on King George Island, Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station , is also named after him. His widow established the Arctowski Medal through the Henryk Arctowski Fund, awarded every two years by

1512-454: The carefully collected scientific data was lost during the ill-fated journey of Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen , two crew members sent on a mission by Amundsen. The scientific materials were later retrieved in 1922 by Russian scientist Nikolay Urvantsev from where they had been abandoned on the shores of the Kara Sea . The 1923 attempt to fly over the Pole failed. Amundsen and Oskar Omdal , of

1566-524: The command of Wisting, was to resume the original plan to drift over the North Pole in the ice. The ship drifted in the ice for three years east of the New Siberian Islands, never reaching the North Pole. It was finally seized by Amundsen's creditors as collateral for his mounting debt. Although they were unable to reach the North Pole, the scientific results of the expedition, mainly the work of Sverdrup, have proven to be of considerable value. Much of

1620-487: The continent and to Hobart , Australia, where Amundsen publicly announced his success on 7 March 1912. He telegraphed news to backers. Amundsen's expedition benefited from his careful preparation, good equipment, appropriate clothing, a simple primary task, an understanding of dogs and their handling, and the effective use of skis. In contrast to the misfortunes of Scott's team, Amundsen's trek proved relatively smooth and uneventful. In 1918, an expedition Amundsen began with

1674-559: The crew got the ship loose from the ice, but it froze again after eleven days somewhere between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island . During this time, Amundsen suffered a broken arm and was attacked by a polar bear. As a result, he participated little in the work outdoors, such as sleigh rides and hunting. He, Hanssen, and Wisting, along with two other men, embarked on an expedition by dog sled to Nome, Alaska, more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) away. But they found that

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1728-623: The crew of the Norge would be the first explorers verified to have reached the North Pole, when they floated over it in the Norge in 1926. If the Norge expedition was the first to the North Pole, Amundsen and Oscar Wisting were the first men to have reached both geographical poles, by ground or by air. Amundsen disappeared on 18 June 1928 while flying on a rescue mission in the Arctic. His team included Norwegian pilot Leif Dietrichson , French pilot René Guilbaud , and three more Frenchmen. They were seeking missing members of Nobile's crew, whose new airship Italia had crashed while returning from

1782-524: The crew. During the third winter, Maud was frozen in the western Bering Strait. She finally became free and the expedition sailed south, reaching Seattle , in the American Pacific Northwest in 1921 for repairs. Amundsen returned to Norway, needing to put his finances in order. He took with him two young indigenous girls, a four-year-old he adopted, Kakonita, and her companion Camilla. When Amundsen went bankrupt two years later, however, he sent

1836-611: The edge of the Polar Plateau on 21 November after a four-day climb. The team and 16 dogs arrived at the pole on 14 December, a month before Scott's group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim . Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VII's Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim. The team arrived at Framheim on 25 January 1912, with 11 surviving dogs. They made their way off

1890-517: The end, the six crew members were packed into the N-25. In a remarkable feat, Riiser-Larsen took off, and they barely became airborne over the cracking ice. They returned triumphant when everyone thought they had been lost forever. In 1926, Amundsen and 15 other men (including Ellsworth, Riiser-Larsen, Oscar Wisting, and the Italian air crew led by aeronautical engineer Umberto Nobile ) made the first crossing of

1944-551: The expedition arrived at the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf (then known as "the Great Ice Barrier"), at a large inlet called the Bay of Whales , on 14 January 1911. Amundsen established his base camp there, calling it Framheim . Amundsen eschewed the heavy wool clothing worn on earlier Antarctic attempts in favour of adopting Inuit -style furred skins. Using skis and dog sleds for transportation, Amundsen and his men created supply depots at 80°, 81° and 82° South on

1998-469: The expedition told of their relations with Inuit women, and historians have speculated that Amundsen might also have taken a partner, although he wrote a warning against this. Specifically, half-brothers Bob Konona and Paul Ikuallaq say that their father Luke Ikuallaq told them on his deathbed that he was the son of Amundsen. Konona said that their father Ikuallaq was left out on the ice to die after his birth, as his European ancestry made him illegitimate to

2052-495: The expedition was to explore the unknown areas of the Arctic Ocean, strongly inspired by Fridtjof Nansen's earlier expedition with Fram . The plan was to sail along the coast of Siberia and go into the ice farther to the north and east than Nansen had. In contrast to Amundsen's earlier expeditions, this was expected to yield more material for academic research, and he carried the geophysicist Harald Sverdrup on board. The voyage

2106-578: The first expedition to spend the winter in the Antarctic. Shipmates included Roald Amundsen and Frederick A. Cook . He coordinated the scientific work and performed physical observations himself, assisted by Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski . After his return from the Antarctic he lived in Brussels, analyzing the results of the expedition at the Royal Observatory of Belgium , at that time headed by Lecointe ,

2160-538: The first expedition to traverse Canada's Northwest Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He planned a small expedition of six men in a 45-ton fishing vessel, Gjøa , to have flexibility. His ship had relatively shallow draft. His technique was to use a small ship and hug the coast. Amundsen had the ship outfitted with a small 13 horsepower single-screw paraffin (diesel) engine. They traveled via Baffin Bay ,

2214-426: The girls to be cared for by Camilla's father, who lived in eastern Russia. In June 1922, Amundsen returned to Maud , which had been sailed to Nome. He decided to shift from the planned naval expedition to aerial ones, and arranged to charter a plane. He divided the expedition team in two: one part, led by him, was to winter over and prepare for an attempt to fly over the pole in 1923. The second team on Maud , under

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2268-541: The ice was not frozen solid in the Bering Strait , and it could not be crossed. They sent a telegram from Anadyr to signal their location. After two winters frozen in the ice, without having achieved the goal of drifting over the North Pole, Amundsen decided to go to Nome to repair the ship and buy provisions. Several of the crew ashore there, including Hanssen, did not return on time to the ship. Amundsen considered Hanssen to be in breach of contract, and dismissed him from

2322-522: The museum. Amundsen next planned to take an expedition to the North Pole and explore the Arctic Basin . Finding it difficult to raise funds, when he heard in 1909 that the Americans Frederick Cook and Robert Peary had claimed to reach the North Pole as a result of two different expeditions, he decided to reroute to Antarctica. He was not clear about his intentions, and Robert F. Scott and

2376-524: The science division of the New York Public Library from 1911 to 1919. In 1915 he became an American citizen. Arctowski joined The Explorers Club in New York in 1920. In 1920 he returned to newly independent Poland. Prime minister Paderewski had offered him the position of minister of education, but he refused and became professor of geophysics and meteorology at Jan Kazimierz University . He

2430-627: The second-in-command of the expedition. Besides publishing, he presented lectures on the expedition, both in Belgium and abroad. On a lecture tour in London he met the American actress and opera singer Arian Jane Addy, whom he married in March 1909. During this period he obtained the Belgian nationality. Around that time it was mentioned (including in letters by Ernest Shackleon) that he was considering another Antarctic expedition, but this did not take place. In 1909 he moved with his wife to New York, where he headed

2484-511: The title Arctowski . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctowski&oldid=932693719 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Henryk Arctowski Living in exile for

2538-558: The transport of goods and to wear animal skins in lieu of heavy, woolen parkas, which could not keep out the cold when wet. Leaving Gjoa Haven, he sailed west and passed Cambridge Bay , which had been reached from the west by Richard Collinson in 1852. Continuing to the south of Victoria Island , the ship cleared the Canadian Arctic Archipelago on 17 August 1905 . It had to stop for the winter before going on to Nome on Alaska's Pacific coast. The nearest telegraph station

2592-518: Was 500 mi (800 km) away in Eagle . Amundsen traveled there overland to wire a success message on 5 December, then returned to Nome in 1906. Later that year he was elected to the American Antiquarian Society . Amundsen learned of the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden , and that he had a new king. The explorer sent the new king, Haakon VII , news that his traversing

2646-566: Was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions . He was a key figure of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration . Born in Borge, Østfold , Norway, Amundsen began his career as a polar explorer as first mate on Adrien de Gerlache 's Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–1899. From 1903 to 1906, he led the first expedition to successfully traverse the Northwest Passage on the sloop Gjøa . In 1909, Amundsen began planning for

2700-554: Was adapted into the TV serial The Last Place on Earth . It aired in 1985 and features Sverre Anker Ousdal as Amundsen. On 15 February 2019, a biographic Norwegian film titled Amundsen , directed by Espen Sandberg , was released. At least two Inuit in Gjøa Haven with European ancestry have claimed to be descendants of Amundsen, from the period of their extended winter stay on King William Island from 1903 to 1905. Accounts by members of

2754-518: Was called off in September 1928 by the Norwegian government, and the bodies were never found. In 2004 and in late August 2009, the Royal Norwegian Navy used the unmanned submarine Hugin 1000 to search for the wreckage of Amundsen's plane. The searches focused on a 40-square-mile (100 km ) area of the sea floor, and were documented by the German production company ContextTV. They found nothing from

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2808-582: Was said to have ignored romantic relationships in pursuit of his goals. He "found little use in activities that didn't help him fulfill his polar ambitions". Owing to Amundsen's numerous significant accomplishments in polar exploration, many places in both the Arctic and Antarctic are named after him. The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station , operated by the United States Antarctic Program , was jointly named in honour of Amundsen and his British rival Robert Falcon Scott . The Amundsen crater on

2862-553: Was to the northeasterly direction over the Kara Sea . Amundsen planned to freeze the Maud into the polar ice cap and drift towards the North Pole ;– as Nansen had done with the Fram  – and he did so off Cape Chelyuskin . But, the ice became so thick that the ship was unable to break free, although it was designed for such a journey in heavy ice. In September 1919,

2916-603: Was very active in research (144 papers were published by him and his assistants) and involved in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics . In 1939 he traveled with his wife to the United States to attend a conference of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, when the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany invaded Poland. They never managed to return to Poland and lost all their possessions. He accepted

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